深部开采隐伏构造扩展活化及突水试验研究

深部开采突水具有突发性、滞后性和强致灾性等特点,研究突水通道成因、演变规律和致灾机制成为控制深部开采底板突水的关键。大量的防治水实践和理论证实,构造突水通道一般发生在构造与岩层接触面处,为此建立隐伏构造条块体突水判据模型,应用剪切破坏理论方法得到突水理论判据;借助深部承压水上底板断层扩展活化及导水通道演化物理模拟试验,研制了固-流耦合相似材料,选取模拟断层破坏活化的材料并进行了模拟材料的可行性分析;试验直观地展现了含隐伏断层底板在采动应力扰动和高承压水共同作用下底板裂隙形成、隐伏断层扩展、突水通道贯通的全过程。通过对试验监测数据和现象的解读,揭示了应力场-渗流场耦合作用下承压水体上采煤底板滞后突水的机制,并对突水路径形成的时空规律进行了分析探讨,为研究深部开采构造突水提供了新的方法和认识。     

承压水底板突水失稳过程的数值模型初探

利用自行开发的岩石破裂过程渗流与应力耦合分析系统F-RFPA2D,对承压水底板破裂失稳过程进行了数值模拟。在这个数值模型中,材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现。根据模拟结果,分析了承压水底板失稳的机理,对承压水底板的突水部位的预测进行了探讨。得出了与实际基本一致的结果,说明了F-RFPA2D作为一种新的数值模拟方法,可以用来研究承压水底板突水问题。      

开滦矿区地应力场特征及其研究意义

地应力是影响矿井突水的重要因素之一,是存在于地壳中的重要能量场条件。采用现场应力解除法对开滦矿区多个矿井进行了地应力测试,分析了研究区现今地应力分布规律,在此基础上,建立了煤层底板突水危险性与岩石力学性质及地应力之间的相关关系和模型,对范各庄矿12煤层底板和东欢坨矿12-2煤层底板突水危险性进行了评价。研究结果表明,本区地壳浅部现代地应力作用较强,整体处于近东西向挤压应力场中,在挤压应力作用下,煤岩层应力状态主要表现为水平主应力大于垂直主应力,原岩应力主要由构造应力和自重应力场构成。煤层底板突水危险性受岩石力学条件和地应力所控制,当岩石破裂压力大于水压（Pf〉Pw）,则不产生突水;若岩石破裂压力小于水压时,则有可能突水。当承压水的水压（Pw）小于最小水平主应力（σhmin）时,不会产生突水。只有当承压水的水压（Pw）大于最小水平主应力（σhmin）时,存在突水危险性。范各庄矿12煤层底板和东欢坨矿12-2煤层底板破裂压力（Pf）和最小主应力（σhmin）均大于其底板岩体承受的水压（Pw）,本区在无构造破坏卸压条件下是不会发生底板突水的。     

采掘工作面底板突水和防治原则的基本理论研究

本文共分五个部分。第一部分主要讨论了底板突水的机制，分别探讨了水压力中的静水和动水压力对底板破坏所起的具体作用，矿山压力中的动夺及静矿压破坏底板的具体作用，以及它们在采矿过程中的发展变化而造成突水的机制；第二部分论述了影响底板突水的地质和采条件，在地质因素中，讨论了下沉肝质条件下和存在构造条件下底板突水存在的差异及共同特点，采矿条件及采煤方法对底板突水影响以及突水规律。依据地质及采矿条件，对走向长     

矿压及水压对煤层底板突水的影响

在煤层底板突水发生过程中,矿山压力和底板承压水起着重要的作用。煤炭采出后,围岩失去原有的平衡,除顶板岩层产生破坏及移动外,底板岩层也相应遭到一定程度的破坏和影响,在一定的条件下,发生底板突水事故。      

采动诱发断层活化导水试验研究

华北地区深部开采矿井,高地应力作用下煤层采动诱发断层活化引起的承压水突涌是矿井水害的主要形式之一,借助相似材料模拟试验台,通过自主设计的试验装置和试验方法,以五沟煤矿F13断层为工程背景,研究承压水上煤层开采的覆岩运动破坏形态、底板裂隙发育扩展特征、断层带应力和结构演化规律,再现断层活化导水全过程。以工作面距断层带的距离为时间参照,采动诱发断层活化导水存在4个明显阶段:断层带应力超限屈服、断层带拉裂延展、两盘错动滑移、承压水导升。以承压水沿断层带的导升高度为基准,寻找承压水导升高度的相关性因素:工作面距断层带的距离与导升高度近似呈负线性关系;水压力、断层带宽度与导升高度具有正相关性,试验过程中水压力与导升高度的相关性呈现强-弱-强的变化趋势;根据试验结果和规律设计断层防水煤柱宽度为40 m,现场观察未出现明显突漏水现象、效果良好。研究成果对于揭示断层活化突水机制、指导矿井防治水具有一定的意义。     

用物理相似模拟技术研究煤层底板突水机理

介绍了利用物理相似模拟技术研究煤层底板突水机理的方法,实验表明完整底板破坏究水是沿“零位破坏”线发生的,底板断层交水与断层性质及采空区大小有着密切关系,并揭示了断层突水的机理,这说明用相似模拟技术研究底板究水机理有着重要价值。     

煤层底板破坏的断层效应模拟及其在防治水中的应用

梁北煤矿已发生5 次寒武系灰岩底板突水事故,造成重大经济损失。根据矿井的水文地质条件,建立了煤层开采的FLAC 数值模型,利用岩石力学及渗流力学理论,分别模拟了无断层和有断层条件下煤层底板采动破坏带的演化规律,重点讨论了断裂深度及断层空间位置对底板破坏深度的影响。结果表明,断层的存在可使底板采动破坏深度增加20%~33%,断层是突水重点防范区域,遇断层前10 m 直到过断层15 m 须加强防治水工作。根据模拟结果设计了梁北矿11041, 11151,11111 三个工作面底板的注浆加固工程,重点注浆层位分别为底板破坏范围和寒武系顶部裂隙发育带,注浆工程增强了底板的阻水能力,实现了工作面的安全回采。     

用于煤层底板突水机理研究的岩体原位测试技术

底板突水是底板受采动应力和承压水水压共同作用的结果。开拓和采动打破了原有地应力的平衡状态,为达到新的平衡,某些应力相对集中的地方,会释放应变能,使岩体构造发生变化;而承压水的水压对底板隔水层的作用主要是压裂扩容作用与渗水软化作用。本文介绍了由岩体原位应力测试技术、室内三轴渗透仪测定技术和计算机有限元模拟技术组成的岩体应力测试综合技术及其在煤层底板突水预测中的应用。      

不同倾角隐伏断层条件下的底板突水模拟研究

为了揭示不同倾角隐伏断层条件下的底板突水机理,运用剪切破坏理论建立了隐伏断层导水机理的力学模型。根据某实际矿井地质条件构建了倾角分别为15°、30°、45°、60°和落差为3m的隐伏逆断层模型,运用FLAC3D数值模拟方法分析了不同倾角隐伏逆断层在开采条件下的塑性区、垂直应力、孔隙水压力分布情况。结果表明:承压水的理论极限值受工作面埋深、采高、隐伏断层产状及其与底板距离等因素的影响,其中隐伏断层倾角的影响最为显著。当断层倾角较大、且与塑性区相交后断层下盘就会发生大面积破坏,破坏深度可达到23m;当隐伏断层靠近底板破坏区或完全位于采空区下方,隐伏断层末梢垂直应力大幅度降低,且沿断层方向岩层应力也大幅下降;孔隙水压力的压差高度随着隐伏断层倾角的增大而逐渐减小,但底板孔隙水压力的变化趋势则相反,隐伏断层上端末梢的揭露位置越靠近切眼,其孔隙水压力值越大,对开采工作影响越大。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861