镜质体反射率热演化规律研究

镜质体反射率的演化并不是人们传统意义上认为的随着温度（深度）的增加成指数增加,而是分阶段演化的。通过对有机质热模拟实验数据和自然演化数据进行分析后发现镜质体反射率的演化可以分为明显的3段：1）缓慢变化阶段,随着温度的增加镜质体反射率缓慢地变化,2）中等快速阶段,随着温度的增加镜质体反射率相比较前一阶段增加速率有明显的加大,3）快速增加阶段,随着温度的增加镜质体反射率呈指数快速增加。这种分阶段的演化是由镜质体本身的化学组成和化学结构所决定的。镜质体反射率演化阶段的划分对于热历史的恢复以及认识镜质体的热演化机制和规律具有重要的意义。     

Influence of particle and surface quality on the vitrinite reflectance of dispersed organic matter: Comparative exercise using data from the qualifying system for reflectance analysis working group of ICCP

The development of a qualifying system for reflectance analysis has been the scope of a working group within the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) since 1999, when J. Koch presented a system to qualify vitrinite particles according to their size, proximity to bright components and homogeneity of the surface. After some years of work aimed at improving the classification system using photomicrographs, it was decided to run a round robin exercise on microscopy samples. The classification system tested consists of three qualifiers ranging from excellent to low quality vitrinites with an additional option for unsuitable vitrinites. This paper reports on the results obtained by 22 analysts who were asked to measure random reflectance readings on vitrinite particles assigning to each reading a qualifier. Four samples containing different organic matter types and a variety of vitrinite occurrences have been analysed. Results indicated that the reflectance of particles classified as excellent, good or poor compared to the total average reflectance did not show trends to be systematically lower or higher for the four samples analysed. The differences in reflectance between the qualifiers for any given sample were lower than the scatter of vitrinite reflectance among participants. Overall, satisfactory results were obtained in determining the reflectance of vitrinite in the four samples analysed. This was so for samples having abundant and easy to identify vitrinites (higher plant-derived organic matter) as well as for samples with scarce and difficult to identify particles (samples with dominant marine-derived organic matter). The highest discrepancies were found for the organic-rich oil shales where the selection of the vitrinite population to measure proved to be particularly difficult. Special instructions should be provided for the analysis of this sort of samples. The certainty of identification of the vitrinite associated with the vitrinite reflectance values reported has been assessed through a reliability index which takes into account the number of readings and the coefficient of variation. The same statistical approach as that followed in the ICCP vitrinite reflectance accreditation program for single seam coals has been used for data evaluation. The results indicated low to medium dispersion for 17 out of 22 participants. This, combined with data from other sets of comparative analyses over a long period, is considered an encouraging result for the establishment of an accreditation program on vitrinite reflectance measurements in dispersed organic matter.     

The Acadian thermal history of western Maine

ABSTRACT Following the Middle Devonian Acadian deformation an extensive belt of high grade metamorphism was formed in New England. In south-western Maine, at the northern end of this belt, there occurs a transition along the strike from regional low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism to contact metamorphism in low-grade rocks. Petrological studies indicate that this transition occurs along a surface plunging to the north-east at about 3.5°, with respect to the Middle-to-Late Devonian erosion surface. In addition, detailed petrological mapping has defined a history of temporally separate, localized metamorphic events associated with plutonism and occurring at increasingly deeper levels to the south-west. Geochronological studies constrain ambient temperatures in the transition zone at the time of metamorphism to be less than 300° C in the north-east and between 350° C and 500° C in the south-west. They also establish a pattern of diachronous cooling due to differential uplift and erosion, with cooling occurring later and most rapidly to the south-west. Geophysical evidence suggests that along with this spatial variation in metamorphic style the shapes of the plutons in Maine undergo a transition from laterally extensive sheet-like bodies in the high grade terrane to more equant-shaped bodies in the low-grade terrane. Using the results of these petrological, geochronological and geophysical studies, as well as those of stratigraphical and structural studies we construct a thermal model for the transition zone. The model suggests that the Acadian metamorphism in south-western Maine is a result of deep-level contact metamorphism near laterally extensive granitic sills dipping to the north-east with respect to the present erosion surface. The plutons themselves are interpreted to be a result of lower crustal melting in response to crustal thickening in the presence of normal or slightly augmented mantle heat flux.     

东濮凹陷新生代的热历史

东濮凹陷是渤海湾盆地南缘极具油气开采潜力的凹陷,本文揭示该凹陷新生代埋藏史、热史及烃源岩演化史.利用凹陷各构造单元18口井的镜质体反射率数据,恢复其埋藏史、热史.结果显示,东濮凹陷经历“一升两降”的构造沉降,并具有“马鞍型”的热演化特征.自沙四段沉积开始至沙三段,地温梯度逐渐增加,在沙三段沉积末期达到最大,为45.2℃～48℃/km.自沙二段沉积开始至今,地温梯度总体逐渐降低,仅在东营组沉积时期出现微弱回升,现今地温梯度为30℃～ 34℃/km.以埋藏史和热史为基础,结合构造及有机地球化学资料,对东濮凹陷18口井烃源岩演化史进行模拟.结果表明,烃源岩热演化受东营组沉积时期的古地温控制,3套烃源岩成熟度均在27Ma(东营组沉积时期)达到最大.     

松辽盆地北部热史恢复及烃源岩生烃史

根据镜质体反射率、粘土矿物分析和包裹体测试数据对松辽盆地北部齐家-古龙凹陷、三肇凹陷、黑鱼泡凹陷和双城向斜的古地温进行了研究并恢复了其热历史.它们都是在明水组沉积末期达到最高古地温,从古近纪到现今古地温持续降低.各个凹陷经历的古地温高低顺序依次为：古龙凹陷 >双城向斜 >三肇凹陷 >黑鱼泡凹陷,对应最高古地温为160℃至120℃不等.成烃史研究表明：松辽盆地中-浅层主力烃源岩青山口组-段泥岩随着嫩江组的快速沉积迅速进入生烃阶段,但各地所处成烃阶段不同;齐家-古龙凹陷烃源岩在嫩江组沉积初期进入生油门限,在嫩江组-明水组沉积期为快速生烃期,现为成熟-高熟阶段;双城向斜和三肇凹陷烃源岩在嫩江组沉积中期进入生油门限,于嫩江组-明水组沉积末期为快速生烃期,现为成熟阶段;黑鱼泡凹陷烃源岩在嫩江组沉积期末进入生油门限,于四方台组-明水组沉积期为快速生烃期,现为低熟-成熟阶段.     

Burial history and thermal evolution of Westphalian coal-bearing strata in the Campine Basin (NE Belgium)

A 1D-modelling program has been applied to reconstruct the burial and thermal histories of two exploration boreholes, KB172 and KB174, located in the Campine Basin. The results show differences in geological histories. The coalification of the Westphalian A and B strata in KB174 (0.66–0.98% R_o) was pre-Permian. Calculated maximum temperatures, based on borehole data and vitrinite reflectance, regional thicknesses and a heat flow of 84 mW/m² during the Late Westphalian, range from 110 °C at the top to 175 °C at the bottom of the Westphalian cored in this borehole. The high coalification (0.85–1.30% R_o) of the Westphalian C and D strata in KB172 could be the result of the deposition of 2500 m of Upper Permian to Middle Jurassic sediments in combination with elevated heat flows (71–80 mW/m²). Two coalification periods, i.e. Late Westphalian and Middle Jurassic, are suggested for this borehole. The simulated maximum temperatures range from 130 °C at the top to 175 °C at the bottom of the investigated Westphalian C and D. The differences in the burial and thermal histories of both boreholes can be related to the activity of the transversal Donderslag Fault, a major structural element in the Campine coalfield, and the Roer Valley Graben.     

Thermal history, geodynamics, and current thermal activity of lithosphere in China

The tectonic framework of China includes major and smaller-scale units that differ in age and in style of tectonomagmatic activity, the latter being related to the thermal history of the lithosphere. Heat flow in the area varies from 25 to 150 mW/m² or higher, with an average of 58±11 mW/m². It is high in active faults, rifts, and other structures of extension (or sometimes compression) subject to heating from rising lithospheric and mantle plumes. The current thermal activity in the region is controlled by the Pacific subduction beneath Eurasia in eastern China and mainly by the lateral strain and rotation of the Ordos block associated with the India–Eurasia interaction in central and western China.     

Statistical analysis of vitrinite reflectance data—a new approach

The reflectance of vitrinite (collotelinite) particles is a widely used parameter as a geothermometer for the estimation of the thermal maturity of organic matter enclosed in rocks. However, several problems have occurred during the last decades, which can be traced back to basically three causes: human mistakes, technical problems, and problems associated with the structural and compositional inhomogeneity of organic matter. Whilst in most cases the first two types of uncertainties can be handled by standardization, the third can cause significant problems during interpretation due to its generally inestimable character. The suppression of vitrinite reflectance and statistical problems originated from small sample size, and outliers belong to this latter type.International standards, such as the ASTM and the ISO, define the vitrinite reflectance parameter as a statistical average of measured data, disregarding the fact that the average is an unresisting and unrobust statistical parameter. In other words, the average is very sensitive to outliers and distribution.The aim of this research was to find and test a better, more resistant, and robust statistical parameter used by traditional parametric and nonparametric statistics, which can be applied in practice instead of the average. Three categories of statistical problems were studied on coal and disperse organic matter (DOM) samples: the distribution of measured values, the effect of data number, and the effect of outliers on statistical parameters. The statistical experiments carried out on numerous original and generated sample sets show that the median (med) and the most frequent value (Mn), a special weighted average, are better parameters to estimate the thermal maturity of organic matter especially above 1% reflectance value.     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起烃源岩成熟度分布特征与热演化史恢复

渭北隆起发育多套烃源岩,是寻找油气的重要战略区。对渭北隆起不同层位烃源岩的热演化程度变化规律及热演化历史缺乏深入研究。本文利用大量反射率测试资料及裂变径迹分析资料,确定了研究区不同层位热演化程度及变化规律,在恢复剥蚀厚度及埋藏史的基础上,恢复了渭北隆起的构造热—演化史及生烃史。研究结果表明：渭北隆起上三叠统延长组处于生油阶段、石炭—二叠系、奥陶系处于生气阶段,不同层位热演化程度总体上具有北高南低、西高东低的特点。渭北隆起不同层位镜质体反射率与深度关系为似线型,镜质体反射率随深度增加而增加。渭北隆起自早白垩世末以来经历了大规模抬升冷却,具有南早北晚的特点,40 Ma以来,研究区整体快速抬升冷却。热演化史研究表明渭北隆起不同层位最高热演化程度是在早白垩世达到的,从寒武纪到侏罗纪,地温梯度总体较低;中生代晚期早白垩世,受构造热事件影响,古地温梯度最高可达46.0 ℃/km;晚白垩世以来,由于地温梯度降低及地层大规模抬升剥蚀,地层温度明显降低。渭北隆起奥陶系、石炭—二叠系烃源岩天然气生气高峰期、上三叠统延长组烃源岩生油高峰期均在早白垩世,生油、生气高峰期受中生代晚期高地温梯度、构造热事件的控制。新生代以来渭北隆起大规模抬升剥蚀,地层快速抬升冷却,地层温度明显降低,烃源岩生烃过程停止。     

运城盆地不同构造单元埋藏与热演化史对比研究

正沉积盆地的埋藏和热演化史研究对盆地分析研究和油气勘探具有重要意义(Zuo et al,2011; Hu et al,2001; Qiu et al,2012)。在沉积盆地的热演化史研究中,区分埋藏过程中的加热事件和抬升剥蚀期间造成的冷却事件尤为重要。(U-Th)/He定年方法是一种放射性同位素低温定年方法,具有低温敏感性(磷灰石封闭温度为70℃,锆石封闭温度为180℃)和精度高的特点,是近年来国际上新发展     

沉积盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩地区热历史恢复方法探索

古温标是目前恢复沉积盆地热历史最常用方法之一,但在下古生界高过成熟碳酸盐岩由于没有合适的成熟度标定参数(古温标),对其经受的热历史和成烃史的恢复一直是困扰中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的问题。目前常用的沥青反射率、牙形石色变指数、镜状体反射率等各类古温标,在用于早古生代碳酸盐岩地区的热历史恢复时都是借助于它们各自与镜质体反射率之间的关系,再利用现有的镜质体反射率模拟热历史方法来恢复热历史,因而存在不同的缺陷。重点介绍了利用有机质自由基浓度作为碳酸盐岩地区古温标的可能性。通过不同时间和温度下的热模拟得到的有机质自由基浓度数据,初步建立了三种类型有机质的自由基浓度(N)与时间-温度指数(TTI)的定量模型。这种有机质自由基浓度与TTI的关系式为碳酸盐岩地区古地温的恢复提供了新的方法。     

浅谈盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究在中国油气资源战略选区调查评价中的意义

目前国家开展了全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价专项10个项目,包括陆上新区,海域,老油气区的新领域、新层系、新类型,长期久攻不克的地区、盆地和地表、地形条件复杂的地区。这些地区总体来讲油气工作程度较低。在油气调查评价中,特别是初期．烃源岩的评价是第一位的,而烃源岩热演化研究是烃源岩评价的重要内容之一。同时盆地内烃源岩热演化史的差异对盆地内的油气分布具有重要影响;热历史又从另一个侧面反映了盆地的成因及发展过程,对于指导油气勘探具有重要意义。     

西藏冈底斯新生代以来的抬升过程——磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟的证据

西藏冈底斯南缘中酸性侵入岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在37~25Ma之间,热史模拟过程反映冈底斯经历了3个阶段的抬升演化。40~26Ma的快速冷却抬升阶段:受控于印度-欧亚大陆完全碰撞拼合的影响,并在37~26Ma抬升至现今海拔高度;26~8Ma的剥蚀阶段:受夷平和大型逆冲推覆活动的影响,出现剥蚀和抬升交替过程;8~0Ma的缓慢冷却阶段:受南北向裂谷作用影响,出现内部差异抬升。此外,北部墨竹工卡地区和南部泽当、桑耶地区,西部桑耶地区和东部泽当地区,均具有相似的抬升过程和历史,没有明显差异,暗示冈底斯经历了整体性、较均一的阶段性抬升过程。     

Unusual biomarker maturation ratio changes through the oil window, a consequence of varied thermal history

Saturated and aromatic biomarker ratios continue to change systematically through the oil window and into the gas-condensate window to high vitrinite reflectances (R_o = 1.16%) in mature marine and lacustrine Mesozoic clastic samples from a South African basin. Two of the ratios reverse above R_o = 0.9%. These unusual maturation effects result from isolated periods of high rates of maturation increase. The basin cooled regionally after the break-up of Gondwana but high heating rates prevailed during the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary, as Africa moved across a hotspot, and again in the late Tertiary as a result of a possible hotspot and hydrothermal event.     

浅谈盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究在中国油气资源战略选区调查评价中的意义

目前国家开展了全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价专项10个项目,包括陆上新区,海域,老油气区的新领域、新层系、新类型,长期久攻不克的地区、盆地和地表、地形条件复杂的地区。这些地区总体来讲油气工作程度较低。在油气调查评价中,特别是初期,烃源岩的评价是第一位的,而烃源岩热演化研究是烃源岩评价的重要内容之一。同时盆地内烃源岩热演化史的差异对盆地内的油气分布具有重要影响;热历史又从另一个侧面反映了盆地的成因及发展过程,对于指导油气勘探具有重要意义。     

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组烃源岩埋藏史 及热演化特征

根据地层分层数据和古热流分析,运用PetroMod-1D软件对四川盆地的51口探井进行模拟,得到了盆地内上三叠统的埋藏史、成熟度演化史及烃源岩受热史,初步划分了上三叠统烃源岩的成熟阶段和生烃期次。结果表明,川北、川中地区须家河组烃源岩分别在中晚侏罗世进入生烃门限;川南地区大约在早白垩世达到生烃门限,此后地层不断埋深,热演化持续进行,在晚白垩世达到最大埋深,之后由于燕山末期及喜山期构造运动,地层发生整体抬升,干酪根的热演化也因此受到了遏制。     

宁夏固原炭山窑山组形成时代的裂变径迹热史约束

查明鄂尔多斯盆地西缘窑山组的形成时代,是正确进行地层对比、恢复盆地原貌及其演化的关键。根据\     

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组烃源岩埋藏史及热演化特征

根据地层分层数据和古热流分析,运用PetroMod-1D软件对四川盆地的51口探井进行模拟,得到了盆地内上三叠统的埋藏史、成熟度演化史及烃源岩受热史,初步划分了上三叠统烃源岩的成熟阶段和生烃期次。结果表明,川北、川中地区须家河组烃源岩分别在中晚侏罗世进入生烃门限;川南地区大约在早白垩世达到生烃门限,此后地层不断埋深,热演化持续进行,在晚白垩世达到最大埋深,之后由于燕山末期及喜山期构造运动,地层发生整体抬升,干酪根的热演化也因此受到了遏制．     

华北太原组镜质组中的超微类脂体及其煤性质异常原因

利用超薄切片透射电镜分析技术，对华北太原组和山西组煤中镜质组的超微结构和组分进行了分析，确认太原组镜质组中含有较丰富的超微类脂体，且超微类脂体主要来自菌藻类，山西组和太原组镜质组中超微类脂体数量存在明显差异。证实镜质体中超微类脂体数量和其化学性质紧密相关。从超微组分层次解释了山西组和太原组镜质组性质差异的原因，并分析讨论了太原组煤性质异常性的原因和煤还原程度问题，提出成煤过程中明显菌藻类低等生物贡献是太原组煤性质异常的一个重要原因。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷热史恢复与成藏期判识

在镜质体反射率、磷灰石裂变径迹和包裹体均一温度系统测试分析的基础上,对高邮凹陷主要构造带进行古地温梯度计算和热史恢复。确定了高邮凹陷主要构造单元古地温梯度:镜质体反射率计算出深凹带古地温梯度为35.6℃/km,北斜坡西为43.9℃/km,北斜坡东为33.2℃/km;磷灰石裂变径迹计算出深凹带古地温梯度为31.4℃/km,北斜坡西为39.3℃/km,北斜坡东为50℃/km;包裹体均一温度计算出深凹带古地温梯度为29℃/km,北斜坡西为42.5℃/km,北斜坡东为32.3℃/km。对比分析现今地温梯度得出:深凹带古地温梯度高于现今0～7℃/km;北斜坡西古地温梯度高于现今10～15℃/km;北斜坡东古地温梯度高于现今4～21℃/km,今古地温梯度变化规律为深凹带变化小,斜坡带变化大。将典型单井埋藏史-热史与包裹体均一温度综合分析,判识高邮凹陷深凹带成藏期介于46～37Ma,北斜坡成藏期介于40.9～37.5Ma,具有深凹带早于北斜坡的规律,判定出三垛期为苏北盆地高邮凹陷主要成藏时期。