星康吉鳗精子的超微结构研究

为探讨星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)精子的超微结构和形态,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对星康吉鳗精子结构进行观察。结果表明,精子由头部、中段和鞭毛3部分组成,有其独特的结构,总长度为35.75± 1.15µm。精子头部为新月形,主要由细胞核构成,细胞核内有核泡,无顶体结构。精子头部的质膜内包含单一的线粒体。精子头部长为3.33±0.16 um,头宽为1.12±0.13 um。在精子头部的凸面上,有4条从中段到头端的条纹。精子中段伸出一支根,支根位于精子的中段末端。精子中段长度为0.55±0.05 um,支根长度为1.38±0.08 um、直径为90.48±6.06 nm。精子尾部鞭毛细长,鞭毛横切面呈圆形,无侧鳍,鞭毛的轴丝结构为“9+0”型;一些鞭毛的末端呈现卷曲状,发育机制尚不明确。精子鞭毛长为31.16±1.51µm,鞭毛直径为0.17±0.01µm。通过比较分析发现精子的这些形态学特征不仅表现在星康吉鳗精子,还表现在鳗鲡目其他属的精子;表明是鳗鲡目精子的共同特征。本研究揭示了星康吉鳗精子的形态结构,为突破星康吉鳗人工繁殖技术提供了理论参考。     

一种中心硅藻雄配子的超微结构

报道粗刺根管藻精子发生中的精母细胞，双鞭毛体和精子等阶段细胞的超微结构，比较某些细胞器的形态和数量变化，从该藻的双鞭毛和精子的鞭毛中，我们首次在中心硅藻类中发现具有９＋２鞭毛微管构型。     

紧密角管藻雄配子的超微结构

紧密角管藻精子发生是由精母细胞减数分裂产生双鞭毛体，然后双鞭毛体分裂形成单裂毛的精子。精子鞭毛器的结构包括鞭毛轴丝和集体，鞭毛轴丝含有9对二联体组成的周位微管，但无中央微管，属于“9＋0”微管构型，基体靠近细胞核，由9对二联体周位微管和中央结构组成“车轮”状结构，在过渡区存在基板，精原细胞、双鞭毛体和精子的细胞器组成及结构与营养细胞相似，在生殖细胞中未发现高尔基体，却存在电子致密体。     

超低温保存前后太平洋牡蛎精子(Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg))超微结构观察

应用扫描电镜和透射电镜技术 ,研究超低温冷冻前后太平洋牡蛎精子形态与超微结构。结果发现 ,受伤精子被膜肿胀、皱褶、破裂 ;顶体变形、囊泡化 ,顶体膜肿胀、局部断裂 ;核膜肿胀、破裂 ,核空泡化 ;线粒体嵴变形、消失 ,基质电子密度降低 ,结构模糊 ;精子鞭毛被膜膨胀 ,鞭毛自精子基部或主、末段断裂。结果表明 ,超低温冷冻和升温解冻 ,对牡蛎精子的膜结构损伤严重 ,导致精子活力和受精能力下降     

红鳍东方鲀精子超低温保存前后的超微结构观察

应用透射电镜技术,研究超低温保存前后红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)精子的超微结构。观察发现,受冷冻损伤精子的被膜膨胀、破裂、脱落;线粒体内嵴变形,结构模糊,甚至消失;鞭毛在基部或主段、末段断裂,或被膜膨胀脱落。结果表明,经超低温保存后,部分红鳍东方鲀精子由于膜结构及鞭毛轴丝损伤导致精子活力下降。     

体内受精许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)和体外受精大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)精子结构及生理特性比较

为了解硬骨鱼许氏平鲉精子体内受精以及精子在雌性体内保持长期存活的特性,本研究应用扫描电镜与透射电镜对体内受精卵胎生硬骨鱼许氏平鲉与体外受精卵生大菱鲆的精子进行超微结构观察,并使用计算机精子分析系统比较精子激活后运动参数差异。结果显示,这两种鱼的精子均由头部,中段和尾部构成,无顶体,尾部轴丝为“9+2”微管结构。许氏平鲉精子特点：头部呈短棒状,细胞核呈长锥状;中段不对称,约30—40个线粒体呈垛叠状紧密排列在中段;轴丝质膜延伸形成的侧鳍较为发达。大菱鲆精子特点：头部呈椭圆形,头部和鞭毛结构松散,含有大量囊泡状结构;精子中段较短,向外突出的线粒体包裹鞭毛形成“半袖套”结构且尾部鞭毛侧鳍不发达。许氏平鲉精子密度和体外激活寿命均显著高于大菱鲆精子,而激活后精子的平均曲线速度（VCL）、平均直线运动速度（VSL）、平均路径速度（VAP）显著低于大菱鲆精子。研究表明,上述精子结构差异主要表现在精子头部与中段：体内受精硬骨鱼精子大多具有细长的头部,发达的中段,线粒体数量较多;体外受精硬骨鱼具有圆形或椭圆形的头部,中部不明显,线粒体较少。     

霍氏半管藻雄配子的超微结构研究

本文报道了霍氏半管藻雄配子形成过程中，减数分裂前后的精母细胞期、双鞭毛体期及精子期细胞的超微结构。各期细胞具有一些共同的细胞器－线粒体、色素体和核糖体。高尔基体在配子的整个发育过程中，均未见到。双鞭毛体后期和精子中出现了溶酶体，观察了各期细胞核形态、结构的变化。鞭毛器轴纤丝具９＋０的微管构型，基体微管排列成“车轮”状，过渡区有一基板。     

香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)精子的超微结构及其与鲤形目及鲑形目其他鱼类精子结构的比较研究

为了解香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)精子的形态结构特点,采用扫描和透射电镜技术观察了香鱼精子的超微结构,并与鲤形目及鲑形目其他鱼类精子结构进行了比较。结果表明,香鱼精子由头部、中段和尾部组成,全长约23.5μm。头部呈弹头形,由细胞核外包质膜构成,长约1.8μm、宽约0.8μm;细胞核从后端中央向前深凹至核的近前端,形成植入窝,使核呈倒U字形,核的前端无顶体;植入窝内有中心粒复合体及小段起始的鞭毛,中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和远端中心粒(基体)组成,两者之间夹角约135o。中段为"半袖套"结构,长约0.5μm,其内部为一较大的"半套筒"形线粒体。鞭毛起始于远端中心粒,由轴丝及外包轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"微管结构;鞭毛两侧有质膜向外突起形成侧鳍。研究显示,香鱼精子与典型的鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鱼类精子卵圆形或圆球形头部及细胞核、不对称的袖套及尾部鞭毛无侧鳍等结构特征不同,也与鲑形目(Salmoniformes)鱼类精子卵圆形或椭圆形头部及马蹄形或浅U形细胞核、两中心粒相互平行或垂直、袖套结构完整等结构特征不同。香鱼精子结构具有种的特异性。     

日本蟳繁殖生物学的初步研究Ⅱ.雄性繁殖习性及胚胎发育

根据精巢形态、切片组织学观察及扫描电镜观察,可将日本蟳的精巢发育划分三期:未发育、发育期与成熟期.通过扫描电镜观察可知,它的精子为无鞭毛精子,呈圆球形,大小为30μm.并运用实地调查、解剖、分析样本及光镜观察等手段,对其性腺形状、交配行为及胚胎发育等作了初步的描述.     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)精子超微结构和低温损伤电镜观察

利用扫描和透射电镜技术研究了金乌贼成熟精子的超微结构,以及超低温冷冻对精子超微结构和形态的影响。结果表明,金乌贼精子为鞭毛型精子,外部附有光滑的裙边状被膜,分为头部、中部和尾部三部分。头部由顶体和细胞核组成,顶体位于细胞核前端,呈"囊"状。细胞核为长纺锤状。中部是由线粒体和垂直的中心粒构成,线粒体大小不一,多层分布。尾部细长,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构。经超低温冷冻的精子被膜上出现很多凹陷;头部顶体破裂,大量的内容物流出,细胞核膜分离;线粒体解离,嵴变形;尾部缠绕在一起,少数鞭毛出现脱落。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

国产XBT海上比测方法研究及结果分析

随着国产投弃式温深仪(XBT)性能的提高,其使用范围和规模也逐步扩大,受某专项办的委托,厦门大学在南海东北部开展了"海洋监测设备适用性检验规范及海上试验研究(国家863计划)"项目,针对海洋技术领域研发的技术较为成熟、具备产品化条件的XBT开展检验与验证,对国产XBT的性能和实际使用情况进行分析和总结。试验中,在不同站点进行温盐深仪(CTD)现场测量,以此数据为真值对国产和进口XBT精度做评估。在较高速度走航测量时,则以进口XBT数据为参照,对国产XBT进行评估。试验结果表明,国产XBT整体上表现良好,成功率大概为80%,有些型号的国产XBT精度与进口XBT精度接近,但国产XBT无效剖面较多。同时也发现,进口XBT的精度无法满足预期比测的要求,不能准确计算出国产XBT精度,但结果仍然具有参考价值。本次试验可以为国产XBT的规模化应用和推广提供数据支持,也可为其他型号XBT/XCTD/CTD等仪器的比测提供借鉴。