两种测墒法的优缺点

目前 ,我省国家级农气基本站土壤墒情观测中采用的土钻法 (又称烘干法 )和中子仪法 ,各有优缺点。1　土钻法土钻法是农业气象测墒的传统方法 ,主要用于作物地段观测。其优点是携带方便 ,选点测墒灵活 ,操作技术简单 ,测定结果准确等。其缺点为 :①由于作物地段测墒是定地块、不定点 ,在两次测墒之间 ,若取土点距离较远时 ,不仅会使前后两次测定结果误差较大 ,而且还会使资料的可比性和参考价值降低 ,也不利于农气人员掌握土壤墒情的变化规律。②在干旱季节 ,土壤比较坚硬 ,取土不仅费力费时 ,而且在取土过程中 ,易使钻杆倾斜 ,取土深度不够 …     

土壤水分自动观测站维护与设备故障处理

1引言土壤水分贮存量及其变化规律的监测,是生态环境、农业气象和水文气象监测的工作。2008年以前,我国的土壤贮存量主要是用人工的土钻取土,然后进行称量、烘干、计算得出所测土壤的含水量。该方式虽然能够较准确地度量土壤水分含量,但耗时耗力,工作量大,易产生较大误差。土壤水分自动观测站解决了人工测墒的诸多缺点。2土壤水分测墒仪工作原理近年来.     

基于Excel的土壤墒情计算系统

根据<农业气象观测规范--土壤水分测定分册>的有关规定,利用Excel强大的函数、公式计算以及统计功能,编制了土壤墒情计算系统,对逢八和逢三测墒的计算过程进行了详细阐述,并根据农业气象土壤测墒工作的需要,在系统中可任意增减观测表,在同工作表中也可以任意插入或删除单元格,其计算结果不会受到任何影响,使土壤墒情观测工作中涉及到的大量计算得到了自动化处理.     

用测定土壤比重来推算土壤湿度

用土壤烘干称量法测定土壤湿度,虽然比较精确,但测定过程时间长,耗费人力物力大,不利于随对掌握墒情。为便于快速查墒,我们对于应用测定土壤比重来间接推算土壤湿度的方法,作如下初步探讨。 一、从土壤比重到土壤湿度的推算原理 设w_0、v_0、d_0分别表示所测土壤烘干后的重量、体积和比重; w、v、d分别表示所测土壤的重量、体积和比重;     

地区级土壤墒情分布图在农业气象服务中的应用

土壤墒情(土壤古水量)的好坏对农业生产非常重要．尤其是春播、秋播及农作物生长关键期，土壤墒情对农业生产及农业主管部门决策都具有很高的参考价值。而现在的单站测墒资料网点稀少．给宏观了解全区的土壤墒情带来了一定困难，我们将单站的测墒资料做为要寮值填在全区地理图上，利用这些要素值分析出全区各级墒情的等值线。     

黑龙江省玉米田土壤旱涝预报

玉米旱涝预报模型考虑了土壤-大气-植物之间的水分交换关系,基于土壤水分平衡原理,以旬为预报时段,以黑龙江省34个测墒站点每旬玉米田土壤相对湿度代表所在县的平均玉米田土壤相对湿度,利用上一旬末土壤相对湿度和下一旬降水预测值来预报下一旬末的土壤相对湿度。根据土壤旱涝指标来确定土壤旱涝等级。用2007年3月上旬至11月上旬实测玉米田土壤湿度对其检验。结果表明:黑龙江省春季和秋季预报比较准确,绝对误差在5%以下;夏季预报误差比春秋季节略高,绝对误差在6%以下,有些县市绝对误差甚至达到0。根据确定的土壤旱涝等级检验土壤旱涝预报准确率表明,准确率较高,效果较好。     

陇东南旱作区土壤失墒规律初探

通过试验分析,探讨了陇东南地区旱作田累积失墒规律,各土壤墒值段散逸速度,模拟了土壤水分散逸过程,得出了土壤从高墒散失水分降至低墒值所用的相对时间。即土壤重量含水率占田间持水量６０ ％ ～９０ ％ 时为最速失墒期,６０ ％ ～４０ ％ 为次速失墒期,重旱（ 占田间持水量≤４０ ％ ）时,散失同样量的水分,比从占田间持水量９０ ％ 至６０ ％ 及轻旱（ 占间持水量６０ ％ 以下） 至重旱间所需时间长１０ ～２０ 倍,为今后这方面的研究及干旱预测提供参考。     

兴海县天然草地土壤水分动态变化规律分析

利用兴海1999--2006年4—10月的土壤水分资料,分析0～50cm土壤贮水是的年、月和旬际变化规律及垂直分布特征。结果表明：兴海县天然草地土壤贮水量年际变化振荡明显,呈多波动变化,与年降水量相关关系显著;一年中逐月土壤水分变化曲线基本呈“M”型分布,可分为春季缓慢增墒期、春夏快速增墒期、盛夏快速失墒期、秋季快速增墒期和秋末快速失墒期;土壤贮水量在20～30cm层最大,就其垂直变化而言,0—20cm为多变层,20-50cm为缓变层;土壤水分垂直剖面的季节变化按变异系数大小可分为3个阶段,土壤贮水量变异系数雨季（6—9月）大于干季。     

180公分深的土壤测墒

在学习无产阶级专政理论的推动下,为了适应科学种田的需要,我们在开展气象服务中,发现以往测的30Cm深的地墒,不能反映土壤蓄水与作物需水的真实关系,也不能提供地墒对作物生长发育影响程度的确切数据。同时,浅层土壤含水     

人工站与自动站测墒差异及原因分析

用铜川气象站2008年9月—2009年8月人工测墒结果和河南产GStar-自动土壤水分探测仪测定结果对比分析,发现人工测墒与自动测墒结果各层次在秋季表现为正差值,春季正负差值均有,规律不明显,夏季表现为负差值,平均绝对差值在15%~20%之间;秋季0~20 cm差值比较接近,40~50 cm差值有增加趋势,夏季差值随深度有减小趋势;人工与自动测墒差值绝对值在0%~20%之间概率为54%~66%,〉30%概率在11%~14%。应重视自动测墒仪器的校对、订正,为干旱服务提供更科学的基础数据。     

LQG-1型土壤电阻率远程自动测量装置研制

为了解决传统的野外土壤电阻率测量仪器设备未实现无人状态下土壤电阻率远程自动监测的技术难题,在4105A接地电阻测量表基础上,自主研发了土壤电阻率远程自动测量装置。详细阐述了该装置的测量原理、系统组成、工作流程、硬件软件研发思路。对该装置1年的野外试验研究表明：该装置运行稳定,数据质量可靠,解决了土壤电阻率的长期、连续、稳定、自动测量的技术难题,是一种结构简单、使用方便、重量轻、便于野外土壤电阻率长期、连续、稳定的远程自动测量装置。     

北京地区冻土时空分布特征

基于1981—2021年北京地区6个气象站的逐日最大冻土深度、平均气温、平均地表温度及5、10、15、20、40、80 cm地温等资料，分析了近40年北京地区最大冻土深度的时空分布特征及其与气温和地温的关系。结果表明：北京地区最大冻土深度总体呈变浅趋势，气候倾向率为-2.3 cm/10 a，各站点最大冻土深度变浅趋势从西到东呈逐渐减弱趋势。北京地区最大冻土深度与40、80 cm地温相关性最好，与地表温度相关性较差。选取2021至2022年北京地区冻土对比试验数据，评估测温式冻土自动观测仪观测精度，发现仪器安装至少一个冻融周期后与冻土人工观测吻合度更好，测温式冻土自动观测仪的观测精度与仪器安装位置的地下岩层、土质分布密切相关，需要在仪器稳定运行后根据当地实际优化算法和冻融阈值。     

云量定量测算

现行云量观测各种误差较大，本文提出了天空（即天空视野）为半球形，把无法器测的云量转换成可以器测的云块视高度和视宽度角的测量，利用数学方法定量计算云量，以减小观测误差，提高观测精度。     

Measuring income and projecting energy use

Energy is a key requirement for a healthy, productive life and a major driver of the emissions leading to an increasingly warm planet. The implications of a doubling and redoubling of per capita incomes over the remainder of this century for energy use are a critical input into understanding the magnitude of the carbon management problem. A substantial controversy about how the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) measured income and the potential implications of how income was measured for long term levels of energy use is revisited again in the McKibbin, Pearce and Stegman article appearing elsewhere in this issue. The recent release of a new set of purchasing power estimates of national income, and the preparations for creating new scenarios to support the IPCC’s fifth assessment highlight the importance of the issues which have arisen surrounding income and energy use. Comparing the 1993 and 2005 ICP results on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) based measures of income reveals that not only do the 2005 ICP estimates share the same issue of common growth rates for real income as measured by PPP and US $, but the lack of coherence in the estimates of PPP incomes, especially for developing countries raises yet another obstacle to resolving the best way to measure income. Further, the common use of an income term to mediate energy demand (as in the Kaya identity) obscures an underlying reality about per capita energy demands, leading to unreasonable estimates of the impact of changing income measures and of the recent high GDP growth rates in India and China. Significant new research is required to create both a reasonable set of GDP growth rates and long term levels of energy use.     

Measuring Vertical Heat Flux with RASS

Summary A wind‐profiling Doppler radar equipped with a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) may be used to estimate the vertical profile of the vertical flux of heat in the atmosphere. Simultaneous measurements of the time‐varying temperature and vertical air velocity are combined to give the convective heat flux using the eddy‐correlation method. The accuracy of the estimates depends on the fundamental accuracy of the temperature and vertical velocity measurements. Also, in common with all eddy‐correlation methods, uncertainties are introduced by the need to define a suitable averaging time and to remove trends. A problem unique to RASS is the possible presence of ground and intermittent clutter at close ranges, which can cause errors in the vertical air velocity measurements. These considerations are discussed with particular reference to observations using a UHF radar wind profiler situated in an urban environment, where clutter is a serious problem. A Rank‐Order Signal Processing Algorithm (ROSPA) for recognizing and eliminating outliers in the vertical velocity, is introduced. It is explained how ROSPA uses both a minimum filter and a median filter on the velocity data. It is shown, using a comparison with nearly clutter free data from a rural site, that the filtering substantially improves the quality of the noisy urban data. The paper then compares RASS‐measured urban and rural heat flux profiles, along with the heat flux profile measured by an instrumented airplane. It is concluded that the main obstacles to RASS heat flux measurements are the effects of winds and turbulence in the boundary layer, rather than clutter. Received September 24, 1998 Revised January 27, 1999     

Evaluating the Capabilities of Soil Enthalpy,Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature in Predicting Seasonal Precipitation

Soil enthalpy(H) contains the combined effects of both soil moisture(w) and soil temperature(T) in the land surface hydrothermal process. In this study, the sensitivities of H to w and T are investigated using the multi-linear regression method.Results indicate that T generally makes positive contributions to H, while w exhibits different(positive or negative) impacts due to soil ice effects. For example, w negatively contributes to H if soil contains more ice; however, after soil ice melts,w exerts positive contributions. In particular, due to lower w interannual variabilities in the deep soil layer(i.e., the fifth layer), H is more sensitive to T than to w. Moreover, to compare the potential capabilities of H, w and T in precipitation(P) prediction, the Huanghe–Huaihe Basin(HHB) and Southeast China(SEC), with similar sensitivities of H to w and T,are selected. Analyses show that, despite similar spatial distributions of H–P and T –P correlation coefficients, the former values are always higher than the latter ones. Furthermore, H provides the most effective signals for P prediction over HHB and SEC, i.e., a significant leading correlation between May H and early summer(June) P. In summary, H, which integrates the effects of T and w as an independent variable, has greater capabilities in monitoring land surface heating and improving seasonal P prediction relative to individual land surface factors(e.g., T and w).     

风廓线雷达测量性能分析

从雷达探测理论出发,结合工作实践,从理论上计算了对流层风廓线雷达的探测高度范围、时空分辨率和测量误差,对数据获取率等方面的测量性能进行了分析.结果表明:通过对风廓线雷达的工作波形和工作模式进行恰当设计,对流层风廓线雷达的测量性能可以达到:最大探测高度12 km以上,最小探测高度150 m,高度分辨率75 m,时间分辨率...     

数字式雹雨分测仪的研制

重点介绍了数字式雹雨分测仪的工作原理:通过过滤的方式成功将冰雹和雨滴分离,再利用阿基米德定律测算出降雹量。该仪器充分利用了雨量测量、GPRS数据传输、太阳能供电等先进技术,具有全自动、数字化特点及良好的组网能力。经实际野外试验观测表明,该仪器性能稳定,使用便捷。通过野外试验观测数据分析,数字式雹雨分测仪观测的雨量与其他仪器观测的雨量相比,误差在可接受范围内。由于该仪器能够实时观测到降雹量,为冰雹的观测研究提供了仪器支持。