地貌过程研究回顾与展望

地貌学是现代地理科学的一个重要分支学科。本文对中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所以来在地貌研究领域的主要研究成果进行了综述,包括河流地貌、黄土高原与坡地地貌、青藏高原及南极地貌与第四纪、喀斯特与旅游地貌、地貌实验与模拟、地貌制图共六个方面,对地理资源所地貌研究团队目前的研究方向进行了介绍,并就提高地理资源所地貌研究在学科发展和服务国家建设中的作用提出了建议。     

新疆地貌空间分布格局分析

以高分辨率遥感影像为本底数据的最新新疆地貌数据,能提高定量化地貌格局分析结果的准确性、客观性和科学性。本文利用地学统计和GIS空间分析方法,基于最新新疆地貌数据,定量化分析了地貌的分布特征、空间格局。结果表明:(1)大地貌单元中,平原地貌约占新疆总面积的1/3;(2)地势分级,中海拔地貌占绝对优势,约占全疆总面积1/2;(3)形态类型中,丘陵地貌在地势起伏中占主导地位,面积最大,主要分布在两大沙漠中,以沙丘形式分布;(4)基本地貌类型,中海拔丘陵最多,占总面积的21.417%;(5)成因类型中,流水、风成和干燥作用占主导地位;(6)受不同形成条件和控制范围的影响,新疆成因类型的分布特征随着海拔和起伏的变化而变化;(7)总体上,新疆地貌的空间格局呈现出两大特征:水平环形特征和垂直地带性特征。     

Aesthetics and relevance in geomorphological outreach

Aesthetics and relevance are essential for making geomorphology a discipline that appeals to the general public and to potential students. A concentration on process studies has led to a relative neglect of landforms, yet, it is landforms that have often stimulated geomorphologists themselves to become geomorphologists. The study and explanation of visually attractive landscapes, the demonstration of the relevance of the discipline to society's needs and, following on from that, a concern with global change, are three areas that need to be developed by geomorphologists.     

系统论思想在地貌学中的应用

系统论的思潮及其基本原则迅速地向地貌学领域渗透和扩展,改变着地貌学家的知识结构和思维方式。愈来愈显示出地貌学的一个新的生长点——系统地貌学,将以其强大的生命力萌发出来。它将从系统论与控制论的角度,研究地球表面形态结构及其物质组成与自然环境、社会经济环境之间的相互作用,揭示地貌系统的结构、功能及其演化规律性;对地域分异形成的不同地貌景观,分别建立过程-反应模式。为优化人地系统、合理利用自然资源、建立区域发展最优模式的决策提供科学依据。     

GIS analysis to assess landslide susceptibility in a fluvial basin of NW Sicily (Italy)

Landslide hazard assessment, effected by means of geostatistical methods, is based on the analysis of the relationships between landslides and the spatial distributions of some instability factors. Frequently such analyses are based on landslide inventories in which each record represents the entire unstable area and is managed as a single instability landform. In this research, landslide susceptibility is evaluated through the study of a variety of instability landforms: landslides, scarps and areas uphill from crown. The instability factors selected were: bedrock lithology, steepness, topographic wetness index and stream power index. The instability landform densities computed for all the factors, which were arranged in Unique Condition Unit, allowed us to derive a total of three prediction images for each landslide typology. The role of the instability factors and the effects generated by the use of different landforms were analyzed by means of: a) bivariate analysis of the relationships between factors and landslide density; b) predictive power validations of the prediction images, based on a random partition strategy.The test area was the Iato River Basin (North-Western Sicily), whose slopes are moderately involved in flow and rotational slide landslides (219 and 28, respectively). The area is mainly made up of the following complexes: Numidian Flysch clays (19%, 1%), Terravecchia sandy clays (5%, 1%), Terravecchia clayey sands (3%, 0.3%) and San Cipirello marly clays (9%, 0%). The steepness parameter shows the highest landslide density in the [11–19°] class for both the typologies (8%, 1%), even if the density distributions for rotational slides are right-asymmetric and right-shifted. We obtained significant differences in shape when we used different instability landforms. Unlike scarps and areas uphill from crowns, landslide areas produce left-asymmetric and left-shifted density distributions for both the typologies. As far as the topographic wetness index is concerned, much more pronounced differences were detected among the instability landforms of rotational slides. In contrast, the flow landslides produce normal-like density distributions. The latter and the rotational slide landslide areas produce the highest density values in the class [5.5–6.7], despite an abrupt decreasing trend starting from the first class [3.2–4.4], which is generated by the density values of the rotational slide scarps and areas uphill from crowns. The stream power index at the foot of the slopes, which was automatically derived using a GIS-procedure, shows a positive correlation with the landslide densities marked by the maximum classes: [4.8–6.0] for flows, and [6.0–7.2] for rotational slides. The validation procedure results confirmed that the choice of instability landform influences the results of the susceptibility analysis. Furthermore, the validation procedure indicates that: a) the predictive models are generally satisfactory; b) scarps and zones uphill from crown areas are the most diagnostically unstable landforms, for flow and rotational slide landslides respectively.     

多分析尺度下综合判别的地形元素分类方法

地形元素（如山脊、沟谷等）是地表形态类型基本单元,通过地形元素的不同空间组合可形成更高级别的地貌类型。现有的地形元素提取方法大多依靠地形属性计算,难以克服地形元素的空间相关性表达与局部地形属性计算存在不对应的矛盾,Jasiewicz和Stepinski提出的Geomorphons方法——基于高程相对差异信息进行地形元素分类,可避免这一问题,但Geomorphons方法本质上是在单一分析尺度上选择地形特征点用于判别,易受局部地形起伏的影响而造成误分类。针对这一问题,设计出一种多分析尺度下综合判别的地形元素分类方法。应用结果表明：相比Geomorphons方法,利用该方法得到的地形元素的分类结果更为合理。     

A double continuous approach to visualization and analysis of categorical maps

A method to visualize multiple membership maps, called ‘Colour mixture’ (CM) is described and compared with alternative techniques: defuzzification and Pixel mixture. Six landform parameters were used to derive the landform classes using supervised fuzzy k-means classification. The continuous categorical map is derived by GIS calculations with colours, where colour values are considered to represent the taxonomic space spanned by the attribute variables. Coordinates of the nine class centres (landform facets) were first transformed from multivariate to two-dimensional attribute space using factor analysis, and then projected on the Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) colourwheel. The taxonomic value was coded with the Hue and confusion with Saturation. To improve visual impression, saturation was replaced with whiteness. Classes that were closer in attribute space were merged into similar generic colours. The CM technique limits the derived mixed-colour map to seven generic hues independently of the total number of classes, which provides a basis for automated generalization. The confusion index derived from the mixed-colour map was used to derive primary boundaries and to locate areas of higher taxonomic confusion.     

Geomorphological controls on coastal vegetation at the Virginia Coast Reserve

The establishment and succession of vegetation on migrating, low-profile barrier islands is greatly affected by the physical hydrogeomorphological processes that regulate island topography, saline and fresh groundwater table surfaces. Apart from the physical destruction of plants by overwash processes, fluctuations in water table elevations and variations in groundwater salinity, both spatially and temporally, also appear to have significant impact on the nature and distribution of vegetation on these islands. Species composition, community structure and biodiversity on the Virginia barrier islands are controlled by the same processes that give rise to landforms and maintain their form. These processes include marine water inundations, groundwater salinity variations and changes in depth to the fresh-water table. Land surface elevation, landform morphology and position on the barrier island determine exposure to high tides, storm surges, sand burial, and the extent of the fresh-water reserves.In this article, the underpinnings of a Long-term Ecological Research Program in which 25 geologists, geomorphologists, climatologists, and ecologists have a common research plan is presented and several examples of the product of this research partnership dealing with geomorphological and hydrologic controls on vegetation dynamics are detailed. Among the aspects of ecological dynamics examined in terms of geomorphological processes are vegetation zonation, succession, disturbance, and ecosystem state change.     

The human-landscape system: challenges for geomorphologists

Deliberately or indirectly, most of the terrestrial surface has been affected by the actions of human beings. For that reason, geomorphologists have needed to broaden their scope of inquiry to encompass the human-landscape system. Four themes related to human actions emerge in recent research in geomorphology: (1) human impacts on geomorphic systems, (2) human-landscape feedbacks, (3) geomorphic hazards and (4) stratigraphic markers of anthropogenic origin. The importance of humans as geomorphic agents challenges geomorphologists and their collaborators to move beyond unidirectional cause-and-effect (human impacts), and develop new research frameworks that better integrate the ongoing interactions between people and landscapes.     

试论地貌学的新进展和趋势

地貌变化有内在的规律,对环境保育、资源利用和自然灾害防治有重要影响。作为交叉学科和地理学的重要分支学科,地貌学具有重要理论价值和实际意义。过去10多年来,随着遥感、地理信息技术和沉积物定年、地球物理和地球化学探测以及数值模拟等新技术和新方法的应用,地貌学家的研究视野和深度不断扩大与加深,在构造地貌、气候地貌和人类活动与地貌过程等传统领域有很多新进展,揭示了不同地貌单元的变化规律和机理,极大地推动了地貌学的发展。在新时代,除了继续加强传统地貌单元的深入研究外,地貌学的发展应与全球环境变化和未来地球等重大科学问题(计划)紧密结合;地貌学家要关心人类活动对地貌过程的影响及适应,并利用新技术开展地貌过程的定量重建和数值模拟。同时加强地理学专业学生的地质学基础学习、发展定量地貌学和行星地貌学、系统开展人类活动对地貌过程的影响和适应研究,是提升中国地貌学水平的途径,也可为推动国际地貌学发展做出贡献。     

陕北丹霞地貌特征及国内外对比研究

通过野外考察,并结合地质资料和样品分析,对陕北丹霞地貌形成的地质构造背景、红层岩性、形态特征、演化过程等进行系统阐述,并与中国东南部湿润区及国外的典型丹霞地貌进行对比,总结其共性和差异。结果表明：陕北丹霞地貌形成的构造环境为大型内陆坳陷盆地——鄂尔多斯盆地,主要成景地层为洛河组紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩,形成于早白垩世的干旱沙漠环境,发育大型交错层理,其碎屑颗粒分选性和磨圆度较好,但结构松散,胶结程度较弱,颗粒表面有碟形撞击坑等典型风成砂岩特征。陕北丹霞地貌最显著的特征是顶部有第四纪黄土盖层,形成覆盖型丹霞,地貌发育总体上处于青年期,整体为高原-峡谷景观,发育密集的沟谷群和连续的丹霞崖壁,但孤立的单体地貌较少。陕北丹霞地貌演化过程可划分为早白垩世红层沉积-晚白垩世红层盆地构造抬升和古丹霞发育-古近纪以来间歇式抬升-第四纪黄土覆盖等4个阶段。国内外对比方面,陕北丹霞与中国东南部湿润区的丹霞地貌在构造环境,物质基础,地貌特征等方面差异较显著,但与美国西部的丹霞地貌存在许多相似性。     

A review on anthropogenic geomorphology

With the continuous development of man’s ability to reshape nature, human activities have become the third geomorphologic agent in the modern geomorphological process. Man-made landform is a landform unit characterized by human activities and is a result of synergizing human and nature geomorphologic agents under the physical geographical background. This article provides an overview on the major progresses in research on anthropogenic geomorphology from aspects like the origin of anthropogenic geomorphology, man-made landform agents and classification, man-made landform evolution and its influencing mechanism, map presentation of man-made landform, and environmental impact of man-made landforms. In addition, in the article, the future development of anthropogenic geomorphology is forecasted. It is pointed out that future studies on anthropogenic geomorphology should pay more attention to the following directions: construction of discipline system of anthropogenic geomorphology, material composition and morphological features of man-made landforms, spatial expansion process and development laws of man-made landforms, regional disparity and accumulative environmental effects of man-made landforms, and environmental management on man-made landforms and comparative analyses of relevant international management policies.     

基于遥感的中国北方风沙地貌类型分析

风沙地貌在我国有广泛的分布,特别在北方,对区域生态安全、社会经济发展有重大影响。为了了解我国风沙地貌最新状况,通过解译2000~2002年的Landsat7 ETM影像,建立了我国风沙地貌类型数据库。对北方风沙地貌的分析表明:1.我国北方风沙地貌主要分布在新疆、内蒙古、青海、宁夏、甘肃、陕西、吉林、黑龙江8省区,其中以新疆、内蒙古的面积最广、地貌类型最丰富;2.类型多样性上,干旱区沙漠的地貌类型远比半干旱区的沙地丰富,其中有些类型分布普遍,还有些类型仅仅局限于特定区域,是在特定的风力、风向、植被等作用下形成的;3.沙丘动态上,沙漠除古尔班通古特与乌兰布和沙漠以固定、半固定为主外其他都以流动为主,沙地沙丘则以固定、半固定状态占优势。本文从沙丘形态类型角度分析了我国风沙地貌的最新特征,具有定位、定量特点,所建数据库不仅能用于风沙地貌的定期遥感监测,还能对沙丘形态演化进行定位监测研究。     

地貌学的基本范式及其在教学科研中的作用

自吉尔伯特和戴维斯的时代开始,地貌学的研究即已遵从理论优先的观察背负模式。从以描述为主的侵蚀循环学说、强调定量分析的地表过程、水力几何学到目前系统地貌学的研究,此中充盈着大量的范式、原理和基本概念,它们是地貌学作为一门科学存在和发展的理论基础。在课堂教学与课程发展层面上,从地貌学史的角度注重对基本范式的归纳和讲授,是培养与激发学生学习兴趣和专业素养的主要途径。通过对经典文献的研读,学生可以从中直接学习到详尽地描述和思辨方法,同时还会意识到对地貌学思想的传承和理论的接受应该批判地进行。在学科建设和科学研究方面,基于范式研究是利用共同的学术语言融入国际地貌学界的前提,凝练学科整体关心的科学问题,开展有组织持续有效的基础理论研究,是复兴国内地貌学的最佳途径。     

施秉喀斯特地貌世界遗产价值研究

对施秉喀斯特演化环境、地貌类型及分布、地貌演化史、石灰岩与白云岩地貌差异等特征进行研究,试图提炼施秉喀斯特的世界遗产地貌价值。研究表明：施秉喀斯特具有热带―亚热带地区独特的喀斯特地貌演化环境;展示了热带―亚热带地区独特而典型的白云岩峰丛峡谷喀斯特地貌景观,从分水岭至峡谷区呈现了峰林洼地―峰林谷地―峰丛谷地―峰丛峡谷喀斯特地貌逆向回春演替规律,是白云岩峡谷喀斯特地貌形态及地貌演化的模式地;记录了古生代以来3次较大的碰撞运动,即早古生代的加里东运动,晚古生代的海西造山运动,及中、新生代以来的印支运动、燕山运动和喜马拉雅山运动。燕山运动是本区最强烈的造山运动,产生了区内众多褶皱和断裂构造,奠定了施秉地区的地貌构造轮廓。喜马拉雅山运动,尤其是第二、三幕运动,全面塑造了施秉喀斯特峡谷地貌;施秉白云岩喀斯特地貌展现出与石灰岩封闭型地貌不同的以开放型地貌为主的特征,在中国南方喀斯特系列自然遗产中有重要地位,具备地貌世界遗产价值。     

When History May Lead us Astray: using historical documents to reconstruct swampy meadows/chains of ponds in the New South Wales Central Tablelands,Australia

This paper examines historical evidence on the occurrence and status of an important landscape element in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales: the swampy meadow/chain of ponds landform. Our findings reject the notion that it is possible to reconstruct this landform as it was at the time of early European settlement, based solely on early colonial documents. Furthermore the analysis of such documents should be used with appropriate caution when benchmarking this landform. These conclusions have been reached by analysing 826 nineteenth-century portion plans, 18 early explorers and settlers’ journals, letters and maps, and nine Surveyor General's maps and plans. We suggest that our findings have significant implications for developing management and restoration strategies, better informing conservation initiatives and the development of policies aimed at protecting, conserving and restoring the swampy meadow/chain of ponds landform. Our experience suggests that researchers involved in historical analyses of documents for similar purposes should be wary about factors such as the limitations and reliability of source data, unwarranted interpretations and the imprecise and/or contradictory use of terms. We also suggest that the possible subjective views of some observers, particularly those with limitations in interpreting such a landform, are further reasons to be cautious. If these factors are not taken into account it is very likely to result in a flawed interpretation. We conclude that both landform awareness and other perceptions of an observer at the time of early European settlement may present a hitherto unrecognised subjective element in this and other analyses which could limit the precision of historical reconstruction, without resort to other complementary methods.     

基于遥感与地理信息系统的分布式斜坡稳定性定量评估模型

文章介绍一种进行斜坡稳定性定量研究的分布式模型——SINMAP模型。该模型以水文学理论为基础,耦合稳定状态水文模型TOPMODEL与大范围斜坡稳定性模型,在充分考虑各种影响因素的基础上,对研究区域进行斜坡稳定性评价。选取汉江江口流域作为试验研究区,以DEM、遥感影象、各种专题图件及地面考察资料作为信息源,利用SINMAP方法获得可视化的研究区地表稳定性指数专题图。经实际资料检验表明,该模型可获取较高的预测精度,尤其在流域尺度上具有极大的应用价值。     

The human role in changing fluvial systems: Retrospect, inventory and prospect

Historical and modern scientific contexts are provided for the 2006 Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium on the Human Role in Changing Fluvial Systems. The 2006 symposium provides a synthesis of research concerned with human impacts on fluvial systems — including hydrologic and geomorphic changes to watersheds — while also commemorating the 50th anniversary of the 1955 Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth Symposium [Thomas, Jr., W. L. (Ed.), 1956a. Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 1193 pp]. This paper examines the 1955 symposium from the perspective of human impacts on rivers, reviews current inquiry on anthropogenic interactions in fluvial systems, and anticipates future directions in this field.Although the 1955 symposium did not have an explicit geomorphic focus, it set the stage for many subsequent anthropogeomorphic studies. The 1955 conference provided guidance to geomorphologists by recommending and practicing interdisciplinary scholarship, through the use of diverse methodologies applied at extensive temporal and geographical scales, and through its insistence on an integrated understanding of human interactions with nature. Since 1956, research on human impacts to fluvial systems has been influenced by fundamental changes in why the research is done, what is studied, how river studies are conducted, and who does the research. Rationales for river research are now driven to a greater degree by institutional needs, environmental regulations, and aquatic restoration. New techniques include a host of dating, spatial imaging, and ground measurement methods that can be coupled with analytical functions and digital models. These new methods have led to a greater understanding of channel change, variations across multiple temporal and spatial scales, and integrated watershed perspectives; all changes that are reflected by the papers in this volume. These new methods also bring a set of technical demands for the training of geomorphologists. The 2006 Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium complements the 1956 symposium by providing a more specific and updated view of river systems coupled with human interactions. The symposium focuses on linkages between human land use, structures, and channel modification with geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology. The emergence of sustainability as a central policy guideline in environmental management should generate greater interest in geomorphic perspectives, especially as they pertain to human activities. The lack of theories of anthropogeomorphic change, however, presents a challenge for the next generation of geomorphologists in this rapidly growing subfield.     

敦煌雅丹国家地质公园景观美学研究

以敦煌雅丹国家地质公园雅丹地貌景观作为审美对象,提出了雅丹地貌景观的斑-廊-基复合式景观结构体系,认为雅丹景观单元要素形式包括密群、疏群、独体和残丘4种。在分析敦煌雅丹地貌景观空间组合结构基础上,研究探讨了敦煌雅丹地貌的美学价值特征,得出雅丹地貌景观美感度的空间分布状况。结果表明,雅丹密群、雅丹疏群和雅丹独体对于雅丹地貌景观美学价值有较大贡献。雅丹地貌区的雅丹体易受破坏,具有稀缺性和独一无二的垄断性地位,应加强对雅丹地貌的保护,并充分挖掘其旅游价值潜力。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠河湖相沉积平原风蚀地貌发育的外营力作用机制

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