Pyroxenes of the Khibiny alkaline pluton, Kola Peninsula

Seven pyroxene varieties were identified in nepheline syenites and foidolites of the Khibiny pluton: enstatite, ferrosilite, diopside, hedenbergite, augite, aegirine-augite, and aegirine. Enstatite and augite are typical of alkaline and ultramafic rocks of dike series. Ferrosilite was found in country quartzitic hornfels. Diopside is a rock-forming mineral in alkaline and ultramafic rocks, alkali gabbroids, hornfels in xenoliths of volcanic and sedimentary rocks and foyaite, melteigite-urtite that assimilate them, and certain hydrothermal pegmatite veins. Hedenbergite was noted in hornfels from xenoliths of volcanic and sedimentary rocks and in a hydrothermal pegmatite vein at Mount Eveslogchorr. Aegirine-augite is the predominant pyroxene in all types of nepheline syenites, phonolites and tinguaites, foidolites, alkaline and ultramafic rocks of dike series, fenitized wall rocks surrounding the pluton, and xenoliths of Devonian volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Aegirine is an abundant primary or, more often, secondary mineral in nepheline syenites, foidolites, and hydrothermal pegmatite veins. It occurs as separate crystals, outer zones of diopside and aegirine-augite crystals, and homoaxial pseudomorphs after Na-Ca amphiboles. Microprobe analyses of 265 pyroxenes samples allowed us to distinguish ten principal trends of isomorphic replacement and corresponding typomorphic features of pyroxenes. Compositional variations in clinopyroxenes along the sampled 35-km profile from the margin of the Khibiny pluton to its center confirm the symmetric zoning of the foyaite pluton relative to semicircular faults of the Minor Arc and the Main (Central) Ring marked by Devonian volcanic and sedimentary rocks, foidolites, and related metasomatic rocks (rischorrite, albitite, and aegirinite). Changes in the composition of pyroxenes are explained mainly by the redistribution of elements between coexisting minerals of foyaites in the process of their intense differentiation under the effect of foidolite melts that have intruded into the circular fault zones.     

Corundum-group minerals in rocks of the Khibiny alkaline pluton,Kola Peninsula

Five minerals of the corundum group have been identified in the Khibiny pluton with certainty. Corundum proper and karelianite occur only in hornfels after volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Xenoliths of hornfels mark the ring faults that bound foidalite within the field of foyaite. Hematite occurs in hydrothermally altered nepheline syenite and crosscutting hydrothermal veins related to the ring faults. Minerals of the ilmenite-pyrophanite series are present in all rocks of the pluton, including veins. Accessory ilmenite in foyaite varies from the manganese variety and pyrophanite in the inner and outer parts of the pluton to manganese-free ilmenite in zone of the Main Ring Fault. In xenoliths of volcanic rocks and alkaline ultramafic rocks, ilmenite is enriched in magnesium. The zoning in distribution of the above-mentioned minerals and the character of variation in their compositions from margins of the pluton to its center are consistent with the petrochemical zoning formed as a result of foyaite alteration of near ring faults.     

Typochemistry of rinkite and products of its alteration in the Khibiny Alkaline pluton,Kola Peninsula

The occurrence, morphology, and composition of rinkite are considered against the background of zoning in the Khibiny pluton. Accessory rinkite is mostly characteristic of foyaite in the outer part of pluton, occurs somewhat less frequently in foyaite and rischorrite in the central part of pluton, even more sparsely in foidolites and apatite–nepheline rocks, and sporadically in fenitized xenoliths of the Lovozero Formation. The largest, up to economic, accumulations of rinkite are related to the pegmatite and hydrothermal veins, which occur in nepheline syenite on both sides of the Main foidolite ring. The composition of rinkite varies throughout the pluton. The Ca, Na, and F contents in accessory rinkite and amorphous products of its alteration progressively increase from foyaite and fenitized basalt of the Lovozero Formation to foidolite, rischorrite, apatite–nepheline rocks, and pegmatite–hydrothermal veins.     

Variations in Chemical Composition of Clay Minerals and Magnetic Susceptibility of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks in the Hishikari Epithermal Gold Deposit, SW Kyushu, Japan

Hydrothermal alteration, involving chiefly chlorite and illite, is extensively distributed within host rocks of the Pleistocene Hishikari Lower Andesites (HLA) and the Cretaceous Shimanto Supergroup (SSG) in the underground mining area of the Hishikari epithermal gold deposit, Kagoshima, Japan. Approximately 60% of the mineable auriferous quartz‐adularia veins in the Honko vein system occur in sedimentary rocks of the SSG, whereas all the veins of the Yamada vein system occur in volcanic rocks of the HLA. Variations in the abundance and chemical composition of hydrothermal minerals and magnetic susceptibility of the hydrothermally altered rocks of the HLA and SSG were analyzed. In volcanic rocks of the HLA, hydrothermal minerals such as quartz, chlorite, adularia, illite, and pyrite replaced primary minerals. The amount of hydrothermal minerals in the volcanic rocks including chlorite, adularia, illite, and pyrite as well as the altered and/or replaced pyroxenes and plagioclase phenocrysts increases toward the veins in the Honko vein system. The vein‐centered variation in mineral assemblage is pronounced within up to 25 m from the veins in the peripheral area of the Honko vein system, whereas it is not as apparent in the Yamada vein system. The hydrothermal minerals in sandstone of the SSG occur mainly as seams less than a few millimeters thick and are sporadically observed in halos along the veins and/or the seams. The alteration halos in sandstone of the SSG are restricted to within 1 m of the veins. In the peripheral area of the Honko vein system, chlorite in volcanic rocks is characterized by increasing in Al in its tetrahedral layer and the Fe/Fe + Mg ratio toward the veins, while illite in volcanic rocks has relatively low K and a restricted range of Fe/Fe + Mg ratios. Temperature estimates derived from chlorite geothermometry rise toward the veins within the volcanic rocks. The magnetic susceptibility of tuff breccia of the HLA varies from 21 to less than 0.01 × 10^?3 SI within a span of 40 m from the veins and has significant variation relative to that of andesite (27–0.06 × 10^?3 SI). The variation peripheral to the Honko vein system correlates with an increase in the abundance of hematite pseudomorphs after magnetite, the percentage of adularia and chlorite with high Fe/Fe + Mg ratios, and the degree of plagioclase alteration with decreasing distance to the veins. In contrast, sedimentary rocks of the SSG maintain a consistent magnetic susceptibility across the alteration zone, within a narrow range from 0.3 to 0.2 × 10^?3 SI. Magnetic susceptibility of volcanic rocks of the HLA, especially tuff breccia, could serve as an effective exploration tool for identifying altered volcanic rocks.     

新疆西天山松湖铁矿床稀土和微量元素地球化学特征及其意义

松湖铁矿床位于新疆西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带中段,赋存于石炭系大哈拉军山组火山-沉积岩系中。矿体呈似层状、透镜状,主要受近EW向、NWW向高角度逆断层控制。矿石主要呈块状、条带状、团块状构造,结构主要为半自形-他形粒状;矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿,其次为赤铁矿、黄铁矿及黄铜矿,脉石矿物主要为钾长石、绿泥石、方解石、绿帘石及阳起石等。围岩蚀变发育,在垂向和水平方向上具有分带性。矿区围岩是阿吾拉勒地区早石炭世岛弧火山岩的组成部分,不同岩性具有类似的稀土元素配分模式,均为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,发育弱的负铈异常,中到弱的负铕或正铕异常。矿石中磁铁矿的∑REE值变化于20.75×10-6~65.41×10-6,配分模式为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,发育中到弱的负铈及负铕异常。磁铁矿与围岩的稀土元素特征表明二者具有成因联系,与岛弧火山作用有关。磁铁矿微量元素特征表明成矿物质来源于深部,磁铁矿为火山热液交代成因。结合矿床地质特征,认为松湖铁矿床为海相火山热液型矿床。     

Geological, geochemical characteristics and isotope systematics of the Longqiao iron deposit in the Lu-Zong volcano-sedimentary basin, Middle-Lower Yangtze (Changjiang) River Valley, Eastern China

The Middle-Lower Yangtze (Changjiang) River Valley metallogenic belt is located on the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton of eastern China. Most polymetallic deposits in the Changjiang metallogenic belt are clustered in seven districts where magmatism of Mesozoic age (Yanshanian tectono-thermal event) is particularly extensive. From west to east these districts are: E-dong, Jiu-Rui, Anqing-Guichi, Lu-Zong, Tong-Ling, Ning-Wu and Ning-Zhen. World-class iron ore deposits occur in the Lu-Zong and Ning-Wu ore clusters, which are mainly located in continental fault-bound volcanic-sedimentary basins. One of these deposits is the Longqiao iron deposit, discovered in the northern part of the Lu-Zong Basin in 1985. This deposit consists of a single stratabound and stratiform orebody, hosted in sedimentary carbonate rocks of the Triassic Dongma'anshan Formation. A syenite pluton (Longqiao intrusion) is situated below the deposit. The iron ore is massive and disseminated and the ore minerals are mainly magnetite and minor pyrite. Wall rock alteration mostly consists of skarn minerals, such as diopside, garnet, potassic feldspar, quartz, chlorite, phlogopite and anhydrite. Thin sedimentary siderite beds of Triassic age occur as relict laminated ore at the top and the margin of the magnetite orebody. These sideritic laminae are part of Triassic evaporite-bearing carbonate deposits (Dongma'anshan Formation).Sulfur isotopic compositions show that the sulfur in the deposit was derived from a mixture of magmatic hydrothermal fluids and carbonate–evaporite host rocks. Similarly, the C and O isotopic compositions of limestones from the Dongma'anshan Formation indicate that these rocks interacted with magmatic hydrothermal fluids. The O isotopic compositions of the syenitic rocks and minerals from the deposit show that the hydrothermal magnetite and skarn minerals were formed from magmatic fluids. The Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides are similar to those of the Longqiao syenite. Phlogopite coexisting with magnetite in the magnetite ores yielded a plateau age of 130.5 ± 1.1 Ma (2σ), whereas the LA-ICP MS age of the syenite intrusion is 131.1 ± 1.5 Ma, which is slightly older than the age of phlogopite.The Longqiao syenite intrusion may have crystallized from a parental alkaline magma, generated by partial melting of lithospheric mantle, during extensional tectonics. The ore fluids were probably first derived from magma at depth, later emplaced in the sedimentary rocks of the Dongma'anshan Formation, where it interacted with siderite and evaporite-bearing carbonate strata, resulting in the formation of magnetite and skarn minerals. The Longqiao iron deposit is a skarn-type stratabound and stratiform mineral system, genetically and temporally related to the Longqiao syenite intrusion. The Longqiao syenite is part of the widespread Mesozoic intracontinental magmatism (Yanshanian event) in eastern China, which has been linked to lithospheric delamination and asthenospheric upwelling.     

Geochemistry of lamprophyres associated with uranium mineralization, Southeastern Desert, Egypt

Two brecciated shear zones (NNW-SSE) are found crosscutting cataclastic rocks. The cataclastic rocks (3.0 km2) occupy the core of the granitic pluton and enclose a roof pendant of mafic-ultramafic rocks. The NNW-SSE-extending lamprophyre dykes vary in thickness from 0.5 m to 1 m and up to 800 m long, cutting the cataclastic rocks and are composed mainly of plagioclases, amphiboles, relics of pyroxenes and K-feldspar phenocrysts embedded in fine-grained groundmass. They are characterized as being peraluminous, calc-alkaline in composition (chemical trap) and enriched in calcite, sulfide and P2O5. The lamprophyres were affected by hydrothermal alteration (chlorite-carbonate alteration) while the cataclastic rocks were affected by diagenetic alteration (K-feldspar-albite alteration). Uranium mineralization is the product of hydrothermal events and has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), involving primary uranium minerals (U3O8) and secondary uranium minerals (uranophane and beta-uranophane, kasolite, torbernite, autonite and meta-autonite) in addition to U- bearing minerals (astrocyanite, betafite and fergusonite). The presence of different mineral parageneses associated with clay minerals indicates that the lamprophyres were subjected to acidic and alkaline mineralizing solutions. Moreover, the U-Zr/U, U-Ce/U values show negative correlations, confirming U-enrichment in both cataclastic rocks and shear zones while the Th-eU/eTh, Th-Zr/Th and Th-Ce/Th values show negative correlations, indicating that the U-bearing solutions are rich in Th in the cataclastic rocks only.     

五莲七宝山地区早白垩世碱性侵入岩成因及其地质意义

山东五莲七宝山地区早白垩世的碱性侵入岩位于火山机构的中央部位,该岩体具有高Ba-Sr含量、高Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比、低Ti/Eu比等特征,前人的研究指出其起源于岩石圈地幔。然而,该侵入体中的岩性与成分变化所反映的深部动力学过程尚未理清。本文对七宝山二长辉长岩和两类辉石二长岩开展了详细的矿物学和岩石地球化学研究,识别出钠质和钾质两类钾玄质岩石系列。该套碱性中基性侵入岩具有富碱、富轻稀土和富大离子亲石元素的特征,同时具有高的(La/Yb)_N和(Gd/Yb)_N值。碱性侵入岩中两类单斜辉石和两类斜长石作为再循环晶,记录了不同批次岩浆/熔体的混合,这些矿物组分和全岩成分共同约束了岩浆的起源与演化过程。结合前人的地球化学资料,本文指出七宝山碱性侵入岩的源区是曾受到沉积物交代的富集地幔,源区存在金云母脉体和角闪石脉体。上述脉体连同周围的地幔橄榄岩共同发生部分熔融,形成原生的碱性熔体。七宝山碱性侵入岩显示高的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比、低的Ti/Eu比,同时在微量元素蜘蛛图上呈现Ti^*和Hf^*的负异常,结合高稀土单斜辉石平衡熔体的属性,共同指示了碳酸盐熔体组分对该套碱性侵入岩的形成发挥了重要作用。钠质系列与钾质系列岩石反映了源区富碱矿物相类型相对贡献量的差异,即钠质为主的碱性岩反映源区角闪石的贡献更大,而钾质为主的碱性岩反映源区金云母的贡献占优势。此外,碱性侵入岩中的钾质系列具有异常高的Rb-Zr-Hf-U含量,很可能反映了源区在部分熔融过程中热液锆石熔解后形成的熔体加入到了钾质岩浆房内。本研究强调了碳酸盐熔体组分对高Nb/Ta碱性中基性的形成发挥着重要作用,亦强调了热液锆石的熔解加入导致岩浆具有高Zr-Hf-U含量的特征。     

白云鄂博含矿碱性火山岩建造及其地球化学

白云鄂博矿床历经几十年的研究,主要集中在矿区H8岩性段矿化白云岩成因的认识,许多研究显示含矿白云岩是岩浆碳酸岩,本文主要从岩石学和地球化学方面进一步分析其属于火山喷发环境形成的火山碳酸熔岩。H8含矿白云岩段和H9板岩段作为一套含矿岩系主要由含矿白云岩、霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩3类岩石组成,白云岩和霓闪钠长岩都具有的碎屑结构及角砾状构造、条带构造,显示为火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩特征,而钾长板岩则主要显示致密微晶火山熔岩特征。工业矿物主要是磁铁矿、赤铁矿、稀土矿物和铌铁矿物,其重要特征是出现大量原生赤铁矿,反映岩石氧化系数高,与火山喷发环境一致。霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩岩石化学显示碱性特征,稀土元素与CaO、F相关系数在0.7以上,并与Fe2O3高氧化物相关,而与硅酸盐矿物组分反相关,表示碳酸岩与稀土成矿密切相关,并显示为表生氧化环境形成。稀土地球化学特征显示白云岩∑REE最高,钾长板岩∑REE最低,相应的岩脉∑REE低于喷发岩。各种岩石均表现为明显的轻重稀土分异,但是以白云岩LREE/HREE比值最大,霓闪钠长岩LREE/HREE比值最小,而纯钠长石岩脉和含稀土磁铁矿LREE/HREE明显高于其他岩石。白云岩和霓闪钠长岩均表现出不同的铕、铈负异常,但是碳酸岩脉和钾长板岩则显示弱正铈异常,霓闪钠长岩和钾长板岩铕异常不明显。矿化白云岩和碳酸岩脉的δ18O、δ13C值介于沉积灰岩与已知碳酸岩的δ18O、δ13C值之间,碳酸岩中白云石的δ18O低于方解石的δ18O,而δ13C高于方解石的δ13C,稀土矿物的δ13C、δ18O与碳酸岩脉δ13C、δ18O接近。归纳这些特征,含矿白云岩与霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩是碱性火山岩组合,与一系列同期的碳酸岩、霓闪钠长岩碱性岩脉一起,构成一套完整碱性火山岩系。     

新疆阿尔泰巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床矽卡岩矿物特征及其地质意义

巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床为在新疆阿尔泰新发现的中型铁矿床,赋存于上志留统—下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中,近矿围岩为石榴子石矽卡岩、角闪斜长变粒岩和浅粒岩,矿体呈似层状、透镜状及不规则状,周围发育大量矽卡岩矿物。文章对矽卡岩矿物进行了研究,电子探针分析结果显示,石榴子石端员组分为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列,辉石端员组分以透辉石-钙铁辉石为主,角闪石端员组分以铁镁钙闪石为主。研究表明,矿区矽卡岩为交代成因矽卡岩。通过矿床地质及矿物成因研究,认为该矽卡岩是由岩浆热液交代火山岩所形成,磁铁矿的富集成矿与矽卡岩的退化蚀变密切相关。     

Zeolites in volcanic-igneous hydrothermal systems: a case study of Pauzhetka geothermal field (Kamchatka) and Oligocene Smrekovec volcanic complex (Slovenia)

Production from geothermal reservoirs in volcanic-igneous hydrothermal systems may be disturbed owing to the formation of authigenic minerals that reduce primary porosity and infill fissure systems. Crystallization may be induced by natural processes or human activity related to the reservoir exploitation. In volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, zeolites and related authigenic silicate minerals commonly develop. Two selected study sites—Pauzhetka geothermal field in Russia and Smrekovec volcanic complex in Slovenia are characterized by extensive development of progressive stage medium- and low-temperature propylitization and zeolitization with similar mineral assemblages that reduced original reservoir rock porosity and permeability. Retrograde and overprinting reactions of argillitization commonly enhance porosity and permeability of rocks, but some other reactions, like from prehnite to laumontite, from laumontite to heulandite, and from laumontite to analcime, encountered in the Smrekovec volcanic complex reduced it appreciably. Retrograde reactions recognized in the study sites were not induced by the temperature drop only, but were accompanied by the change in chemical composition of reacting fluids. Chemical composition of interstitial waters produced from exploitation wells in the Pauzhetka geothermal field indicate that propylitic and zeolite facies alteration is related to Na–Cl, slightly alkaline waters, while argillitization involved acidic thermal waters with more complex ion composition.     

新疆和静县查岗诺尔铁矿床FeⅠ矿体围岩蚀变特征

新疆和静县查岗诺尔铁矿床位于伊犁微板块北缘之博洛科努早古生代岛弧带,属于阿吾拉勒金、铜、铅、锌、铁成矿带东段。矿区出露地层主要为下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩和上石炭统伊什基里克组火山岩,两者为断层接触关系。由于成矿矿浆的多期次活动,查岗诺尔铁矿广泛发育围岩蚀变,形成沿断裂带分布的带状蚀变带。通过研究发现,矿床主矿体FeⅠ号主矿体的围岩蚀变情况,按不同蚀变矿物组合,自东向西可分出石榴石带、绿帘石-阳起石带、阳起石-磁铁矿带、蚀变大理岩带和阳起石带,对应三期蚀变作用。各阶段的矿物共生组合分别为：磁铁矿＋透辉石＋石榴石、磁铁矿＋阳起石＋绿帘石、磁铁矿-石榴石-阳起石-绿帘石-石英-碳酸盐。矿区蚀变是由高、中温火山热液交代中酸性火山碎屑岩而形成。     

Diagenetic evolution of the volcaniclastic deposits: an example from Neoproterozoic Dokhan Volcanics in Wadi Queih basin,central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Wadi Queih basin hosts a ～2,500-m thick Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic successions that unconformably lie over the oldest Precambrian basement. These successions were deposited in alluvial fan, fluviatile, lacustrine, and aeolian depositional environments. Diagenetic minerals from these volcaniclastic successions were studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. The diagenetic processes recognized include mechanical compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement and feldspar grains. In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including kaolinite, illite, and chlorite with minor smectite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Chlorite coating grains helps to retain primary porosity by retarding the envelopment of quartz overgrowths. Clay minerals and their diagenetic assemblages has been distinguished between primary volcaniclastics directly produced by pyroclastic eruptions and epiclastic volcaniclastics derived from erosion of the pre-existing volcanic rocks. Phyllosilicates of the epiclastic rocks display wider compositional variations owing to wide variations in the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the parent material. Most of the phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mica, and smectite) are inherited minerals derived from the erosion of the volcanic basement complex, which had undergone hydrothermal alteration. Smectites of the epiclastic rocks are beidellite–montmorillonite derived from the altered volcanic materials of the sedimentary environment. Conversely, phyllosilicate minerals of the pyroclastic rocks are dominated by kaolinite, illite, and mica, which were formed by pedogenetic processes through the hydrothermal influence.     

内蒙古得尔布干成矿带铅锌银矿两期叠加成矿的矿物学证据——以乌尔根矿为例

内蒙古额尔古纳市乌尔根铅锌银矿是得尔布干成矿带上具有代表性的浅成中低温热液型铅锌银矿之一。显微镜下观察、电子探针分析结果等矿物学证据证明,该矿床存在2期成矿作用。其中早期火山热液形成的金属硫化物普遍受应力作用的改造,并广泛被晚期形成的矿物交代,典型矿物是不含乳滴状黄铜矿的闪锌矿,具有高含量Fe、Mn和低含量Cu的特征;晚期次火山(隐爆角砾岩)热液形成的金属硫化物占大多数,常交代早期形成的矿物并与其交生在一起,典型矿物是含固溶体乳滴黄铜矿的闪锌矿,并且具有中等含量Fe、Mn和高含量Cu的特征。在次火山热液期的晚阶段残余热液还形成了较为纯净的呈棕黄色-无色透明的纯净闪锌矿,具有高含量Zn,低含量Fe、Mn、Cu的特征。结合前人测定的研究区火山岩和矿石矿物定年结果以及火山岩主量元素组成数据,推测早期火山热液成矿与中基性塔木兰沟组火山岩关系密切,而晚期次火山(隐爆角砾岩)热液属于满克头鄂博组的(中)酸性岩浆热液的产物。隐爆角砾岩热液富含Cu元素且为成矿提供了主要物质来源,是研究区寻找除铅锌之外其他矿种的重要线索。     

Granitoid Types Related to Cretaceous Plutonic Au-Quartz Vein and Cu-Fe Skarn Deposits, Kitakami Mountains, Japan

Abstract. Early Cretaceous granitic intrusions are associated with Au‐quartz veins and Cu‐Fe skarns in the the Kitakami Mountains, which are underlain by the late Paleozoic of continental margin‐type sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic accretionary complexes. The plutonic rocks are divided into potassic, high‐Sr/Y calc‐alkaline and low‐Sr/Y calc‐alkaline series. All the metallic mineral deposits are spatially associated with small stocks and plugs; they show no consistent association with the larger plutonic bodies. The plutonic rocks generally belong to the magnetite series but less oxidized in the southwestern part of the Kitakami Mountains where Au‐quartz veins occur. The gold deposits are classified into high and low sulfide types. The high sulfide type contains a high volume of sulfide minerals mostly of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite with low bulk Au/Ag ratios. This type occurs almost exclusively in and surrounding the Orikabe pluton, including two most important gold deposits (Oya and Kohoku) of the Kitakami Mountains. The pluton is composed of potassic gabbroids, potassic granitoids of the shoshonite ‐ high‐K calc‐alkaline series (Orikabe type), and less potassic Sasamori‐type granodiorite. All these rocks belong to a moderately oxidized magnetite series. The Orikabe pluton has one of the lowest initial Sr ratio (0.70392) in the Kitakami Mountains, and the Au‐Cu‐dominant ore components of the high sulfide type Au deposits are considered magmatic in origin carried by the juvenile magmas from the upper mantle. The low sulfide type is generally plain quartz vein with a low volume of sulfides and a high bulk Au/Ag ratio. The associated minerals are often scheelite and/or arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. The ore deposits include historically famed Au‐quartz veins at Shishiori and Ogayu. They are widespread in the southwestern Kitakami Mountains and may be later than the high sulfide type in age, and are hosted most commonly in the sedimentary rocks, which surround small weakly oxidized magnetite‐series plutons of low to intermediate Sr/Y series. These less differentiated intrusions typically include quartz dior‐ite and granodiorite. Some ore components of this type may have derived from the host sedimentary rocks. Among other mineral deposit types in the region, the largest ore deposit is Kamaishi Cu‐Fe skarn (magnetite ores of 58 MT, Fe 50–64 %; Cu 143 KT). It is related to the high‐Sr/Y series Ganidake granodiorite stock, which is a strongly oxidized magnetite‐series body. In contrast, the second largest deposit in the mountains, Akagane deposit, is a similar‐type skarn but associated with an intrusion classified as less oxidized, ilmenite to intermediate series, and that is intermediate in Sr/Y of calc‐alkaline series granodiorite. Degree of magmatic differentiation appears to be not critical factor in the formation of Au‐quartz vein and Cu‐Fe skarn deposits in the region, but is definitely significant for controlling the distribution of the Mo‐mineralization to the east.     

新疆和静县乔霍特铜矿地质地球化学特征

乔霍特铜矿是位于新疆西天山的一个中型铜矿床。似层状矿化体赋存于上志留统中基性火山岩及沉积岩中 ,矿化富集受地层、构造、侵入岩的多重控制。火山岩属于发育不成熟的裂谷环境中的中基性岩类 ,赋矿火山岩与无矿火山岩的稀土元素组成近似 ,而与后期叠加改造形成的脉状矿化体的稀土元素组成有较大差别。矿石矿物主要为辉铜矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿等 ,呈粒状和浸染状分布。成矿温度为 130～ 140℃。矿化溶液含岩浆水和变质水 ,属于酸性的富含钾、氯和二氧化碳的流体。矿化过程经历晚志留世火山热液充填 交代作用和海西早期岩浆热液的叠加、改造作用。     

Metasomatites of the Kara gold deposit (Eastern Transbaikalia)

Wall-rock metasomatites of the Kara gold deposit, a high-temperature medium-depth pneumatolytic-hydrothermal formation, have been studied. Gold mineralization is associated with the intrusion of granitoids of the Kara-Chacha massif (J3) and dikes of alkaline rocks (J3-K1), which include hybrid porphyries, “grorudites”, etc. They are characterized by telescoping of ores, expressed best of all on joints of ore-bearing sites.The origin of the Kara-Chacha massif (Amudzhikan-Sretensk complex) is connected with pre-ore areal propylitization. The propylites demonstrate a zonal pattern relative to the massif and ore veins. A composite metasomatic column of propylitized rocks has been compiled.The thickness of intensely altered wall rocks does not exceed 1.5–2.0 m and the structure of these zones is very heterogeneous. Syn-ore metasomatites are found in propylitized rocks. The major factor of syn-ore alteration of host rocks is the active behavior of alkaline elements. Albitization, silicification (in separate sites), tourmaline and pyrite alteration occur at the early quartz-pyrite-tourmaline stage of mineralization. Sodium is supplied at this stage. During the next quartz-actinolite-magnetite stage sodium and potassium are active. The host rocks demonstrate albitization, feldspar alteration, silicification, actinolitization, biotite alteration, and magnetite impregnation. Aegirine in veins is accompanied by occurrence of aegirine, alkaline amphibole, green biotite and, locally, quartz in host rocks. Potassium becomes more significant later, reaching the maximum activity at the quartz-sulfide stage. The development of quartz-arsenopyrite assemblage was accompanied by K-feldspatization, sericitization of host rocks, formation of green and tan biotites, and arsenopyrite impregnation. The formation of K-feldspar, sericitization, silicification, and sulfide impregnation are associated with quartz-sulfide ore. The final quartz-carbonate-polymetallic stage is accompanied by silicification and carbonate alteration of host rocks. Potassium becomes increasingly more active from outer zones of metasomatic columns to inner ones. The gold contents tend to increase with the potassium contribution in zones of hydrothermal alterations.The propylite alteration and syn-ore changes become more intense veinward. It can indicate that hydrothermal solutions with dissolved minerals penetrated through the most reworked zones. However, hydrothermal solutions during propylite alteration and later syn-ore changes of host rocks not always penetrated through the same zones of weakness, such as tectonic dislocations, contacts of various rocks, etc. The rocks, comprising inner zones of the metasomatic column of propylites are quite often observed at a certain distance from veins and accompanied inner zones of metasomatic columns of later syn-ore metasomatites. They sometimes are not associated with ore veins. However, they are demonstrate later superimposed threads and separate impregnations of syn-ore minerals.Abundant telescoping of mineralization and inheritance of mineralization stages complicate the structure of zones with syn-ore metasomatites. In the sites with telescoped mineralization the metasomatites contain minerals intrinsic to all stages of mineralization found at the deposit.     

磁铁矿显微结构及化学成分对铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床成矿过程的指示

铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁多金属矿床是长江中下游鄂东南矿集区的一个典型矿床,矿体产于铜绿山岩体与三叠系碳酸盐岩地层的接触带.磁铁矿是铜绿山铜铁矿床中广泛发育的矿石矿物,选取内矽卡岩和外矽卡岩中的热液磁铁矿以及岩体中副矿物磁铁矿为研究对象,对其开展系统的显微结构观察和电子探针分析.热液磁铁矿中普遍发育有钛尖晶石出溶结构和富硅环带结构,且没有明显的后期热液交代改造现象.钛尖晶石出溶结构指示铜绿山矿床的早期热液磁铁矿具有较高的Ti含量,磁铁矿结晶后经历了降温和氧逸度降低过程导致钛尖晶石出溶.热液磁铁矿中还普遍含有较高含量的Si、Al、Cr、V、Mn、Mg、Co和Ni等元素,Si4+、Al3+、Mg2+、Mn2+等以类质同象方式进入磁铁矿晶格;但在不同产状的磁铁矿中,替代强度和机制略有不同,说明流体成分、温度、压力等物理化学条件影响元素替代强度和方式.外矽卡岩中磁铁矿的Al₂O₃/MgO比值小于4,内矽卡岩中磁铁矿的Al₂O₃/MgO比值为5~8,而副矿物磁铁矿的Al₂O₃/MgO比值约为13.岩体副矿物磁铁矿具有最高的V₂O₃含量（平均值为0.31%）,与岩体接触的内矽卡岩中的磁铁矿次之（平均值为0.14%）,外矽卡岩中磁铁矿的V₂O₃含量最低（平均值为0.01%~0.03%）.Al₂O₃/MgO比值和V₂O₃含量说明磁铁矿生长环境（熔体/热液）、围岩的成分及水-岩反应等对磁铁矿的化学组成均有影响.铜绿山矿床从岩体到内矽卡岩、再到外矽卡岩,磁铁矿的形成温度逐步下降,其成分的变化指示了磁铁矿可以作为矽卡岩矿床成矿过程的重要指示矿物.      

庐枞盆地龙桥铁矿床中菱铁矿的地质特征和成因意义

龙桥铁矿床是庐枞火山岩盆地中的一个大型的铁矿床,多年来对其矿床成因的认识存在较大的争论.文章在野外地质研究工作的基础上,通过对矿床中菱铁矿的岩矿分析鉴定和电子探针测试,确定了矿床纹层状矿石中的菱铁矿为沉积成因.通过对菱铁矿的产出特征分析,并结合龙桥铁矿床的部分地质地球化学研究成果,认为在该矿床形成过程中,早期沉积形成了纹层状的菱铁矿层,在燕山期的岩浆热事件中,部分沉积菱铁矿被交代形成了磁铁矿和具有残余骸晶结构等一系列矿石交代组构特征的矿物.纹层状矿石既具有沉积特征,也具有热液改造特征,证实了矿床的形成存在早期(三叠纪)的沉积成矿(菱铁矿)作用和晚期(燕山期)的热液成矿(磁铁矿)作用.菱铁矿的研究为进一步确定龙桥铁矿床的成因提供了新的佐证.