大气折射率时间变化对地球同步轨道圆迹SAR聚焦性能的影响

结合了圆迹SAR(CSAR)和地球同步轨道SAR(GEOSAR)的特点,地球同步轨道圆迹SAR(GEOCSAR)具有大面积区域观测、可获得目标三维信息、可对目标区域连续监测等优点。但GEOCSAR合成孔径时间长,完成整个圆周孔径测量的时间为24小时,而大气变化的时间尺度经常表现为数分钟到数小时,因此大气折射率时间变化将会对GEOCSAR方位向聚焦成像产生重要影响。本文考虑L波段GEOCSAR,因此对流层和电离层效应均不可忽略。文中建立了对流层和电离层折射率时间变化引起的相位误差模型,分析和推导了折射率时间变化对GEOCSAR方位向聚焦性能的影响,计算了引起L波段GEOCSAR聚焦性能退化的最小对流层折射率和电离层电子含量随机时间变化量,并通过仿真进行了验证。     

风云三号D星天基BDS实时定位性能分析

随着北斗三号卫星导航系统(BeiDou navigation satellite system-3, BDS-3)开始向全球提供导航服务,独立使用BDS为在轨运行的卫星提供全球覆盖、全时段的定位服务成为可能。结合风云三号D星(FengYun-3D, FY-3D)全球卫星导航系统掩星探测仪(global navigation satellite system occultation sounder, GNOS)的真实在轨数据对天基BDS的定位性能进行了详细的分析。首先,使用BDS真实广播星历计算了在不同轨道高度下的可见卫星数和定位精度因子（position dilution of precision, PDOP）,并结合精密星历分析了广播星历的轨道误差、时钟误差及空间信号测距误差(signal-in-space range error, SISRE)。仿真结果表明,在95%的置信水平下,从地面到2 000 km的轨道高度,BDS在全球范围内最小可见卫星数为6,最大PDOP小于5,星座可用性已经达到100%,全球平均可见卫星数BDS比GPS(global positioning syste...     

Precise orbit determination of the Fengyun-3C satellite using onboard GPS and BDS observations

The GNSS Occultation Sounder instrument onboard the Chinese meteorological satellite Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) tracks both GPS and BDS signals for orbit determination. One month’s worth of the onboard dual-frequency GPS and BDS data during March 2015 from the FY-3C satellite is analyzed in this study. The onboard BDS and GPS measurement quality is evaluated in terms of data quantity as well as code multipath error. Severe multipath errors for BDS code ranges are observed especially for high elevations for BDS medium earth orbit satellites (MEOs). The code multipath errors are estimated as piecewise linear model in \(2{^{\circ }}\times 2{^{\circ }}\) grid and applied in precise orbit determination (POD) calculations. POD of FY-3C is firstly performed with GPS data, which shows orbit consistency of approximate 2.7 cm in 3D RMS (root mean square) by overlap comparisons; the estimated orbits are then used as reference orbits for evaluating the orbit precision of GPS and BDS combined POD as well as BDS-based POD. It is indicated that inclusion of BDS geosynchronous orbit satellites (GEOs) could degrade POD precision seriously. The precisions of orbit estimates by combined POD and BDS-based POD are 3.4 and 30.1 cm in 3D RMS when GEOs are involved, respectively. However, if BDS GEOs are excluded, the combined POD can reach similar precision with respect to GPS POD, showing orbit differences about 0.8 cm, while the orbit precision of BDS-based POD can be improved to 8.4 cm. These results indicate that the POD performance with onboard BDS data alone can reach precision better than 10 cm with only five BDS inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit satellites and three MEOs. As the GNOS receiver can only track six BDS satellites for orbit positioning at its maximum channel, it can be expected that the performance of POD with onboard BDS data can be further improved if more observations are generated without such restrictions.     

利用轨道参数修正的无控制点星载SAR图像几何校正方法

使用距离多普勒模型进行SAR图像几何校正时,卫星轨道误差、系统成像参数误差和DEM高程的误差会影响几何校正精度。本文提出了一种基于轨道参数修正的星载SAR图像几何校正方法。首先利用多项式对卫星轨道进行参数化,然后使用模拟SAR图像与真实SAR图像进行匹配得到控制点来修正轨道参数,最后利用修正后的参数进行几何精校正,从而提高几何校正精度。该方法无需地面控制点,适用于不易于人工测量获取地面控制点地区的SAR图像几何校正,与基于模拟SAR图像匹配并使用多项式改正的几何校正方法相比,本文方法具有更高的精度。使用Radarsat-2图像进行试验,并使用地面实测GPS控制点验证了本方法的有效性。     

顾及不同天线相位中心改正模型的北斗空间信号精度评估方法

IGS各分析中心提供的北斗精密轨道和精密钟差产品可能因采用不同的天线相位中心模型而存在一定差异,其对精密产品之间的比较以及利用精密产品评估北斗空间信号精度会产生一定影响。首先利用实测观测数据深入分析了采用不同天线相位中心改正模型对精密轨道和钟差的影响规律,在此基础上提出了顾及不同天线相位中心改正模型的北斗空间信号精度评估方法,以欧洲定轨中心、德国地学中心、武汉大学提供的精密轨道和钟差作为参考,对北斗广播轨道、广播钟差以及空间信号精度进行了分析和比较。结果表明,在考虑了卫星天线相位中心改正模型的差异之后,采用不同分析中心提供的北斗精密轨道和精密钟差作为基准评估出的空间信号精度基本一致,地球同步轨道卫星优于1.68 m,倾斜地球同步轨道卫星优于0.78 m,中地球轨道卫星优于0.66 m,验证了所提出的评估方法的正确性。     

北斗三号全球卫星导航系统空间信号精度评估

针对北斗三号 (BDS-3)正式开通后的空间信号精度情况,选取2020-08-01—2021-07-31共 1 a的混合广播星历数据,以德国波茨坦地学研究中心(GFZ)和武汉大学国际GNSS服务(IGS)数据中心(WHU)提供的精密星历为参考分别从轨道精度、钟差精度和空间信号测距误差(SISRE)来进行BDS-3的空间信号精度评估. 结果表明:BDS-3的轨道精度在径向(R)、切向(A)、法向(C)三个方向上分别优于0.100 m、0.405 m、0.547 m,钟差精度优于1.926 ns,仅受轨道影响的SISRE (orb)为0.134 m,SISRE为0.612 m. 地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星的SISRE为1.137 m,倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星和中圆地球轨道(MEO)卫星的SISRE相比GEO卫星分别减少36.3%、51.3%.      

非理想航迹城市建筑群MIMO下视阵列SAR三维仿真

在缺少真实下视阵列合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）系统而带来数据获取和成像算法研究等困难的当下,下视阵列SAR三维仿真的研究具有重要意义。为了还原载机平台真实的飞行航迹,验证阵列SAR技术在高层建筑物密集城区的地形测绘能力,摒弃传统仿真研究基于匀速直线运动的假设,以高度骤变的城市建筑物为对象,分析构建了多输入多输出（multiple input multiple output,MIMO）下视阵列SAR非理想航迹运动误差模型,提出了非理想航迹城市建筑群MIMO下视阵列SAR三维距离多谱勒成像算法。利用航空平台的航迹与姿态建模仿真技术,以及快速高效的回波仿真技术对成像算法进行了仿真实验,验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

Interferometric Baseline Performance Estimations for Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Configurations Derived from GRACE GPS Observations

Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of global positioning system (GPS) receivers for relative positioning of formation-flying satellites using dual-frequency carrier-phase observations. The accurate determination of distances or baselines between satellites flying in formation can provide significant benefits to a wide area of geodetic studies. For spaceborne radar interferometry in particular, such measurements will improve the accuracy of interferometric products such as digital elevation models (DEM) or surface deformation maps. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of relative position errors on the interferometric baseline performance of multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites flying in such a formation. Based on accuracy results obtained from differential GPS (DGPS) observations between the twin gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) satellites, baseline uncertainties are derived for three interferometric scenarios of a dedicated SAR mission. For cross-track interferometry in a bistatic operational mode, a mean 2D baseline error (1σ) of 1.4 mm is derived, whereas baseline estimates necessary for a monostatic acquisition mode with a 50 km along-track separation reveal a 2D uncertainty of approximately 1.7 mm. Absolute orbit solutions based on reduced dynamic orbit determination techniques using GRACE GPS code and carrier-phase data allows a repeat-pass baseline estimation with an accuracy down to 4 cm (2D 1σ). To assess the accuracy with respect to quality requirements of high-resolution DEMs, topographic height errors are derived from the estimated baseline uncertainties. Taking the monostatic pursuit flight configuration as the worst case for baseline performance, the analysis reveals that the induced low-frequency modulation (height bias) fulfills the relative vertical accuracy requirement (σ<1 m linear point-to-point error) according to the digital terrain elevation data level 3 (DTED-3) specifications for most of the baseline constellations. The use of a GPS-based reduced dynamic orbit determination technique improves the baseline performance for repeat-pass interferometry. The problem of fulfilling the DTED-3 horizontal accuracy requirements is still an issue to be investigated. DGPS can be used as an operational navigation tool for high-precision baseline estimation if a geodetic-grade dual-frequency spaceborne GPS receiver is assumed to be the primary instrument onboard the SAR satellites. The possibility of using only single-frequency receivers, however, requires further research effort.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research fellow until Sept. 2004 at the Microwaves and Radar Institute, Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) e.V., 82234 Weßling, Germany     

相位误差、位置误差和灰度误差三者关系及SAR原始图像像元不确定性

由于SAR遥感的独特优势，使它得到了广泛的应用。因此，对SAR图像的不确定性研究也越来越必要和迫切了。针对数据分析方法的不足，该文着重从机理的角度探讨SAR原始像元的不确定性。相位误差、位置误差和灰度误差三者关系、各种误差分类和综合以及这些误差对SAR原始像元不确定性作用等问题往往是困扰从机理角度对SAR图像不确定性研究的主要障碍，该文重点讨论这些问题。     

相位误差、位置误差和灰度误差三者关系及SAR原始图像像元不确定性

由于SAR遥感的独特优势，使它得到了广泛的应用。因此，对SAR图像的不确定性研究也越来越必要和迫切了。针对数据分析方法的不足，该文着重从机理的角度探讨SAR原始像元的不确定性。相位误差、位置误差和灰度误差三者关系、各种误差分类和综合以及这些误差对SAR原始像元不确定性作用等问题往往是困扰从机理角度对SAR图像不确定性研究的主要障碍，该文重点讨论这些问题。     

DEM数据辅助的星载SAR俯仰向数字波束形成

俯仰向数字波束形成(DBF)处理是星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现高分辨率宽测绘带成像的关键。然而,在处理较大地形起伏区域的回波信号时,传统俯仰向波束扫描(SCORE)方法会出现波束指向偏差问题,导致接收回波的增益降低,影响SAR系统成像性能。针对这一问题,本文详细分析了高分宽幅星载SAR系统的俯仰向DBF接收波束扫描指向问题,提出了一种基于数字高程图(DEM)的俯仰向DBF处理方法。该方法基于星载SAR成像几何模型,首先利用成像场景的DEM数据和卫星轨道参数计算距离门单元对应的地面高程值,并进一步计算距离门单元对应的目标波达角,然后根据该对应关系计算每个距离门单元的俯仰向DBF加权矢量,从而确保在俯仰向DBF处理过程中接收波束指向正确。通过X波段的星载SAR系统进行仿真实验,结果表明(1)当地面高程值大于1.9 km时,传统SCORE方法处理得到的目标信号幅度下降都超过2.8 dB,本文方法处理得到的目标信号幅度下降都小于0.4 dB,本文方法优于传统SCORE方法;(2)由DEM数据误差导致的地面目标高程偏差对本文方法影响较小。因此本文方法能够有效改善地形起伏较大区域的回波信号接收增益。     

ScanSAR干涉测量中的关键误差影响

ScanSAR模式具有宽观测带和重访时间短的优点,广泛应用于地表形变监测,在监测缓慢形变领域具有宽广的前景。ScanSAR干涉测量与条带干涉一样,降低基线误差和DEM残差影响是其主要瓶颈。本文分析了ScanSAR的成像原理及误差成因,针对Bam地震的ScanSAR干涉图,比较了SRTM3和GDEM在ScanSAR差分干涉中的影响大小,对采用3种不同精度的ENVISAT轨道数据得到的ScanSAR干涉结果进行了比较研究,研究结果可为相关领域提供参考。     

基于几何配准的多模式SAR影像配准及其误差分析

星载合成孔径雷达影像干涉处理时所需方位向配准精度因成像模式的差异而有所不同,目前在精密轨道条件下以几何配准为基础辅以影像信息的配准方案因其严格的理论模型和较高的精度成为干涉处理的首选。本文以TerraSAR-X影像为例,论证了不同成像模式影像所需的配准精度和卫星轨道精度,并通过理论分析和试验证明了精密轨道条件下,利用几何配准即可满足TerraSAR-X等卫星的条带模式影像干涉处理的需要;聚束模式影像需要在几何配准的基础上利用影像相干性或谱分集进一步优化配准结果。鉴于增强谱分集偏移量估计精度最高,本文进一步利用增强谱分集对比分析了不同轨道不同DEM条件下的几何配准误差。研究结果表明:卫星轨道切向误差是几何配准的主要误差源,目前常用3种DEM几何配准差异远小于0.001个像素,均可满足Sentinel-1影像干涉配准的需要。     

顾及大气延迟效应的YG-13A斜距标定

针对大气延迟时变误差影响遥感卫星十三号(YG-13A)斜距标定精度的问题,提出利用顾及大气延迟时变误差的斜距标定方法提高其斜距标定精度的策略。首先,利用基于NCEP气象资料和全球TEC数据的大气延迟改正方法来计算各标定景的大气延迟改正量。其次,将各标定景的大气延迟改正量代入斜距标定模型中。最后,在地面布设高精度角反射器控制点的情况下通过顾及大气延迟时变误差的斜距标定模型求解斜距测量系统误差,从而提高和验证斜距测量精度,角反射器控制点的平面和高程精度均优于0.1 m。利用嵩山遥感定标场地区的4组不同拍摄模式下获得的YG-13A卫星影像数据对比试验表明,相较于传统的斜距定标方法,在顾及大气延迟时变误差的情况下,4组数据的斜距改正值离散度均有所下降。利用太原、天津两个区域3景影像验证斜距改正后的精度,最小值为0.55 m,最大值为0.91 m,均值为0.70 m。试验结果证明了顾及大气延迟时变误差的斜距标定方法的有效性和可行性。     

利用DEM进行SAR图像模拟及地形辐射校正

在山区获取地面控制点比较困难,运用模拟SAR进行配准、校正,具有较大的优势。本文在分析SAR成像几何结构及ALOS PALSAR卫星轨道参数特征的基础上,运用RD定位模型对DEM的每个网格点进行雷达成像点的位置计算,模拟SAR图像,并提取当地入射角、投影角及规则化因子等;模拟出的SAR图像与真实SAR图像纹理吻合,有利于控制点的自动配准。在此基础上对ALOS PALSAR进行编码,构建基于规则化因子及入射角的地形辐射校正模型,消除面积效应及地形起伏造成的畸变问题,从结果中分析,校正后的图像明暗差异明显减少,这对雷达定量反演研究具有一定的现实意义。     

Model improvements and validation of TerraSAR-X precise orbit determination

The radar imaging satellite mission TerraSAR-X requires precisely determined satellite orbits for validating geodetic remote sensing techniques. Since the achieved quality of the operationally derived, reduced-dynamic (RD) orbit solutions limits the capabilities of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) validation, an effort is made to improve the estimated orbit solutions. This paper discusses the benefits of refined dynamical models on orbit accuracy as well as estimated empirical accelerations and compares different dynamic models in a RD orbit determination. Modeling aspects discussed in the paper include the use of a macro-model for drag and radiation pressure computation, the use of high-quality atmospheric density and wind models as well as the benefit of high-fidelity gravity and ocean tide models. The Sun-synchronous dusk–dawn orbit geometry of TerraSAR-X results in a particular high correlation of solar radiation pressure modeling and estimated normal-direction positions. Furthermore, this mission offers a unique suite of independent sensors for orbit validation. Several parameters serve as quality indicators for the estimated satellite orbit solutions. These include the magnitude of the estimated empirical accelerations, satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals, and SLR-based orbit corrections. Moreover, the radargrammetric distance measurements of the SAR instrument are selected for assessing the quality of the orbit solutions and compared to the SLR analysis. The use of high-fidelity satellite dynamics models in the RD approach is shown to clearly improve the orbit quality compared to simplified models and loosely constrained empirical accelerations. The estimated empirical accelerations are substantially reduced by 30% in tangential direction when working with the refined dynamical models. Likewise the SLR residuals are reduced from \(-3\,\pm \,17\) to \(2\,\pm \,13\) mm, and the SLR-derived normal-direction position corrections are reduced from 15 to 6 mm, obtained from the 2012–2014 period. The radar range bias is reduced from \(-10.3\) to \(-6.1\) mm with the updated orbit solutions, which coincides with the reduced standard deviation of the SLR residuals. The improvements are mainly driven by the satellite macro-model for the purpose of solar radiation pressure modeling, improved atmospheric density models, and the use of state-of-the-art gravity field models.     

卫星成像质量可靠性研究初探

将可靠性理论引入到航天摄影测量中,研究卫星成像质量可靠性问题。提出了卫星成像可靠性即是在规定条件和时间内,卫星的成像质量达到规定要求的能力;卫星成像质量可靠性分为可靠性设计、测试、增长和保持4个部分,并对可靠性的分析方法和流程进行叙述。对国外主流光学/合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）卫星成像质量可靠性研究情况进行了概述,针对国产卫星成像质量可靠性进行初步的研究和分析,验证了卫星成像质量可靠性理论与方法在国产卫星应用的有效性。     

倾斜地球同步卫星的轨道演化分析

利用STK软件对倾斜地球同步卫星的轨道进行仿真,给出了主要轨道参数的演化曲线,经分析发现：倾斜地球同步卫星的轨道是比较稳定的,可以满足卫星寿命期内对轨道相对稳定的要求。     

单天线SAR运动舰船目标三维形状重构

基于单天线高分辨率机载SAR,研究了运动舰船目标三维形状重构问题。对运动舰船目标回波信号利用KEYSTONE变换和高阶相位拟合法完成距离徙动校正后,利用时频分析方法产生运动舰船目标二维图像序列,尝试着将因子分解法引入到SAR运动目标图像处理领域,通过因子分解法对二维图像序列进行处理,实现运动目标三维形状重构,最后给出了真实SAR数据的运动舰船目标三维重构结果,实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

相向飞行全极化SAR图像对建筑物的立体重构

用多方向飞行的全极化SAR图像可能提取特定三维目标的高度与位置信息,进而实现目标物的几何立体重构。全极化SAR图像数据与单极化SAR相比,可以选择多种极化组合数据,提供对于特定目标几何特征敏感的数据类型,通过多方向飞行SAR图像反演该目标或目标群的高度与位置信息。本文用两幅相向飞行的PI-SAR(日本机载极化与干涉SAR,X波段、1.5m分辨率)图像,提取日本仙台电视塔高度、日本东北大学建筑物群的立体重构。