东亚沙尘区域时空变化特征分析

沙尘天气是东亚地区常见的灾害性天气之一,强沙尘天气的发生不仅导致建筑物倒塌、人畜伤亡、植被破坏,还会导致火灾、空气污染等环境问题,对人体健康、社会经济活动及其全球沙尘循环产生重要影响。然而从东亚地区沙尘天气在长时间序列区域特征角度上系统分析的研究较少。基于此,本文利用1981—2019年东亚地区697个地面气象站点沙尘数据,分析了其区域时空分布特征。结果表明:空间上,东亚沙尘天气集中在位于内陆干旱区的蒙古国和中国西北地区,其中弱沙尘天气集中在中国北方地区,而强沙尘天气则集中在蒙古国。月变化上,东亚沙尘天气集中在春季(3—5月份),在相对低纬度的中国青藏高原北麓沙尘天气3月份最多,位于中纬度的中国北方大部分地区4月份最多,而较高纬度的哈萨克斯坦东部和蒙古国5月份最多。年际变化上,40a间东亚沙尘呈减少趋势,尤其是在2000年之后多项生态工程的有效实施下中国北方大部分区域沙尘天气显著减少,但近几年内蒙古中西部地区强沙尘天气呈增长趋势;在生态环境较脆弱的蒙古国和塔克拉玛干沙漠等区域弱沙尘天气和强沙尘天气均呈增长趋势。本研究对准确地掌握东亚沙尘分布特征和防范沙尘灾害具有重要意义。     

Dust sources in arid and semiarid China and southern Mongolia: Impacts of geomorphological setting and surface materials

Analysis of the geomorphological settings and surface materials in arid and semiarid China and southern Mongolia revealed that the dominant dust sources are ‘Gobi’ deserts and alluvial fans adjacent to Gobi deserts in the piedmonts of the Kunlun, Qilian, Helan, and Gobi Altai mountains. These areas have persistent supplies of dust-sized particles, deposited by intermittent floods from the mountains, and fine materials are also generated by weathering and aeolian processes acting on the coarse fractions of Gobi surfaces. Clear spatial differences in mineral types and contents and in the salt contents of surface materials also strongly affected the intensity of dust emissions. Inconsistencies in monitoring, simulation, and calculation of dust emissions in previous studies of Northern China and Mongolia may have been caused by insufficiently detailed considerations of variations in the geomorphological setting. Where the geomorphological settings in these areas are not considered in sufficient detail, deviations arise in the estimation and prediction of dust using current models. Although the present study did not quantify the persistence and replenishment of dust sources in the study area, our conclusions about the importance of geomorphology can improve future studies of dust sources and controlling factors, improve assessments of the effects of climate change on dust emissions, and facilitate the interpretation of paleoclimate records.     

环渤海地区土地利用的时空变化分析

根据1985和1995年2期TM影像资料，运用遥感影像机助解译方法、地理信息系统空间分析方法以及数理统计方法，全面分析了环渤海地区3省2市1985-1995年间分类土地利用的数量变化和空间变化特征，揭示了该区各类土地利用数量变化的幅度、速度和区域差异以及土地利用空间变化的主要类型、分布特征和区域方向，阐明了该区土地利用变化的区域特点，为土地可持续利用提供有效的决策支持。     

Sand-dust storms in China: temporal-spatial distribution and tracks of source lands

1 IntroductionSand-dust storms include both sand storms and dust storms[1]. When the visibility in local areas is greater than or equal to 50 m but less than 200 m, they are called severe sand-dust storms. When extremely severe sand-dust storm, the most severest type of sand-dust storm, occurs, the local instantaneous maximum wind speed can be greater than 25 m/s and a local visibility be less than 50 m or even descend to 0 m[2].Sand-dust storm is a critical environmental problem and is also a…     

Measurements of dust deposition in Gansu Province,China, 1986–2000

Dust samples, collected monthly for 15 years from 50 urban sites in 10 cities in Gansu Province, China, provide information on modern rates of dust deposition in the desert and Gobi areas and in the Loess Plateau. Dust deposition is highest during spring months and lowest during autumn months, in both the desert and Gobi areas and the Loess Plateau. There is a significant positive correlation between dust deposition and dust event, and an inverse correlation between dust deposition and precipitation. The 15-year mean maximums in the desert and Gobi areas and the Loess Plateau are 498.64 and 327.02 t km⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, and the mean minimums are 290.22 and 180.86 t km⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. Drought may have a widespread, major influence on the modern rates of the dust deposition.     

河西走廊罕见强沙尘天气传输及其过程持续特征

2021年3月15—19日河西走廊出现了近10 a范围最广、持续时间最长的罕见强沙尘天气过程。利用MICAPS常规气象观测资料以及物理量场资料,从天气气候成因、环流形势演变、物理量诊断等方面分析了此次强沙尘天气的传输及过程持续特征。结果表明：（1）2021年3月14日受强烈发展的蒙古低压槽影响,蒙古国南部及内蒙古中西部爆发了强沙尘暴,前期蒙古国及中国北方异常增暖是导致沙尘暴爆发的诱因之一。（2）受高空贝加尔湖深厚低压槽后西北气流引导冷空气东移南下、高空急流动量下传、配合地面冷锋过境共同影响,蒙古国中西部高低空的沙尘粒子被输送到河西走廊,造成河西走廊15日凌晨到上午出现局地强沙尘暴和扬沙天气。（3）强沙尘暴出现后,700 hPa、850 hPa及近地面内蒙古、华北、宁夏及陕西一带盛行偏东气流将蒙古国及内蒙古的沙尘输送到了河西走廊,造成河西走廊15日下午至19日出现浮尘天气。（4）沙尘天气维持期间,地面冷高压移速缓慢,河西走廊位于地面冷高压后部,地面风速和湿度较小,不利于沙尘的沉降和水平扩散;河西走廊上空盛行下气沉流、逆温层深厚、大气干燥及层结稳定,不利于低层沙尘的垂直扩散和沉降,对沙尘的...     

欧亚大气环流对中国北方春季沙尘天气的影响

根据1960-2010年全国701个地面站沙尘观测资料分析了中国春季沙尘天气的空间分布和年际变化,发现南疆和内蒙古两个沙尘源区的沙尘指数51年来都呈现出减小的趋势,其中内蒙古沙尘指数总体较小、年际变化较大,而南疆沙尘指数的波动较小。通过分析南疆和内蒙古沙尘指数典型高、低值年春季环流场发现,控制两个沙尘源区的环流场存在明显差异:南疆沙尘指数低值年时,西路入侵的冷空气减少,受此影响蒙古气旋和南疆热低压减弱,导致南疆地区近地面西风减弱,最终导致南疆沙尘天气减少;内蒙古沙尘指数低值年时,西北路和北路冷空气入侵次数减少,地面场上西伯利亚冷高压和蒙古高压减弱,并且蒙古气旋的发生发展受到限制,导致内蒙古西部近地面西北风和偏西风减小,最终导致内蒙古地区沙尘天气减少。     

阿拉善东南部自然环境演变与地面流沙路径的分析

阿拉善东南部包括腾格里和吉兰泰两区。腾格里和吉兰泰两区在晚更新世均是一个湖域广阔的淡水大湖。之后 ,吉兰泰大湖和腾格里大湖在封闭状态下 ,一方面因气候转为干旱、蒸发致使湖域减小直至完全干涸 ,露出的湖底在风的吹蚀作用下形成沙漠 ;另一方面在“狭管效应”作用下 ,由吉兰泰西部来自雅玛雷克沙漠和在腾格里西部来自巴丹吉林沙漠的风吹沙沿着地形上狭窄通道的侵进是加剧这两个湖盆沙漠化的另一个重要因素。对此 ,基于遥感的研究提出了研究区西缘挡沙固沙 ,建立生态保护带 ,区内分块治理、有效控制流沙的侵进和扩张以及通过改善下垫面性质来控制沙尘的发生与强度 ,逐步改善生态环境的措施。研究区风沙的治理 ,对于缓解京津沙尘灾害具有重要的意义。     

苏宏图戈壁沉积物分形空间变异性及其成因

戈壁沉积物组分结构具有分形特征,能否利用分形特征及其变异性指示戈壁地表沉积物形成过程中的风沙作用目前认识不足.通过计算内蒙古苏宏图戈壁地表表层沉积物的分形维数值并分析了其空间变异性.结果 表明:沉积物分形维数值随0.050～0.179 mm跃移组分含量的增大而增大,随0.179～20.919 mm蠕移及风蚀残余组分含量...     

Dust storms in Central Asia: Spatial and temporal variations

Dust/sand storms are common events in the arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. The region is characterized by strong winds, scarcity of vegetation cover, continental climate with long and dry summers, frequent soil and atmospheric droughts. Central Asian drylands, covered by a great variety of desert types, represent a powerful source of mineral and salt aerosols.The main objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal distribution of dust storms over the Central Asian region during the last seven decades. The identified active source areas of dust storms are located mainly in the sandy deserts and other types of deserts where the sensitive ecosystems suffered from human impact. The main persistent sources of dust storms are located in the large “dust belt” that extends from west to east over the southern deserts, north of Caspian Sea deserts, south of Balkhash Lake, and Aral Sea region. The results of the analysis show a significant decrease in dust/sand storm frequency during the last decades and considerable changes in the active source areas.     

东亚沙尘源地、沙尘输送路径的遥感研究

东亚沙尘灾害严重影响东亚各国的生态环境 ,在源地大量侵蚀表层土壤 ,在输送过程中严重污染大气环境质量。此外 ,作为气溶胶 ,对区域辐射平衡和天气系统产生重大影响。本文利用 Sea Wi FS遥感数据分析了东亚沙尘灾害的源地、沙尘输送路径 ,结果显示 :东亚沙尘的三个主要源地是蒙古的戈壁、内蒙古中西部的沙漠戈壁和塔克拉玛干沙漠。沙尘输送路径有北路、中路和南路三条 ,北路主要影响中国的东北地区 ,中路主要影响中国的华北地区 ,南路主要影响中国的华中、华东地区。通过遥感确定沙尘源地和沙尘输送路径对于东亚沙尘灾害的治理有指导意义 ,也是对沙尘大气模式的一种检验。     

中国北方一次强沙尘暴爆发的数值模拟研究

 利用意大利国际理论物理研究中心发展的耦合了沙尘模块的区域气候模式（RegCM3）对发生在中国北方2006年4月9~11日期间的一次强沙尘暴的爆发进行了数值模拟研究。与实际观测相比,RegCM3成功地模拟出了本次沙尘暴爆发区域、天气形势及相应的沙尘气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）分布。4月9日6时,沙尘暴首先爆发于塔里木和吐鲁番盆地。受蒙古气旋的影响,24 h后甘肃中部及内蒙古西部地区也开始爆发沙尘暴。源区地面起沙率大于3 mg·m-2·s-1,单位面积上的沙尘载荷量高于3 000 mg/m2。对流层中低层沙尘主要向东输送,可影响我国华北绝大部分地区,本次沙尘暴过程造成中国北方主要城市空气质量的下降。模拟的AOD分布特征与地面起沙率和载荷量分布特征相对应,并与TOMS 卫星观测的气溶胶指数(AI)的区域和中心值具有较好的一致性。AOD分布由西向东呈递减的趋势,且有两个大于2的高值中心,一个位于新疆塔里木、吐鲁番盆地和古尔班通古特沙漠地区;另一个位于河西走廊和内蒙古交界地区。对比他人研究结果,RegCM3对沙尘的起沙、传输等过程以及AOD的时空分布模拟合理。     

柴达木盆地西部地层的风力侵蚀对黄土高原物源贡献的研究进展

柴达木盆地是我国西北地区最干旱的盆地之一,常年盛行强劲的西北风,尤其在冬春季更甚。柴达木盆地西部地区自新生代以来沉积了巨厚的河湖相沉积。自上新世晚期以来,随着气候的逐步干化和盆地内部构造变形的加剧,该地区风力侵蚀地貌开始出现。早更新时出现的古盐壳和古雅丹地貌说明当时侵蚀已经相当剧烈。晚更新时以来,气候的极端干旱化和冰期的出现,更加促进了风蚀地貌的发育,在强劲的低空风力的雕刻下,形成了盆地西部几万平方千米的“百万雅丹”地貌,十分壮观。柴达木盆地不同地区风蚀地层的厚度和速率都不同,最大可达3 km和1.1 mm/yr,如此巨量的物质搬运必然为下风向的地区(都兰、青海湖地区、西宁盆地、黄土高原)的粉尘堆积提供可观的物源物质。研究表明,柴达木盆地西部被侵蚀的古湖相地层是上述地区,尤其是黄土高原重要的物源物质。随着研究的深入,其盆地内侵蚀物质输送到黄土高原的机制,已被学界越来越清晰的认识。     

柴达木盆地西部湖相地层风力侵蚀对黄土高原物源贡献的研究进展

柴达木盆地是我国西北地区最干旱的盆地之一,常年盛行强劲的西北风,尤其在冬春季更甚。柴达木盆地西部地区自新生代以来沉积了巨厚的河湖相沉积。自上新世晚期以来,随着气候的逐步干化和盆地内部构造变形的加剧,该地区风力侵蚀地貌开始出现。早更新世出现的古盐壳和古雅丹地貌说明当时侵蚀已经相当剧烈。晚更新世以来,气候的极端干旱化和冰期的出现,更加促进了风蚀地貌的发育,在强劲的低空风力的雕刻下,形成了盆地西部几万平方千米的"百万雅丹"地貌,十分壮观。柴达木盆地不同地区地层的厚度和风蚀速率都不同,最大分别可达3 000 m和1.1 mm/yr,如此巨量的物质搬运必然为下风向的地区(都兰、青海湖地区、西宁盆地、黄土高原)的粉尘堆积提供可观的物源物质。研究表明,柴达木盆地西部被侵蚀的古湖相地层是上述地区,尤其是黄土高原重要的物源物质。随着研究的深入,其盆地内侵蚀物质输送到黄土高原的机制,已得到学界越来越清晰的认识。     

欧亚大气环流对中国北方夏季沙尘天气的影响

根据1960-2010年全国701个地面站沙尘天气观测资料分析了中国夏季沙尘天气的空间分布和年际变化,发现南疆和内蒙古两个沙尘源区的夏季沙尘指数51年来均呈现出减小的趋势。通过分析夏季沙尘指数典型高、低值年环流场发现：500 hPa高度场上强烈发展的高原-贝加尔湖平均脊和减弱的东亚大槽,减少了高空低值系统对南疆和内蒙古中西部地区的影响,地面场上“北负南正”的变压场分布使得两个地区西风和西北风减小,最终导致夏季南疆和内蒙古地区沙尘天气减少。沙尘指数高值年时影响两个地区天气系统的差异在于：影响南疆地区的天气系统主要是高空的西路冷空气和地面场上发展的南疆热低压,而影响内蒙古地区的则是北路和偏北路冷空气以及地面场上强烈发展的蒙古-内蒙古热低压。     

Rare earth elements of aeolian deposits in Northern China and their implications for determining the provenance of dust storms in Beijing

This paper contributes to a better understanding of the source of dust storms in northern China and the relationship between these sources and other aeolian sediments in this region. Sediment samples in potential source areas were collected from the Hunshandake Sandy Land, Heaven Desert, the loess deposits of the Bashang area, the mountainous basins and valleys north of Beijing and from the Badain Jaran Desert and Hulunbaier Sandy Land (Fig. 1). Dust samples were collected in Beijing during two dust storms in March 2002 and April 2006. The laboratory methods used in this study included measurements of abundance of trace elements, in particular the rare earth elements (REEs), mineral assemblages and grain size. The REE contents, Eu and Ce anomalies show clear differences between various deposits. Provenance is considered to be the key factor influencing REE patterns in the study areas. The REE abundances and patterns indicate that the aeolian sand north of Beijing, such as in the Heaven Desert, is mainly of local origin rather than from desert encroachment from the north. The mineral grains carried in dust storms, however, are highly mixed, and may come partly from local sources but mainly from distant desert regions in western China.     

2007-2017年中国沙尘气溶胶的三维分布特征及输送过程

利用最新发布的CALIPSO产品,构建了2007-2017年中国沙尘气溶胶的三维分布,并结合HYSPLIT-4模式和再分析数据,探讨了沙尘的三维输送过程。结果表明：中国的沙尘排放源区主要是塔克拉玛干沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠,沙尘气溶胶出现频率分别为60%和35%。塔克拉玛干沙漠排放的沙尘主要（50%~70%）停留在源地0~6 000 m高度,少部分向东输送至甘肃和内蒙古;巴丹吉林沙漠排放的沙尘则主要向东输送。中国沙尘排放量在春季最大,向东输送最强;夏季,东亚夏季风限制了沙尘向东输送;秋季,沙尘排放减弱,输送强度和夏季相当;沙尘排放量在冬季最小,输送最弱。夏季,沙尘在输送过程中可被抬升至高度5 000 m以上,春季次之,秋、冬季的沙尘主要在低层大气输送。沙尘在向东输送的过程中被抬升并和当地人为污染物混合变为污染性沙尘,华北地区污染性沙尘出现频率高达30%;输送到海洋的沙尘也会与洋面上（0~3 000 m高度）的海盐气溶胶混合,出现频率约为10%。     

中国北部一次沙尘过程中沙尘气溶胶的时空分布及输送特性

利用CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星观测资料,结合气溶胶模式模拟,分析了2011年4月28—30日发生的强度较大的一次沙尘远距离输送过程中气溶胶的时空分布特征及输送特性。结果表明,此次沙尘过程有两个源区,分别为中国南疆盆地和蒙古国中南部,并在沙尘输送过程中交汇于内蒙古西南部和甘肃地区;源区一（南疆盆地）沙尘主要分布高度在1 km以下,退偏振比平均在0.35左右,色比值平均在0.6左右,且沙尘在输送过程中被抬升到自由对流层,并先后影响内蒙古西南部、甘肃、宁夏等地区,输送到内蒙古、甘肃地区时沙尘主要分布在2.5～3 km高度,退偏振比主要分布在0.3～0.5,色比值主要分布在0.5～0.9。源区二（蒙古国中南部）沙尘先后影响内蒙古中西部地区、甘肃、山西北部、内蒙古中东部地区、河北北部、北京天津和东北地区西部部分地区,沙尘输送到中国内蒙古东部、北京、河北等地区时主要分布在1～4 km高度,退偏振比值主要集中在0.3～0.5,色比值主要在0.7～1.2。     

Analysis of the severe group dust storms in eastern part of Northwest China

Based on the available original dust storm records from 60 meteorological stations, we discussed the identification standard of severe dust storms at a single station and constructed a quite complete time series of severe group dust storms in the eastern part of Northwest China in 1954–2001. The result shows that there were 99 severe group dust storms in this region in recent 48 years. The spatial distribution indicates that the Alax Plateau, most parts of the Ordos Plateau and most parts of the Hexi Corridor are the main areas influenced by severe group dust storms. In addition, the season and the month with the most frequent severe group dust storms are spring and April, accounting for 78.8% and 41.4% of the total events respectively. During the past 48 years the lowest rate of severe group dust storms occurred in the 1990s. Compared with the other 4 decades, on the average, the duration and the affected area of severe group dust storms are relatively short and small during the 1990s. In 2000 and 2001, there were separately 4 severe group dust storms as the higher value after 1983 in the eastern part of Northwest China.     

Analysis of the severe group dust storms in eastern part of Northwest China

Based on the available original dust storm records from 60 meteorological stations, we discussed the identification standard of severe dust storms at a single station and constructed a quite complete time series of severe group dust storms in the eastern part of Northwest China in 1954-2001. The result shows that there were 99 severe group dust storms in this region in recent 48 years. The spatial distribution indicates that the Alax Plateau, most parts of the Ordos Plateau and most parts of the Hexi Corridor are the main areas influenced by severe group dust storms. In addition, the season and the month with the most frequent severe group dust storms are spring and April, accounting for 78.8% and 41.4% of the total events respectively. During the past 48 years the lowest rate of severe group dust storms occurred in the 1990s. Compared with the other 4 decades, on the average, the duration and the affected area of severe group dust storms are relatively short and small during the 1990s. In 2000 and 2001, there were separately 4 severe group dust storms as the higher value after 1983 in the eastern part of Northwest China.