Urban land use mapping and zoning of Bombay Metropolitan Region using remote sensing data

Bombay Metropolitan Region covering an area of about 4,360 sq. km. was selected for urban land use studies and for urban land use zoning. Urban land use mapping was carried out using SPOT multispectral linear array imagery on 1∶25,000 scale employing visual analysis tehcniques. Fifteen maps were prepared depicting the spatial distribution of various urban classes in the Greater Bombay and New Bombay regions. Sixteen urban land use maps were also prepared using Landsat TM data showing the distribution of land use pattern on 1∶50,000 scale for the entire metropolitan region. Urban land use zoning was carried out based upon suitability index on 1∶250,000 scale. This map provides information on the areas to be used for construction and areas to be kept under green belt in the metropolitan region. This study is a joint venture of Space Applications Centre with Bombay Metropolitan Development authority.     

Mapping of environs of Dharavi slums of Greater Bombay for site suitability using enhanced Landsat thematic mapper (TM) imagery

Slums are universal and a ubiquitous part of the urban landscape. Dharavi, the biggest slum in the whole of Greater Bombay, encompasses 4.0 sq.km. of reclaimed land with 3.50 lakh inhabitants and 75,000 hutments. Majority of the slums of Indian cities, being structurally small with high density of dwellings and uniform building material, seldom give subtle ’spectral signature’ on the satellite imagery. Here, an attempt has been made to map by visual techniques the land use of Dharavi and environs of 20 sq.km area, using optically enhanced Landsat (TM) FCC of January, 1986, on 1:25,000 sale, The study has clearly brought out the land use details, the areas undergoing reclamation, and those susceptible to hazards like floods and marine erosion. A few alternate sites, based on geomorphic attributes are suggested for resettlement of Dharavislum and their areas are also quantified. The results of the present work is a part of the project study completed for a larger area covering 150sq. kms.     

Land System studies for resources evaluation—A demonstration around Sagar,Madhya Pradesh

Land System studies, which integrated landforms with geology, soils, vegetation, hydrology and landuse, should form the basis of evaluation of the resources of a region. Such studies were carried out in a 1400 sq. km, tract around Sagar, M. P., employing the methodology of the C.S.I.R.O., Australia, as a part of a detailed geomorphic survey of the area on modern lines. Two land systems were recognized on the basis of the patterns deciphered on the areial photographs of the area: the Vindhyan Land System and the Daccan Trap Land System. The former occupies 148 sq. km. and 17 land units have been made out in it. The latter occupies 1252 sq. km. and 14 land units have been recognized in it. Choosing representatives «sites» on these land units, quantitative integrated studies were carried out in the field. The data so collected are presented in the paper and it is shown how there could form the basis of an evaluation of the resources of the area.     

Urban land-use suitability analysis — A case study of Calcutta Metropolitan Area

Urban land-use zoning analysis has been carried out to evaluate the suitability of land for urbanisation i.e. a process of assessing the fitness of different land characteristics (soils, physiography, slope, land use etc.) for urban development in Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) area (1350 sq. km). Remote sensing data in conjunction with Survey of India maps and ancillary data have been employed for the analysis. A GIS-based methodology has been developed for the integration of different physical parameters and generation of urban land development units. In all 82 Urban Land Development Units (ULDUs) were delineated and evaluated with respect to physical constraints and the degree to which each class could limit the development for urban purpose. These ULDUs are categorised into five suitability classes for urban use. The relationships between ULDU classes, suitabilities and urban land development considerations in a generalised form have also been assessed. It has been observed that the physical constraints have become progressively greater from class-I to class-V meaning thereby that the cost for the developing the area for urban purpose increases from class-I and becomes uneconomic for class-V. The suitability map prepared using this methodology would also serve as a sub-set for the preparation of a Master plan of the city.     

Assessment of Fragmentation and Disturbance Patterns in Eastern Ghats: A Case Study in R.V. Nagar Range,Visakhapatnam District,Andhra Pradesh,India

At present the biodiversity in Eastern Ghats is threatened by loss of habitats, exploitation and unscientific management of natural resources, forest fire, biological invasion and other anthropogenic pressures. In this context, we have assessed the forest cover changes, fragmentation and disturbance in the R.V. Nagar Range of Eastern Ghats region, Andhra Pradesh using satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques. Satellite data of IRS-1A LISS II of 1988 and IRS-P6 LISS III of 2006 were assessed for forest cover changes in 1 sq.km grid and generated as Sensitivity Index map. Further the road and settlement buffer of 1000 m was generated to represent Threat Index map. From 1988 to 2006, the forest cover had a total cover loss of 35.2 sq.km and increase in scrub cover by 7.2%. Over all change analysis from 1988 to 2006 with reference to forest cover indicates, negative changes (loss of forest area) accounted for 48.1 sq.km area and positive changes (gain of forest) for an area of 12.1 sq.km of area. The results of the change detection using multi-date satellite imagery suggest degradation in forest cover over two decades, which necessitates the conservation measures in this range with high priority.     

Opencast Coal Mining Induced Defaced Topography of Raniganj Coalfield in India - Remote Sensing and GIS Based Analysis

With the advent of mining activities at Raniganj coalfield in India, the natural topography has been defaced in some elongated tracts by either excavation or dumping. This paper deals with opencast mining induced defaced topography of Raniganj coalfield, which needs to be reclaimed properly right after mining. This paper investigated intensity of defacing topography, magnitude of topographic deformations through a number of ex-situ measurement. Consequences of these topographic deformations are also investigated in this study. Through a number of ex-situ measurement based on Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, generating contour and profiling them over the spoil dumps and excavated lows using fine resolution digital elevation data (Remote Sensing image), a total 132 (85 are abandoned and 47 are working) patches of defaced topography have been identified, which covers 43.26 sq km. surface area. Some working opencast quarries are more than 95 m deep, with an area of more than 2.4 sq km and dumped ridges are more than 60 m high (peak), with area more than 1.5 sq km. In case of abandoned mine (more than 20 years) some quarries are more than 28 m deep with area 0.99 sq km. and some of dumped ridges are more than 28 m high (peak), with area 0.29 sq km. These kinds of defaced surface remain for a long time, such quarries contain acidic logged water and spoil dump leads to acid mine drainage and erosion of loose soil particle. It deteriorates the entire land, water system of the region. The study suggests restoring land right after mining and the area made to be ecologically conformable.     

Forest change detection in Kalarani round, Vadodara, Gujarat— a Remote Sensing and GIS approach

Studies on spatial distribution of the different forests during 1970 to 1999 using integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques reveals that area under forests in the Kalarani Round, is progressively reducing with the time. In 1970 forest area was found to be 22.75 sq km. in 1989 it was 15.34 sq km and in 1999 it was only 12.93 sq km. Thus. there is considerable loss in the tree cover from 1989 to 1999. Jhanpa and Kalarani R.F. are the example of this. Ground surveys indicate that the majority of the loss is caused by heavy grazing pressure there by decreasing regeneration of vegetation. If suitable measures are not taken. whole area may be converted into wasteland in due course of time. Another reason for the forest loss, could be land encroachments by villagers for their overwhelming needs. Karali R.F. is not much disturbed apart from the plantation raised in the foothills. Outside the reserve forest boundary, the change was observed due to construction of Narmada Sagar canal.     

Macro Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping - Case Study from Bodi – Bodimettu Ghats Section,Theni District,Tamil Nadu - India

Landslide is a common natural hazard that usually occurs in mountainous areas. Rapid urban development and high traffic intensity movements have been hampered to a great extent by phenomenon of landslides. In Ghat section, vertical cuttings and steep slopes are induced slope failures. An assessment of landslide hazards is therefore a prerequisite for sustainable development of the hilly region. In the present study, Macro Landslide Hazard Zonation was carried out in the Bodi – Bodimettu ghats section, Western Ghats, Theni district. The slope spreads over an area of about 10.09 sq km encompassing Puliuttu Ar. sub-watershed. The study was made with help of different types of data including Survey of India topographic map, geology map, important inherent factors like lithology, structure, slope morphometry, relative relief, land use/land cover and hydrogeological conditions using Bureau of Indian Standard (BSI 14496 (Part 2):1998) and related thematic maps. Based on the thematic layers, landslide hazard evaluation factor (LHEF) and total estimated hazard (TEHD) were calculated and the macro hazard zonation map was prepared. Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) of the terrain shows that out of 17 facets, facets 1 to 5 and 8 falls under Moderate Hazard zone category and facets 6, 7 and 9 to 17 under the High Hazard zone category. The field study with further analysis for hazard concluded that about 68% of the total area falls in the high hazard zone.     

Assessment of soil degradation Hazards in Jalor and Ahor Tehsil of Jalor district (Western Rajasthan) by remote sensing

In the present study efforts have been made to identify and map areas affected by various land degradation processes with the aid of Landsat TM imagery data of 1988 and ground truth verification. The kind, extent and degree of land degradation have been mapped. In an area of over 4,124 sq. km. 51% was affected by water erosion and 30% area by wind erosion. Nearly 1.14% area is affected by salinity. Degradation due to combined effect of water and wind erosion and water erosion and salinization has affected 8.20% of the study area. 1.53% area is free from any hazard. Remaining 7.85% area comes under hills and rivers. Nearly 44 percent of the affected area is subjected to moderate and severe degradation which can easily be combatted by techniques referred.     

Quantifying urban land cover change between 2001 and 2006 in the Gulf of Mexico region

We estimated urbanization rates (2001–2006) in the Gulf of Mexico region using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 and 2006 impervious surface products. An improved method was used to update the NLCD impervious surface product in 2006 and associated land cover transition between 2001 and 2006. Our estimation reveals that impervious surface increased 416 km² with a growth rate of 5.8% between 2001 and 2006. Approximately 1110.1 km² of non-urban lands were converted into urban land, resulting in a 3.2% increase in the region. Hay/pasture, woody wetland, and evergreen forest represented the three most common land cover classes that transitioned to urban. Among these land cover transitions, more than 50% of the urbanization occurred within 50 km of the coast. Our analysis shows that the close-to-coast land cover transition trend, especially within 10 km off the coast, potentially imposes substantial long-term impacts on regional landscape and ecological conditions.     

Mapping and Assessment of Groundwater Potential in Bilrai Watershed (Shivpuri District, M.P.)—A Geomatics Approach

The main objective of the present work is to delineate the groundwater potential zones in Bilari watershed of district Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh. Remote Sensing data and GIS were used to delineate the groundwater potential zones of the area. IRS-1D (LISS III) data have been utilized to extract information on various themes such as geomorphology, structure, drainage and land use/land cover. Available lithology and soil maps have also been used. DEM has been generated from contours taken from Survey of India topographical maps in order to obtain the slope percentage and slope aspect of the area. The groundwater potential zones were delineated by weighted overlay analysis. The themes geology, geomorphology, slope and soil were considered and the weightages assigned to different classes of respective themes according to their role in groundwater potential. Finally, five groundwater potential zones viz., very good, good, moderate; poor and very poor were delineated for the study area. It was estimated that about 110.41?sq km area which forms 37.55% of the total area are in the zones of very poor, poor and moderate category and about 183.75?sq km (62.45%) in zones of good and very good category.     

Prioritization of Sub-watersheds in Khanapara–Bornihat Area of Assam–Meghalaya (India) Based on Land Use and Slope Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Improper utilization of natural resources without any conservation work is the prime cause of the watershed deterioration. Fast developmental activities and population pressure in the hills of Khanapara?CBornihat area near Guwahati city (about 10?km east of Guwahati) results rapid alteration of the land use/land cover in the recent times. This also causes the growth of land use over the unsuitable topography. As a result, there is a general degradation of the natural resources within the area. So, urgent measures have to be adopted to take up the conservation measure for the management of natural resources. Watershed wise conservation is considered to be the most acceptable and convenient approach. In the context of watershed management, watershed prioritization gained importance in natural resource management. The present study makes an attempt to prioritize the sub-watersheds for adopting the conservation measure. The prioritization is based on land use and slope analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in Khanapara?CBornihat area of Assam and Meghalaya state (India). The study area of 323.17?sq. km is divided into three 5th order, four 4th order and two 3rd order sub-watersheds. Land use/Land cover change analysis of the sub-watersheds has been carried out using multi temporal data of SOI toposheets of 1972 and IRS LISS III imagery of 2006. The study shows the significance changes in land use pattern especially in settlement and forest lands from 1972 to 2006. Slope map of the sub-watersheds prepared from the contour values in the toposheets show the wide variation of slope in the area ranging from 0° to 87°. Based on the extent/nature of land use/land cover changes over time and land use/land cover??slope relationship analysis, the sub-watersheds are classified into three categories as high, medium and low in terms of priority for conservation and management of natural resources.     

Role of satellite remote sensing in land system mapping,land resources inventory and land use planning: A sample study of kemang river basin,Arunachal Pradesh

Here an attempt has been made to highlight the importance of satellite remote sensing in land system mapping, land resources inventory and land use planning of a sample river basin (in Arunachal Pradesh) covering an area of 10,186 sq. km. The (Kemang) river basin has been divided intofour land systems viz : structural, denudational, piedmont and fluvial. Each system has been analysed with respect toeight land water-land use (resource) parameters for proper land use and environmental management of the river basin. A tentative‘productivity/development strategy ranking’ is also given for optimum planning of the basin.     

浅析西部测图工程项目成果归档

西部测图工程面积约200×104 km2,约占我国陆地面积的21%,主要分布在青藏高原、塔里木盆地和横断山脉等地区,行政区划涉及四川、云南、西藏、甘肃、青海、新疆等6省（自治区）。本文详细讲述了如何将庞大的西部测图工程形成的多种测绘成果进行管理归档。     

北京环线建设驱动的土地利用变化遥感检测与分析

近年来,北京市的环线建设大大改进了北京的交通状况,促进了环线周边的商业发展和房地产开发的繁荣,同时也带来了环线周边地区的土地利用的变更。在“科技奥运”科技攻关项目和在研自然科学基金项目的支撑下,选择了1988,1994,2001和2003年5—6月份的TM数据,在影像经过几何校正和辐射归一化校正后对其应用高精度的自组织神经网络分类和利用高分辨率的航空照片验证;在分类数据和变更信息的基础上,采用了空间自相关分析模型、频率指数模型和潜力模型分别对北京各种用地类型的频率指数和建设用地的Moran系数和Geary系数,以及城市增长的潜力指她进行计算。一系列计算显示了环线驱动的北京市土地利用变化情况。结果表明:在环线建设的驱动下,北京市的建设用地围绕环线呈快速增长趋势;绿地面积在四环、五环的环线一带也呈增加趋势;城市增长潜力从四环到六环呈逐渐增大趋势。     

GIS application to determine the effect of topography on landuse in Ashwani Khad watershed

The landuse status of Ashwani Khad watershed has been obtained using 1RS-ID satellite data for 1999 and further topographic analysis has been carried out using GIS software-ARC/ INFO and ARCVIEW. It has been found that of the total geographical area (85.30 sq. km) of the Ashwani Khad watershed which lies between 30°50′ to 31°N latitude and 77°05′ to 77° 15′E longitude in Himachal Pradesh, 54.53 % constituted wasteland, 33.55% agriculture and least 11.92 % forest. The altitude, aspect and slope have exhibited marked effect on land utilization. Agriculture and wasteland have been found maximum in mid altitude (1300-1500 m) and moderate slopes (13.2-26.4 degree), whereas, agriculture and forest have been maximum in flat and north aspect.     

基于TM/OLI影像的杨凌示范区土地利用动态变化研究

以1995、2003与2013年的Landsat TM/OLI影像为数据源,基于CART算法的动态变化分析方法对杨凌示范区1995~2013年的土地利用动态变化情况进行了分析和统计。研究结果表明,1995~2013年18年间杨凌示范区农用地减少了27.65 km~2,林用地减少了16.86 km~2,城市用地增加了41.82 km~2,减少的农用地和林用地主要流向城市用地。通过对自然、社会和经济因素的分析,可知杨凌区土地利用变化主要驱动力为经济和社会因素。     

基于COST模型的热岛效应时空演变特征分析

本文选取中等城市绵阳为研究对象,以2000年、2007年TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源,首先应用COST模型完成大气校正;然后采用Artis等提出的算法进行地表温度反演,并利用均值标准差法进行温度等级划分,获得绵阳市地表温度分布图和温度等级分布图。结果表明:①2000-2007年热岛区与建成区在空间发展趋势上基本一致,其中2000年热岛区面积为11.49 km2,到2007年增加为43.12 km2,热岛区面积所占比例增加36.36%;②7年间温度等级升高的区域面积为56.09km2,占建成区总面积的64.47%,其中从温度较低区转化为热岛区比例占42.40%。     

基于TM影像的南京市土地利用遥感动态监测

基于南京市1988年和1998年两期TM影像，首先用辐射水准归一化法将1998年影像校正到1988年影像的辐射水平上，再经过几何校正、训练区纯化等预处理，对两期影像分别用最大似然法进行分类，然后在Arc／Info的GRID模块中编写AML语言，对得到的两期土地利用分类图进行叠置运算，提取出土地利用动态变化信息。分析结果表明，10a间南京市耕地面积大量减少，林地面积有所增加。     

Wheat acreage estimation for Haryana using satellite digital data

This paper summarizes the procedures adopted and results obtained since 1985–86 for wheat inventory for Haryana using satellite digital data (MSS: 1985–86 to 1987–88, LISS-I: 1988–89 onwards). The approach followed is based on sample segments (10 × 10 km during 1985–86 to 1988–89, 7.5 × 7.5 km during 1989–90) and 10 percent sampling fraction and stratified sample design. There has been consistent improvement in accuracy over the years as judged from lower biases when compared with Bureau of Economics and Statistics (BES) acreage estimates and higher precision. In 1989–90, the state-level estimate achieved an accuracy goal of 90 percent at 90 percent confidence interval. A number of studies which have been carried out to study effect of choice of sensor, acquisition date, stratification approach, classification procedure on wheat inventory are also mentioned.