东亚季风降水的年际变化

通过对东亚夏季风区域30年降水量的分析研究，我们发现东亚夏季风降水年际变化中的主要成份是准二年周期变化，ENSO与东亚夏季风降水的年际变化以及准二年周期有着明显的联系。     

山东省夏季降水的年代际变化和年际变化

基于山东省7个台站的观测资料和其他多种资料,分析了山东夏季降水的年代际和年际变化。结果表明,山东省夏季降水经历了显著的年代际变化,20世纪50—70年代末为多雨期,70年代末到21世纪初为少雨期。70年代末之后,太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)从负位相转变为正位相,东亚夏季风减弱,导致山东省夏季降水减少。此外,年代际背景还影响到山东夏季降水的年际变化。在1951—1977年期间,降水与热带中太平洋(Ni?o4区)海表温度呈显著负相关,但在1978年之后,这种相关关系明显减弱。值得注意的是,PDO指数在2003年之后再次由正转负,山东夏季有可能再次转变为多雨。     

青藏高原气温和降水的年际和年代际变化

通过对青藏高原72个地面气象站1962～1999年的气温和降水变化的分析,以唐古拉山脉为界将高原分为青海区和西藏区,分别考察了两区冬春(上年10月～当年5月)和汛期(当年6月～9月)气温与降水的变化趋势、突变及其周期振荡,得出的主要结论为:近38年(1962～1999)来,青藏高原呈升温趋势,冬春大多数台站的升温率为0.02～0.03 ℃ a-1,汛期大多数台站的升温率为0.01～0.02 ℃ a-1;20世纪80年代以来,高原冬春气温的升温更为强烈,汛期青海区的升温变得强烈,但西藏区反呈微弱降温趋势,降温主要发生在西藏的江河谷地;全球性的1980年左右的暖突变在青藏高原是明显存在的;近38年来,青海区冬春降水和西藏区汛期降水存在相同的相位变化,即20世纪60年代基本偏多,20世纪70年代和20世纪80年代初偏少,20世纪80年代中到20世纪90年代偏多;青海区汛期降水与西藏区汛期降水的变化存在反向的关系,但它的转折点要滞后4～5年,青海区汛期降水20世纪60年代偏少,20世纪70年代和20世纪80年代偏多,20世纪90年代偏少;西藏区冬春降水呈现自己独特的变化,20世纪60年代到20世纪70年代初偏少,20世纪70年代中末期到20世纪90年代偏多;高原气温主要存在准3年、5～8年和准11年的周期振荡,高原降水主要存在3～5年、8～11年和准19年的周期振荡,这些周期振荡在高原气候演变的不同阶段显著性不一.     

东亚海陆热力差指数及其与环流和降水的年际变化关系

利用 196 1～ 1999年海温和地温月平均资料 ,定义了一个海陆热力差指数 ,来表示东亚季风环流的纬向和经向海陆热力差异的变化强度 ,研究了夏季指数与东亚夏季风环流场和中国东部夏季降水的年际变化关系。结果表明 :(1)海陆热力差指数可用来表示东亚夏季风的强弱变化。强指数年东亚季风区低空西南夏季风气流和高层的东风气流明显偏强 ,表明这一年夏季风偏强 ,弱指数年反之。 (2 )海陆热力差指数能较好地反映东部季风区夏季降水的异常状况。强指数年 ,雨带偏北 ,江淮流域和长江中下游明显干旱 ,华南、华北降水偏多 ,弱指数年反之。这一降水异常特征可以从强弱海陆热力差指数年的环流场得到解释。 (3)海陆热力差指数所反映的东亚夏季风具有明显的准 2a和 3～ 6a周期的年际振荡 ,但其振幅和周期具有显著的年代际异常     

东亚夏季风和中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的第四代大气环流模式模拟了1970年代末东亚夏季风和相关的中国东部夏季降水年代际变化。结果表明,在给定的观测海温强迫下,模式能模拟出东亚夏季风的年代际减弱及 相关的环流场变化,包括东亚沿海的偏北风异常以及西太平洋副高的形态变化,模式还较好再现了中国东部夏季降水的雨型变化,即长江流域降水偏多,而华北和华南偏少,但位置略偏南。基于奇异值分解(SVD)的分析表明,热带海洋变暖是这次东亚夏季风的年代际减弱的主要因素,这与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)在1970年代末期的位相转变有关。此外,模式还较好模拟了长江流域的变冷趋势,进而减弱了海陆温差,使东亚夏季风减弱。     

东北夏季降水年代际、年际变化的区域差别

采用REOF方法对我国东北夏季降水异常进行了区划,并通过周期分析等方法分析了各分区降水年代际、年际变化特征。结果表明:东北夏季降水异常可划分为南部、中部、东部、西南部、西北部和北部6个区域,东南部(包括前3个区域)的年代际变化高于西北部(后3个区域)。50 a来东北全区夏季降水没有明显变干或变湿的倾向,但存在明显的年代际变化。其中,南部与全区旱涝在两种时间尺度上(特别在年代际尺度上)的相关均较高;东部与全区的相关也主要表现在年代际尺度上,而中部、西南部主要表现在年际尺度上。     

我国年、季降水的年代际变化分析

通过对我国年、季降水的年代平均距平百分率图的对比分析，计算10年滑动平均距平场相关系数和年代之间平均距平差值t统计量的统计检验。结果表明，我国年、季降水具有较明显的年代际变化趋势。这些结果对于降水的年代气候预测和短期气候预测都具有重要意义。     

东亚夏季风的年代际变化对中国降水的影响

选取了74个环流特征资料中的18个因子,分析了这些因子与我国九大气候区在不同尺度上的降水变化的关系。研究结果表明：不同的地区、不同尺度上的降水变化受不同的环流特征因子的影响。     

长江中下游降水以及东亚夏季风环流的年代际变化

采用NCEP再分析资料及有关长江中下游的梅雨期降水量进行合成或诊断分析,目的是研究长江梅雨以及相应的大气环流的年代际变化,得出梅雨量的年代际变化和东亚大气环流以及厄尔尼诺现象的年代际变化密切相关的初步结果,具体结论如下：（1）与东亚季风指数相联系的长江中下游地区6-7月降水量及梅雨量在最近15年有持续增长的趋势。与此同时鄂霍茨克海地区的500hPa高度也有持续增长的趋势,并配合有厄尔尼诺频繁出现的趋势。（2）东亚夏季风指数与前年秋季NINO-3区域海温在最近20年有很好的相关,但是20年以前相关不好。意味着厄尔尼诺对东亚夏季环流的影响在加深。（3）近20年的PDO暖位相与东亚大气环流的年代际变化基本同步。     

近50年陕南、关中降水年际变化特征

利用陕西省陕南、关中54个气象站50a(1961—2010年)观测的日降水资料,分析小区域降水年际变化特征,结果表明:(1)区域年降水以减少为主,减少程度西部大于东部,宁强、华山和略阳雨量减少最多。(2)夏季降水以增加为主,减少站集中在秦岭山上和区域西部,降水向夏季集中倾向明显。(3)日雨量<5mm小雨,年雨量和雨日数减少趋势明显,雨日数减少站占96%,镇安、丹凤、高陵减少最多;雨量≥50mm暴雨,年雨量和雨日数增加趋势明显,集中在夏季,镇巴、紫阳、镇坪夏季暴雨日数增加最多。即小雨减少暴雨增多,暴雨灾害趋于严重。(4)在降水变化中地形等局地作用明显,是天气预报和研究气候变化应该考虑的因素。     

Regional climate simulations of summer diurnal rainfall variations over East Asia and Southeast China

This study evaluates the performance of RegCM3 (Regional Climate Model Version 3) in simulating the East Asian rainfall, with emphasis on the diurnal variations of rainfall over Southeast China during the 1998–2002 summer (June–August) seasons. The evaluation focuses on the sensitivity of the choice of cumulus parameterizations and model domain. With the right setup, the spatial and temporal evolution of diurnal rainfall over Southeast China, which has not been well simulated by past studies, can be accurately simulated by RegCM3. Results show that the Emanuel cumulus scheme has a more realistic simulation of summer mean rainfall in East Asia, while the GFC (Grell scheme with the Frisch-Chappell convective closure assumption) scheme is better in simulating the diurnal variations of rainfall over Southeast China. The better performance of these two schemes [relative to the other two schemes in RegCM3: the Kuo scheme and the GAS (Grell scheme with the Arakawa–Schubert closure assumption) scheme] can be attributed to the reasonable reproduction of the major formation mechanism of rainfall—the moisture flux convergence—over Southeast China. Furthermore, when the simulation domain covers the entire Tibetan Plateau, the diurnal variations of rainfall over Southeast China are found to exhibit a noticeable improvement without changes in the physics schemes.     

Eurasian Snow Conditions and Summer Monsoon Rainfall over South and Southeast Asia： Assessment and Comparison

This study reveals the complex nature of the connection between Eurasian snow and the following summer season＇s monsoon rainfall by using four different indicators of snow conditions and correlating each of them to summer monsoon rainfall. Using 46 years of historical records of mean winter snow depth, maximum snow depth, and snow starting dates, and 27 years of snow area coverage from remote sensing observations over Eurasia, the authors found diverse correlation patterns between snow conditions and the following warm season＇s rainfall over South and Southeast Asia. Some of the results contradict the well-known inverse relationships between snow and the summer monsoon. This study provides an easy comparison of results in that it shows the connections between Eurasian snow and monsoon rainfall by using different Eurasian snow indicators based on the best available historical records without discrimination of regional variations in snow conditions.     

A universal spectrum for interannual variability of monsoon rainfall over India

Continuous periodogram analyses of 115 years (1871-1985) summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian region show that the power spectra follow the universal and unique inverse power law form of the statistical normal distribution with the percentage contribution to total variance representing the eddy probability corresponding to the normalized standard deviation equal to [(log L/log T50) – 1] where L is the period length in years and T50 the period up to which the cumulative percentage contribution to total variance is equal to 50. The above results are con-sistent with a recently developed non-deterministic cell dynamical model for atmospheric flows. The implications of the above result for prediction of interannual variability of rainfall is discussed.     

Assessment of CMIP5 historical simulations of rainfall over Southeast Asia

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - We present preliminary analyses of the historical (1986–2005) climate simulations of a ten-member subset of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project...     

2020年6-7月长江中下游极端梅雨天气特征分析

利用逐小时地面、风廓线和天气雷达观测资料,对局地分析与预报系统的再分析产品（Local Analysis and Prediction System-Live Products,Laps_Live）和欧洲中期天气预报中心的第五代再分析产品（The fifth Generation ECMWF Reanalysis,ERA5）在2020年梅雨期的日变化特征进行检验和分析。结果表明：LAPS_LIVE地面要素日变化与实况的相关性普遍比ERA5高。LAPS_LIVE对武陵山区地面温、湿度日变化再现能力不如ERA5,对大别山区海平面气压和地面温、湿度的日变化再现能力明显优于ERA5。两种再分析资料在江汉平原区的海平面气压和地面温、湿度的日变化均与实况误差很小。LAPS_LIVE地面平均风场的误差比ERA5小,但风场日变化幅度明显偏小、风速偏低;ERA5地面风场的日变化幅度和风速则比实况显著偏强。LAPS_LIVE低空风廓线的惯性振荡特征与观测一致,对上午时段低层风场的时间演变和垂直切变的再现能力强于ERA5,但对夜间低空急流的再现能力不足。ERA5低空风场高估上午时段的偏北风和凌晨时段的西南低空急流,但ERA5的低空风廓线平均场比LAPS_LIVE更接近探测值。

     

Spatio-temporal variation of biomass burning sources over South and Southeast Asia

In this study, we have investigated the seasonality and long-term trends of major biomass burning (BB) sources over South and Southeast Asia (S-SE Asia). The activities of BB and related emissions show bi-modal seasonality in S-SE Asia. From January to May period, the BB dominates in the northern hemisphere parts of S-SE Asia. From July to September, the activities shift to the southern hemisphere where the emissions from Indonesian and Malaysian islands make largest contributions. Overall, the activities of BB are lowest during October–December period in S-SE Asia. The seasonality of BB intensity and rain are just opposite in the phase over India. The climatological (1997–2008) emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) show strong spatio-temporal variation. The trends show large inter-annual variations with highest and lowest values during years 1997 and 2000, respectively. In the southern hemisphere parts of S-SE Asia mainly in Indonesia, the intensity of biomass fires has been modulated by the large scale climatic phenomena like El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The annual emissions of trace gases in southern hemisphere region during the El Niño years exceed to those for the normal years. The estimates for northern hemisphere region during the La Niña years were significantly higher than those for the normal years. The Model for Ozone And Related Chemical Tracers (MOZART) simulations of columnar CO and NOx tend to capture the prominent features of BB emissions in S-SE Asia. The impacts of extensive fires in Indonesia during El Niño year of 2006 compared to a normal year of 2005 were clearly seen in the MOZART-4 simulations of both CO and NOx.     

Revisiting the second EOF mode of interannual variation in summer rainfall over East China

The second EOF(EOF2) mode of interannual variation in summer rainfall over East China is characterized by inverse rainfall changes between South China(SC) and the Yellow River-Huaihe River valleys(YH).However,understanding of the EOF2 mode is still limited.In this study,the authors identify that the EOF2 mode physically depicts the latitudinal variation of the climatological summer-mean rainy belt along the Yangtze River valley(YRRB),based on a 160-station rainfall dataset in China for the period 1951-2011.The latitudinal variation of the YRRB is mostly attributed to two different rainfall patterns:one reflects the seesaw(SS) rainfall changes between the YH and SC(SS pattern),and the other features rainfall anomalies concentrated in SC only(SC pattern).Corresponding to a southward shift of the YRRB,the SS pattern,with above-normal rainfall in SC and below-normal rainfall in the YH,is related to a cyclonic anomaly centered over the SC-East China Sea region,with a northerly anomaly blowing from the YH to SC;while the SC pattern,with above-normal rainfall in SC,is related to an anticyclonic anomaly over the western North Pacific(WNP),corresponding to an enhanced southwest monsoon over SC.The cyclonic anomaly,related to the SS pattern,is induced by a near-barotropic eastward propagating wave train along the Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet,originating from the mid-high latitudes of the North Atlantic.The anticyclonic anomaly,for the SC pattern,is related to suppressed rainfall in the WNP.     

Effects of atmosphere-ocean interaction on the interannual variability of winter temperature in Taiwan and East Asia

 This study investigated the ocean-atmosphere interaction effect on the winter surface air temperature in Taiwan. Temperature fluctuations in Taiwan and marine East Asia correlated better with a SST dipole in the western North Pacific than the SST in the central/eastern equatorial Pacific. During the warm (cold) winters, a positive (negative) SST anomaly appears in marine East Asia and a negative (positive) SST anomaly appears in the Philippine Sea. The corresponding low-level atmospheric circulation is a cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly over the East Asian continent and an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation in the Philippine Sea during the warm (cold) winters. Based on the results of both numerical and empirical studies, it is proposed that a vigorous ocean-atmosphere interaction occurring in the western North Pacific modulates the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon and the winter temperature in marine East Asia. The mechanism is described as follows. The near-surface circulation anomalies, which are forced by the local SST anomaly, strengthen (weaken) the northeasterly trade winds in the Philippine Sea and weaken (strengthen) the northeasterly winter monsoon in East Asia during warm (cold) winters. The anomalous circulation causes the SST to fluctuate by modulating the heat flux at the ocean surface. The SST anomaly in turn enhances the anomalous circulation. Such an ocean-atmosphere interaction results in the rapid development of the anomalous circulation in the western North Pacific and the anomalous winter temperature in marine East Asia. This interaction is phase-locked with the seasonal cycle and occurs most efficiently in the boreal winters. Received: 22 October 1999 / Accepted: 5 June 2000     

Characteristics of summertime daily rainfall variability over South America and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone

Summary ?This paper presents an objective analysis of the structure of daily rainfall variability over the South American/South Atlantic region (15°–60° W and 0°–40° S) during individual austral summer months of November to March. From EOF analysis of satellite derived daily rainfall we find that the leading mode of variability is represented by a highly coherent meridional dipole structure, organised into 2 extensive bands, oriented northwest to southeast across the continent and Atlantic Ocean. We argue that this dipole structure represents variability in the meridional position of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). During early and later summer, in the positive (negative) phase of the dipole, enhanced (suppressed) rainfall over eastern tropical Brazil links with that over the subtropical and extra-tropical Atlantic and is associated with suppressed (enhanced) rainfall over the sub-tropical plains and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. This structure is indicative of interaction between the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. Composite fields from NCEP reanalysis products (associated with the major positive and negative events) show that in early and late summer the position of the SACZ is associated with variability in: (a) the midlatitude wave structure, (b) the position of the continental low, and (c) the zonal position of the South Atlantic Subtropical High. Harmonic analysis of the 200 hPa geopotential anomaly structure in the midlatitudes indicates that reversals in the rainfall dipole structure are associated primarily with variability in zonal wave 4. There is evidence of a wave train extending throughout the midlatitudes from the western Pacific into the SACZ region. During positive (negative) events the largest anomalous moisture advection occurs within westerlies (easterlies) primarily from Amazonia (the South Atlantic). In both phases a convergent poleward flow results along the leading edge of the low-level trough extending from the tropics into temperate latitudes. High summer events differ from those in early and late summer in that the rainfall dipole is primarily associated with variability in the phase of zonal wave 3, and that tropical-temperate link is not clearly evident in positive events. Received May 31, 2001; revised October 17, 2001; accepted June 13, 2002     

Some Unique Characteristics of Atmospheric Interannual Variability in Rainfall Time Series over India and the United Kingdom

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