通过滑面应力状态评价滑坡稳定性

以黄河上游某大型滑坡为例,研究了有限元法在评价滑坡稳定性中的应用。具体操作过程是：建立滑坡的有限元模型,求出滑面上的应力状态,计算滑面上总的抗滑力与总的滑动力之比,最后评价滑坡的稳定性。通过对黄河上游某大型滑坡比较研究发现,采用有限元法比传递系数法得出的稳定性系数高0．07,这种差异属允许差异范围。采用有限元法计算该滑坡在天然与地震两种条件下的稳定性系数分别为1．14和1．1,可以认为滑坡在两种条件下的稳定性较好。该方法原理正确、操作简单、结果可信度高,有一定的适用价值。     

云南昭通窝子箐滑坡稳定性分析

云南昭通是我国地质灾害频发区域,特别是在降雨和地震条件下往往导致严重的危害。位于昭通市昭阳区的窝子箐滑坡威胁坡底数十居民的生命财产安全,因此对该坡体进行地质结构调查和稳定性研究十分必要。基于现场地质钻探和槽探确定窝子箐滑坡的表层为松散的残坡积土和耕植土,下部为全风化和强风化的玄武岩,且玄武岩明显得受到了地质构造界面切割。地质调查同时表明该坡体在破碎的全-强风化玄武岩中存在两个潜在的滑移面。在雨季和2014年鲁甸"8·03"地震中,窝子箐坡体局部发生了少量变形。利用Geo-Slope软件进行了天然状态、降雨状态、地震状态、降雨和地震共同作用4种工况下窝子箐滑坡的稳定性分析,结果表明天然状态下坡体稳定性较好,滑动面Ⅰ稳定性系数为1.41,滑动面Ⅱ稳定性系数为1.31。降雨和地震共同作用下稳定性系数达到最低,滑动面Ⅰ稳定性系数为1.01,滑动面Ⅱ稳定性系数为0.93。降雨和地震条件下窝子箐滑坡稳定性系数出现显著降低,存在滑动失稳的可能。     

甘肃舟曲南桥村西滑坡地质特征及其治理

详细描述舟曲南桥村西滑坡的物质组成，地质特征及其变形过程，并据变形迹象及勘探资料分析了组成滑坡的各块滑体受力特征及其之间的力学联系，通过稳定性计算。获得了滑体不同部位的稳定程度，为减灾治理提供了可靠的理论依据。同时，利用工程地质比拟法，结合室内实验资料，提出了隔水、排水、疏水及减载反压等治理方案。     

岩土体颗粒级配对滑坡碎屑流冲击作用的影响研究

滑体的运动、堆积及冲击力等因素决定了滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度,不同粒径大小及组成的颗粒在运动过程中,产生碰撞、摩擦、跳跃等作用,影响着滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度。运用三维离散元素法,对比模型试验,以控制粒径为参数,探讨岩土体不同级配对滑体的堆积形态、运动速度及冲击力等动力学特征的影响。研究结果表明:各滑体模型运移堆积过程中均呈现出显著的反序分离特性;对于控制粒径相同,而颗粒级配不同的初始滑体,虽然堆积形态基本一致,但细小碎屑颗粒增大了滑体的运动速度,大粒径块石增加了滑体冲击力;在不同的控制粒径下,控制粒径越大,滑体流动性越强,滑体平均速度峰值和冲击力峰值越大;细小碎屑物质的反序现象会增大滑体动能,其显著的摩擦耗能作用会缩减滑体冲击能,粗大块石促进了滑体内部的能量传递,增大滑体冲击力。     

中尼公路友谊桥滑坡的发育特征分析

友谊桥滑坡位于中尼公路樟木口岸至国界友谊桥之间,中尼公路(中国境内)最末尾一段。友谊桥滑坡每年雨季时常造成断道,严重地威胁公路的运营和口岸通道的开发。根据地貌形态、坡体结构以及坡体稳定性等因素综合分析,友谊桥滑坡为一处巨型的古滑坡。首次古滑坡活动后,在该区域又多次发生次级的滑动,友谊桥现代滑坡病害发育在古滑坡的背景中,具有多期、多层、多条、多块、多级的特点。     

滑体的运动变形及观测要点

滑体运动变形特征是建立滑坡观测系统的主要依据。前者受控于滑面类型。1.直线型滑面上的滑体作整体运动,运动具等效效应;内部变形微弱,观测重点在地表位移;2.折线型滑面上的滑体亦作整体运动,变形较强,观测重点在深部位移和变形;3.凹弧型滑面上的滑体作整体旋转运动,变形较弱,观测重点在后缘和前缘;4.凸弧型滑面上的滑体作破碎旋转运动,变形较明显,观测重点在地表(尤其是剪出口处);5.复合型滑面上的滑体作分级分块运动,变形强烈,宜作综合观测。     

不同颗粒级配滑坡碎屑流等效冲击力及作用位置分布研究

滑坡碎屑流的冲击是一个持续的,由大量粗细不均匀的碎屑岩粒及粗大块石共同作用的复杂力学冲击过程,冲击压力的大小和分布范围呈现一定的规律变化。以室内物理模型试验的数据为依据,运用三维离散元素法,提出滑体等效冲击力和等效冲击作用位置,探讨不同级配条件下,滑坡碎屑流冲击力的分布特征。结果表明,滑体冲击挡墙的过程可划分为动态冲击阶段和准静态堆积阶段。动态冲击过程中,滑体细颗粒组分摩擦耗能显著,导致滑体冲击力及其作用高度减小;粒径为20mm及以上粗颗粒间的碰撞作用促进了滑体内部的能量传递,导致滑体冲击力及作用高度增加,峰值冲击力呈分散性分布,峰值冲击力沿竖直高度方向的集中趋势不显著。准静态堆积阶段,挡墙所受接触力主要为后续滑体颗粒冲击能量的碰撞传递及重力分量的累积。滑坡碎屑流滑动带两侧场地条件基本相同的情况下,滑体等效冲击力的水平分布位置主要集中于迎流面中轴线附近,受颗粒级配条件影响较小。     

1991年9月23日云南省昭通市头寨沟特大滑坡

1991年9月23日云南省昭通市境内,发生了一个头寨沟特大滑坡。其属顺层岩质滑坡,位于103°51′11″E,27°34′30″N。滑坡发生区滑体前后缘海拔分别为2230米和2580米,长250米。其间方量约1600万立方米的滑体剪出后,滑落到海拔2060米的沟道内,并遇障碍物,滑体被碎屑化而进入滑动区,滑动方向经三次转折,抵海拔1820米的沟口,滑程全长3000米。滑坡总方量约1800万立方米,滑动历时3分钟左右,致死216人,伤8人,造成直接经济损失近百万元。     

浅层蠕动型黄土滑坡机理

浅层蠕动型黄土滑坡通常呈面状发育于相对平缓的沟谷两侧,沿黄土-基岩接触面产生周期性低速蠕动,对附近的工厂、道路和管道等设施造成严重破坏。研究这类滑坡的形成机理对其防灾减灾工作具有重要的指导意义。因此本文以甘肃省天水市罗玉沟流域的一个典型浅层蠕动型黄土滑坡为例展开研究。取滑带泥岩样进行直剪和直剪蠕变试验,以试验数据为基本参数,利用VB编程的二维滑坡运动模型模拟该滑坡的演化过程,并分析了滑坡在运动过程中及河流侵蚀下的稳定性。结果表明,泥岩应力-应变曲线呈弱硬化型,破坏后强度不发生衰减,且其长期强度(φ_∞=10.3°、c_∞=12.8 k Pa)明显低于直剪试验强度(φ_f=11.9°、c_f=40.9 k Pa),有利于滑坡发生蠕动;滑坡演化过程中后缘滑体逐渐向前缘蠕动,滑体稳定系数随之提高,但河流侧蚀又会明显降低其稳定性,导致周期性蠕动下滑;本文采用的二维滑坡运动有限差分模型可较好的模拟这类滑坡的演化过程,可为滑距预测提供依据。     

强度再生效应在大型滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

通过大量现场调查、室内外试验及计算等研究的基础上,揭示了只要具有一定滑体厚度的滑带土,沿滑面具有强度再生效应。利用该观点,结合滑坡破坏特征,滑带土的物质组成及其赋存环境条件,对滑面强度参数的选取及其对稳定性的影响进行了详细探讨,该研究为滑坡滑面强度参数的选取提供了重要的理论依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,