Dating of Late Pleistocene terrace deposits of the River Rhine using Uranium series and luminescence methods: Potential and limitations

Uranium-series dating of pedogenic carbonate crusts from fluvial gravels is tested using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages as references. OSL dating yielded ages of 30–15 ka and 13–11 ka, which correlate with the cold periods of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Younger Dryas. These ages are internally coherent and consistent with the geological background and are thus regarded as reliable. Most of the U/Th results scatter widely in the ²³⁰Th/²³²Th vs. ²³⁴U/²³²Th isochron diagram, making regression unrealistic. Semiquantitative age estimates from the data were found to be mostly older than the OSL ages and the geological context. It is suggested that a heterogeneous initial ²³⁰Th input, not relatable to a detrital component, is responsible for the observed discrepancies. This input may be due to bacterial activities and Th transport on organic colloids. It appears necessary to avoid samples where bacteria could have contributed to carbonate precipitation. Further, the relative importance of this problem decreases with sample age, so that U/Th dating of sinters is expected to be more reliable in the >100 ka age range.     

High-precision U–U–Th disequilibrium dating of the recent past: a review

Although it was demonstrated 20 years ago that mass spectrometric U–Th methods are capable of high-precision dating of young corals, the use of this approach to decipher recent environmental, climatic and archaeological records is still restricted and its potential has not yet been widely recognised. U–Th methods are typically used to determine the ages of carbonate materials such as speleothem and coral. Dating young carbonates of this sort is challenging. Their extremely low ²³⁰Th content necessitates stricter instrumental and laboratory conditions than those required for dating older samples. Moreover, analyses must be corrected for the presence of non-radiogenic ²³⁰Th, which is proportionally far more significant than in older samples. Nevertheless, 2σ precisions of around ±1–10 years are readily achievable for pristine coral samples dating from the last 500 years. Although the range of analytical precisions for speleothems may vary more widely depending on U concentrations and levels of non-radiogenic ²³⁰Th correction, published studies reveal 2σ precisions of around ±10–80 years for typical speleothems. This paper demonstrates how the U–Th method may be applied to establish the causes of recent coral mortality, to determine the recurrence interval of extreme wave events, to investigate earthquake frequency and neotectonic uplift, to reconstruct recent climatic history, and to understand settlement patterns and sociopolitical changes in Polynesia prior to European contact.     

Testing a new combined (U,Th)–He and U/Th dating approach on Plio-Pleistocene calcite speleothems

The geochronology of cave deposits in the Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa provides a timeframe essential for the interpretation of its fossils. The uranium-lead (U–Pb) and uranium-thorium disequilibrium (U/Th) dating of speleothems, mostly flowstones that underlie and blanket the fossil-bearing sediments, have been effective in this sense, but U–Pb is limited by the requirement of ∼1 ppm U concentrations and low common Pb contents, and U/Th has a c. 500 ka limit of applicability. Here we report age results for calcite-aragonite speleothems obtained using a new combined uranium-thorium-helium ((U,Th)–He) and U/Th dating routine. We reproduced within analytical uncertainty, the published U–Pb or U/Th ages for (a) flowstone in three drill core samples in the range 2000–3000 ka, (b) a flowstone hand sample taken at surface with an age of 1800 ka, and (c) five underground flowstone samples in the range 100–800 ka. Calcite retentivity for He under cave conditions is thus demonstrated. In the few cases where helium loss was observed in speleothems, only some of the subsamples were affected, and to varying degrees, suggesting loss by lattice damage not related to diagenetic processes, rather than volume diffusion. In the 100 to 800 ka range, the combined U/Th disequilibrium and (U,Th)–He method also yielded reliable values for initial (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) and (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratios. Importantly, most subsamples had high initial (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) values, ranging from 1.0 to 19.7, although having low Th/U ratios. This is probably due to incorporation of Fe–Mn oxides-hydroxides dust, on which ²³⁰Th was previously adsorbed. Such samples are mostly not dateable by U/Th without the additional input from the He analysis. If not detected and corrected for, such high initial (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) values can lead to inaccurate U/Th and U–Pb ages. Our study shows that the incorporation of He analysis in U/Th dating has broad potential application, with four methods for calculating the ages, in carbonates from different environments where U-Pb or U/Th dating would not work.     

Multi-method approach to dating glass: The case of Basiluzzo Islet (Aeolian archipelago,Italy)

A rhyolitic lava flow from Basiluzzo islet (Aeolian Islands), has been analysed with the Fission tracks (FT) and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar methods on glass, and with the U/Th method on whole rock to constrain its age and to compare the behaviour of different dating methodologies on glass samples late Quaternary in age. Laser ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar total fusion analyses were performed on populations of grains. Due to the low yields of radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar the age data are characterised by very high errors. The weighted average of the ages of the whole population is 55.7 ± 8.7 ka (MSWD = 0.7). The isochron age calculated on all points is 40.6 ± 11.4 ka (MSWD = 0.6), with an initial ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio of 297.8 ± 1.8; the isochron is characterised by very little spread among points. The procedure named ‘point-counting technique’ was adopted in FT dating. Spontaneous track mean size resulted reduced by around 20% compared to induced tracks, which indicates that the determined FT age, 28.6 ± 3.6 ka, is a reduced age, due to a certain amount of track annealing. For this reason the plateau technique for correcting thermally lowered ages was applied. We determined a plateau age (commonly assumed as a reliable estimate of the glass formation age) of 43.4 ± 7.1 ka. Four sub-samples of whole rock from Basiluzzo lava flow have been analysed using U/Th isochron method. The ²³⁸U/²³²Th and ²³⁰Th/²³²Th activity ratios of sub-samples have been determined by alpha counting and plotted on an isochron diagram. The resulting age is 46 ± 8 ka and the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios are always close to one, demonstrating that no significant processes of alteration have occurred. The relatively high error associated with the age is due to a low fractionation of U/Th ratio in the analysed whole rocks. The ages obtained with different methods, 43.4 ± 7.1 ka (FT plateau age), 40.6 ± 11.4 ka (⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar isochron age of all grains), and 46 ± 8 ka (U/Th isochron) agree at the 1σ level, excluding a Holocene age for this sample. This could be valuable information for the Department of Civil Protection because it seems to mitigate the potential risk for present volcanic activity in the area. All ages are affected by very high analytical errors, which are due to the characteristics of the material analysed. Young ages result in low tracks numbers (FT dating) and barely detectable amounts of radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar in the presence of high atmospheric contamination (⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating). Stratigraphic successions without strict chronologic constraints might however benefit even from age data with low precision.     

U-series dating of Lake Nyos maar basalts,Cameroon (West Africa): Implications for potential hazards on the Lake Nyos dam

From previously published ¹⁴C and K–Ar data, the age of formation of Lake Nyos maar in Cameroon is still in dispute. Lake Nyos exploded in 1986, releasing CO₂ that killed 1750 people and over 3000 cattle. Here we report results of the first measurements of major elements, trace elements and U-series disequilibria in ten basanites/trachy-basalts and two olivine tholeiites from Lake Nyos. It is the first time tholeiites are described in Lake Nyos. But for the tholeiites which are in ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th equilibrium, all the other samples possess ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th disequilibrium with 15 to 28% enrichment of ²³⁰Th over ²³⁸U. The (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) activity ratios of these samples indicate small (2 to 4%) but significant ²²⁶Ra excesses. U–Th systematics and evidence from oxygen isotopes of the basalts and Lake Nyos granitic quartz separates show that the U-series disequilibria in these samples are source-based and not due to crustal contamination or post-eruptive alteration. Enrichment of ²³⁰Th is strong prima facie evidence that Lake Nyos is younger than 350 ka. The ²³⁰Th–²²⁶Ra age of Nyos samples calculated with the (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) ratio for zero-age Mt. Cameroon samples is 3.7 ± 0.5 ka, although this is a lower limit as the actual age is estimated to be older than 5 ka, based on the measured mean ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U activity ratio. The general stability of the Lake Nyos pyroclastic dam is a cause for concern, but judging from its ²³⁰Th–²²⁶Ra formation age, we do not think that in the absence of a big rock fall or landslide into the lake, a big earthquake or volcanic eruption close to the lake, collapse of the dam from erosion alone is as imminent and alarming as has been suggested.     

U–Th radioactive disequilibrium and ESR dating of a barite-containing sulfide crust from South Mariana Trough

A block of sulfide crust collected from an active hydrothermal mound in an Archaean site (12°56.4′N, 143°37.9′E; depth ca. 3000 m) of the South Mariana Trough was dated using both ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U disequilibrium and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods to establish the growth duration. Eight subsamples from the sulfide crust were separated further into magnetic and non-magnetic fractions using a Franz isodynamic separator. Thirteen sulfide samples, soluble in nitric acid, yielded ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ages of 0.3–2.2 ka. The magnetic fractions had significantly lower Th/U ratios, which enabled age determinations as precise as ±2% (2σ). The age distribution obtained for the section of sulfide crust analyzed is consistent with deposition of sulfide minerals from the upper surface of the crust to the inner side. The ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ages of the sulfide minerals were compared with ESR ages of barites separated from 12 subsamples of the same sulfide crust. ESR ages of 0.27–1.3 ka show a spatial pattern broadly resembling that observed in ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U dating method. While there are some significant offsets, these results illustrate the potential of the two methods for use in investigation of the evolutional history of a hydrothermal system.     

Multi‐method (14C, 36Cl, 234U/230Th) age bracketing of the Tschirgant rock avalanche (Eastern Alps): implications for absolute dating of catastrophic mass‐wasting

Correct and precise age determination of prehistorical catastrophic rock‐slope failures prerequisites any hypotheses relating this type of mass wasting to past climatic regimes or palaeo‐seismic records. Despite good exposure, easy accessibility and a long tradition of absolute dating, the age of the 230 million m³ carbonate‐lithic Tschirgant rock avalanche event of the Eastern Alps (Austria) still is relatively poorly constrained. We herein review the age of mass‐wasting based on a total of 17 absolute ages produced with three different methods (¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ²³⁴U/²³⁰Th). Chlorine‐36 (³⁶Cl) cosmogenic surface exposure dating of five boulders of the rock avalanche deposit indicates a mean event age of 3.06 ± 0.62 ka. Uranium‐234/thorium‐230 (²³⁴U/²³⁰Th) dating of soda‐straw stalactites formed in microcaves beneath boulders indicate mean precipitation ages of three individual soda straws at 3.20 ± 0.26 ka, 3.04 ± 0.10 ka and 2.81 ± 0.15 ka; notwithstanding potential internal errors, these ages provide an ‘older‐than’ (ante quam) proxy for mass‐wasting. Based on radiocarbon ages (nine sites) only, it was previously suggested that the present rock avalanche deposit represents two successive failures (3.75 ± 0.19 ka bp , 3.15 ± 0.19 ka bp ). There is, however, no evidence for two events neither in surface outcrops nor in LiDAR derived imagery and drill logs. The temporal distribution of all absolute ages (¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ²³⁴U/²³⁰Th) also does not necessarily indicate two successive events but suggest that a single catastrophic mass‐wasting took place between 3.4 and 2.4 ka bp . Taking into account the maximum age boundary given by reinterpreted radiocarbon datings and the minimum U/Th‐ages of calcite precipitations within the rock avalanche deposits, a most probable event age of 3.01 ± 0.10 ka bp can be proposed. Our results underscore the difficulty to accurately date catastrophic rock slope failures, but also the potential to increase the accuracy of age determination by combining methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radium-226 chronology of Holocene travertine from Esanatoglia (Central Italy)

Here we investigate the feasibility of using alpha-spectrometric ²²⁶Ra methodology to date low U freshwater carbonate deposits (<0.1 μg g⁻¹) by analysing Holocene freshwater travertine deposits from Esanatoglia, Umbro-Marchean Apennines, Central Italy. Previously, such methods have been tested on hydrothermal deposits, which are characterised by high Ra and U. We calculate a ²²⁶Ra age estimate of 2.9±0.4 ka (1σ) for Holocene travertine that is in reasonable agreement with archaeological evidence by assuming that the ²²⁶Ra initial activity of the Holocene travertine is comparable with that of present-day carbonate deposits in the same area. We also investigate the use of Ba to normalise ²²⁶Ra activities. Comparison of age estimates based on Ra methods with ages derived from alpha-spectrometric ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U isochron techniques for the same co-eval sub-samples indicates that, where only alpha-spectrometric methods are available, the former are likely to be much more useful for Holocene travertine material, especially if there is a significant detrital component.     

Evidence for contamination of recent Hawaiian lavas from230Th-238U data

²³⁰Th-²³⁸U radioactive disequilibrium was studied in the historical lava flows of the Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii. Large variations of the (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) ratio among lavas of the same volcano that were erupted at a few years' interval are interpreted as due to contamination. The contamination probably occurs by assimilation of zeolitic minerals formed by seawater interaction while the magma resides in a superficial chamber.     

Rapid uranium-series age screening of carbonates by laser ablation mass spectrometry

Uranium-series dating is a critical tool in quaternary geochronology, including paleoclimate work, archaeology and geomorphology. Laser ablation (LA) methods are not as precise as most isotope dilution methods, but can be used to generate calendar ages rapidly, expanding the range of dating tools that can be applied to late Pleistocene carbonates. Here, existing LA methods are revisited for corals (cold- and warm-water) and speleothems spanning the last 343 thousand years (ka). Measurement of the required isotopes (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³⁰Th and ²³²Th) is achieved by coupling a laser system to a multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICPMS) using a combination of a single central ion counter and an array of Faraday cups. Each sample analysis lasts for ∼4.3 min, and fifty samples can be measured in 12 h with an automated set up, after a day of sample preparation. The use of different standard materials and laser systems had no significant effect on method accuracy. Uncertainty on the measured (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) activity ratios ranges from 5.4% to 7.6% for (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) ratios equal to 0.7 and 0.1 respectively. Much of this uncertainty can be attributed to the heterogeneity of the standard material (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) at the length scale of LA. A homogeneous standard material may therefore improve measurement uncertainty but is not a requirement for age-screening studies. The initial (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) of coral samples can be determined within ∼20‰, making it useful as a first indicator of open-system behaviour. For cold-water corals, success in determination of (²³²Th/²³⁸U) – which can affect final age accuracy – by LA depended strongly on sample heterogeneity. Age uncertainties (2 sigma) ranged from <0.8 ka at 0–10 ka, ∼1.5 ka at 20 ka to ∼15 ka at 125 ka. Thus, we have demonstrated that U-series dating by LA-MC-ICPMS can be usefully applied to a range of carbonate materials as a straightforward age-screening technique.     

Fine chronology of volcanic processes using 238U-230Th systematics

The²³⁰Th-²³⁸U radioactive disequilibrium method was applied to the study of recent volcanic rocks from Costa Rica. Most samples are from the Irazu volcano. Some samples were dated by internal isochrons using the (²³⁰Th/²³²Th)-(²³⁸U/²³²Th) diagram, others were studied only by whole rock analyses. The evolution of the parent magma may be followed by the initial (²³⁰Th/²³²Th)₀ ratios of the rocks. A model involving a differentiating magma chamber that existed for 140,000 years under the Irazu volcano correlates well with the observations. Other volcanoes seem to be in earlier stages of their evolution. Continuing study may help to solve the tholeiitic to andesitic volcanism relationship.     

Variability in luminescent lamination and initial 230Th/232Th activity ratios in a late Holocene stalagmite from northern Norway

Luminescent lamination in a stalagmite from northern Norway is used to construct a ～2780-year long, floating record of annual growth rate. Thermal ionisation mass-spectrometric (TIMS) U–Th ages (n = 12) were determined along the growth axis and three subsample locations and ages (corrected and uncorrected for initial ²³⁰Th/²³²Th activity) were selected as anchor points for the floating chronology. On the basis of these anchor points, termination of growth occurred between AD 1729 and AD 1826. The annual banding records are used to evaluate the initial ²³⁰Th/²³²Th activity ratio adopted for correction of the U–Th ages. To achieve a reasonable fit between U–Th ages and estimates predicted by the anchored annual band age models, mean initial ²³⁰Th/²³²Th activity ratios of between 0.44 and 1.47 must be invoked. However, there remains a reasonable degree of scatter about the expected linear relationship between annual bands and U–Th chronology for individual subsamples indicating that the use of a single correction factor for Holocene stalagmites should be applied with caution.Stalagmite growth rate fluctuates on annual to centennial scale. The growth termination of the stalagmite presented here could have been a result of environmental change associated with the Little Ice Age, or, possibly local percolation pathway changes after an M_s ～ 6 earthquake in the region in AD 1819. Stable-isotope data from the same axis of growth show a pattern similar to the large-scale growth rate variations, and these combined proxy records are interpreted as showing gradual cooling and/or shortening of the vegetation growth season for the last 3000 years.     

A new approach for constraining the magnitude of initial disequilibrium in Quaternary zircons by coupled uranium and thorium decay series dating

We have measured ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb, ²³⁵U–²⁰⁷Pb, and ²³²Th–²⁰⁸Pb ages on Quaternary zircons by laser ablation, single-collector, magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). To obtain reliable ages for Quaternary zircons, corrections for initial disequilibrium associated with deficits and excesses of both ²³⁰Th and ²³¹Pa relative to secular equilibrium resulting from differential partitioning during zircon crystallization or source melting must be made. In contrast, the ²³²Th–²⁰⁸Pb decay system is clearly advantageous for samples affected by disequilibrium because the ²³²Th decay system lacks long-lived intermediate daughter isotopes. Conventionally, the initial disequilibrium for the ²³⁸U and ²³⁵U decay series has been determined by the distribution ratio between the melt and zircon (i.e., ƒ_Th/U = (Th/U)_Zircon/(Th/U)_Melt and ƒ_Pa/U = (Pa/U)_Zircon/(Pa/U)_Melt). In our study, these correction factors were determined from comparison of the measured ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb and ²³⁵U–²⁰⁷Pb ages with ²³²Th–²⁰⁸Pb ages obtained for three zircons of known eruption and, in some cases, zircon crystallization ages (Kirigamine Rhyolite, Bishop Tuff, and Toga Pumice). The resulting correction factors are ƒ_Th/U = 0.19 ± 0.14 and ƒ_Pa/U = 3.66 ± 0.89 (Kirigamine Rhyolite), ƒ_Th/U = 0.24 ± 0.20 and ƒ_Pa/U = 3.1 ± 1.2 (Bishop Tuff), and ƒ_Th/U = 0.28 ± 0.17 and ƒ_Pa/U = 3.04 ± 0.99 (Toga Pumice). Although the uncertainties of these f values are relatively large, our results support the adequacy of the conventional approach for correction of initial disequilibrium. A recent study published results that apparently show zircon crystallization ages are younger than the eruption age of Bishop Tuff. It seems to be difficult to eliminate these discrepancies, even if the Th/U partitioning and disequilibrium generated during partial melting are taken into account for recalculation of its zircon age. However, magma chamber process and history of Bishop Tuff are too complex to obtain accurate zircon ages by U–Pb method. To overcome this, therefore, the Th–Pb zircon dating method is a key technique for understanding complex, pre-eruptive magma processes, and further efforts to improve its precision and accuracy are desirable.     

U&z.sbnd;Th isotopic systematics at 13°N east Pacific Ridge segment

Fresh basaltic glasses have been analyzed for U&z.sbnd;Th disequilibrium systematics as part of an extensive study on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 12°45′N. These samples are well described in terms of major and trace elements as well as in Nd, Pb and Sr isotopes. Our results show significant heterogeneities in the mantle source at a small scale, and show heterogeneities at larger scales also when compared to other EPR data.U and Th concentration and isotopic data rule out fractional crystallization as a main process and support a mixing model in agreement with the marble cake model developed by Alle`gre and Turcotte and constrained by trace elements and Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes on the same samples by Prinzhofer et al.Based on the high ( ²³⁰Th/²³²Th ) isotopic ratios on recent tholeiites especially the Th/U values inferred for their sources clearly show that the upper mantle Th/U has decreased with time.     

Discriminating assimilants and decoupling deep- vs. shallow-level crystal records at Mount Adams using 238U–230Th disequilibria and Os isotopes

A suite of 23 basaltic to dacitic lavas erupted over the last 350 kyr from the Mount Adams volcanic field has been analyzed for U–Th isotope compositions to evaluate the roles of mantle versus crustal components during magma genesis. All of the lavas have (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) > 1 and span a large range in (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) ratios, and most basalts have higher (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) ratios than andesites and dacites. Several of the lavas contain antecrysts (crystals of pre-existing material), yet internal U–Th mineral isochrons from six of seven lavas are indistinguishable from their eruption ages. This indicates a relatively brief period of time between crystal growth and eruption for most of the phenocrysts (olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, magnetite) prior to eruption. One isochron gave a crystallization age that is ~ 20–25 ka older than its corresponding eruptive age, and is interpreted to reflect mixing of older and juvenile crystals or a protracted period of magma storage in the crust. Much of the eruptive volume since 350 ka consists of lavas that have small to moderate ²³⁰Th excesses (2–16%), which are likely inherited from melting of a garnet-bearing intraplate (“OIB-like”) mantle source. Following melt generation and subsequent migration through the upper mantle, most Mt. Adams magmas interacted with young, mafic lower crust, as indicated by ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios that are substantially more radiogenic than the mantle or those expected via mixing of subducted material and the mantle wedge. Moreover, Os–Th isotope variations suggest that unusually large ²³⁰Th excesses (25–48%) and high ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios in some peripheral lavas reflect assimilation of small degree partial melts of pre-Quaternary basement that had residual garnet or Al-rich clinopyroxene. Despite the isotopic evidence for lower crustal assimilation, these processes are not generally recorded in the erupted phenocrysts, indicating that the crystal record of the deep-level ‘cryptic’ processes has been decoupled from shallow-level crystallization.     

Fluvial dynamics and 14C-10Be disequilibrium on the Bolivian Altiplano

Determining sediment transfer times is key to understanding source-to-sink dynamics and the transmission of environmental signals through the fluvial system. Previous work on the Bolivian Altiplano applied the in situ cosmogenic ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be-chronometer to river sands and proposed sediment storage times of ~10–20 kyr in four catchments southeast of Lake Titicaca. However, the fidelity of those results hinges upon isotopic steady-state within sediment supplied from the source area. With the aim of independently quantifying sediment storage times and testing the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be steady-state assumption, we dated sediment storage units within one of the previously investigated catchments using radiocarbon dating, cosmogenic ¹⁰Be-²⁶Al isochron burial dating, and ¹⁰Be-²⁶Al depth-profile dating. Palaeosurfaces appear to preserve remnants of a former fluvial system, which has undergone drainage reversal, reduction in catchment area, and local isostatic uplift since ~2.8 Ma. From alluvium mantling the palaeosurfaces we gained a deposition age of ~580 ka, while lower down fluvial terraces yielded ≤34 ka, and floodplains ~3–1 ka. Owing to restricted channel connectivity with the terraces and palaeosurfaces, the main source of channel sediment is via reworking of the late Holocene floodplain. Yet modelling a set of feasible scenarios reveals that floodplain storage and burial depth are incompatible with the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be disequilibrium measured in the channel. Instead we propose that the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be offset results from: (i) non-uniform erosion whereby deep gullies supply hillslope-derived debris; and/or (ii) holocene landscape transience associated with climate or human impact. The reliability of the ¹⁴C-¹⁰Be chronometer vitally depends upon careful evaluation of sources of isotopic disequilibrium in a wide range of depositional and erosional landforms in the landscape. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of initial230Th disequilibrium on young UPb ages: the Makalu case,Himalaya

Comparative UPb dating of zircon, xenotime and monazite from two different samples of the Himalayan “Makalu” granite shows the two U decay series to be in disequilibrium, particularly in monazite. This disequilibrium is due to excess or deficit amounts of radiogenic²⁰⁶Pb which originate from an excess or deficit of²³⁰Th, respectively, occurring initially in the mineral. Such an initial disequilibrium is caused by UTh fractionation between the crystallising mineral and the magma. Therefore, the UPb ages of Th-rich minerals such as monazite (and allanite) have to be corrected for excess²⁰⁶Pb due to excess²³⁰Th, whereas Th-poor minerals such as zircon and xenotime require a correction for a deficit of²⁰⁶Pb due to deficiency of²³⁰Th. The extent of this correction depends on the degree of ThU fractionation and on the age of the rock. For the two monazite populations analysed here, these excess amounts of²⁰⁶Pb were, with reference to the amount of radiogenic²⁰⁶Pb, 8–10% and 15–20% respectively, and less than 1% for zircon and xenotime. The varying degrees of Th enrichment relative to U in monazite show that the ThU partition coefficients for this mineral are not constant within a single granite. Furthermore, for monazite there is evidence for excess amounts of radiogenic²⁰⁷Pb originating from the decay of initial excess²³¹Pa, also enriched during crystal growth.The very low Th/U ratios of 0.196 and 0.167, determined for thetwo whole rocks from which the minerals have been extracted, substantiate the view that granite formation is a fundamental mechanism for ThU fractionation in continental crust.The different ages of 21.9 ± 0.2m.y. and24.0 ± 0.4m.y., obtained by averaging the corrected²³⁸U²⁰⁶Pb ages of the monazites, suggest that the apparently homogeneous Makalu granite was generated over a period of at least 2 m.y.     

Constraints on the nature of the subvolcanic reservoir at South Sister volcano,Oregon from U-series dating combined with sub-crystal trace-element analysis of plagioclase and zircon

We present sub-crystal-scale ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th zircon ages and ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th–²²⁶Ra plagioclase ages of bulk mineral separates from the Holocene (2.0–2.3 ka) eruptions of the Rock Mesa (RM) and Devil's Hills (DH) rhyolites at South Sister volcano, Oregon. We link these age data with sub-crystal trace-element analyses of zircon and plagioclase to provide insight into the subvolcanic system at South Sister, as an example of a small-volume continental arc volcano. Our results document the presence of coeval yet physically-distinct regions within the magma reservoir and constrain the timescales over which these heterogeneities existed. Zircons from the RM and DH dominantly record ages from 20 to 80 ka, with some grains recording ages > 350 ka, whereas plagioclase records ²³⁰Th–²²⁶Ra ages of 2.3–6.8 ka (RM) and 4.0–9.6 ka (DH-3) and a ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th age of 10 ± 34 ka (DH-3). We interpret zircons with ages < 350 ka as antecrysts inherited from a longer lived upper-crustal magma reservoir from which the rhyolites were generated, based on crystallization ages coeval with earlier periods of silicic volcanism at South Sister, the undersaturated nature of the RM and DH magmas with respect to zircon, and Ti-in-zircon temperatures consistent with low-temperature (< 815 °C) crystallization. In contrast, plagioclase ages are near the eruption age and dominantly preserve information about the recent (< 10 ka), higher-temperature evolution of the host magmas. Although zircon and plagioclase record different crystallization ages, each phase crystallized over the same time period in the RM compared to DH rhyolites. Linking these crystal age data with sub-crystal trace-element analyses demonstrates that zircon and plagioclase have distinct trace-element characteristics between eruptions, which require that the RM and DH crystals (and therefore magmas) were derived from distinct regions that had evolved independently for > 50 ka within a heterogeneous magmatic system and coexisted as physically-distinct, dominantly-liquid bodies prior to eruption. Thus, we favor a model where rhyolites are generated in independent batches by accumulation of evolved liquids in a heterogeneous, largely crystalline reservoir. Similarities in crystal age and chemical data to that at other young silicic systems (e.g., Mount St. Helens, Okataina Caldera Complex) suggest that this model may be more generally applicable to silicic magmas.     

Uranium loss and aragonite–calcite age discordance in a calcitized aragonite stalagmite

We analyzed uranium-series concentrations and isotopic ratios in a mixed aragonite and calcite stalagmite from Juxtlahuaca Cave, from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Mexico. The U-series data for the aragonite layers return highly precise and stratigraphically correct ages over the past ca. 4300 years. In contrast, age determinations from calcite layers are too old by several hundred years relative to the precise aragonite ages, have analytical uncertainties an order of magnitude larger than aragonite ages, and yield ages that do not overlap the aragonite ages within analytical uncertainties. Based on geochemical and petrographic observations, we interpret the calcite layers to have formed from recrystallization of aragonite soon after primary aragonite deposition. Calcite occurs as discontinuous lenses on and off the growth axis, and laminae can be traced between aragonite and calcite layers, demonstrating that visible growth banding is not effaced in the recrystallization process. Paired aragonite-calcite U-series data from coeval stratigraphic layers demonstrate that uranium concentrations decrease by two orders of magnitude during calcitization, and result in decreased (²³⁴U/²³⁸U). Uranium loss during diagenesis mimics a need for an age correction using an initial ²³⁰Th/²³²Th ratio one to two orders of magnitude larger than the bulk Earth ratio of 4.4 ± 2.2 × 10⁻⁶. A need for apparent high initial ²³⁰Th/²³²Th ratios results from ingrowth of ²³⁰Th during ²³⁴U decay.     

Sediment focusing creates 100-ka cycles in interplanetary dust accumulation on the Ontong Java Plateau

The accumulation of extraterrestrial ³He, a tracer for interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), in sediments from the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP; western equatorial Pacific Ocean) has been shown previously to exhibit a regular cyclicity during the late Pleistocene, with a period of ∼100 ka. Those results have been interpreted to reflect periodic variability in the global accretion of IDPs that, in turn, has been linked to changes in the inclination of Earth’s orbit with respect to the invariable plane of the solar system. Here we show that the accumulation in OJP sediments of authigenic ²³⁰Th, produced by radioactive decay of ²³⁴U in seawater, exhibits a 100-ka cyclicity similar in phase and amplitude to that evident in the ³He record. We interpret the similar patterns of ²³⁰Th and ³He accumulation to reflect a common origin within the ocean-climate system. Comparing spatial and temporal patterns of sediment accumulation against regional patterns of biological productivity and against the well-established pattern of CaCO₃ dissolution in the deep Pacific Ocean leads to the further conclusion that a common 100-ka cycle in accumulation of biogenic, authigenic and extraterrestrial constituents in OJP sediments reflects the influence of climate-related changes in sediment focusing, rather than changes in the rate of production or supply of sedimentary constituents.