伊犁河谷流域积雪分布及其变化分析

针对积雪分布变化的检测对区域冰雪资源的合理利用及灾害防治至关重要的问题,该文基于MODIS10A2积雪数据对研究区进行分带提取,采取趋势分析法、相关性分析法,分析不同海拔高度积雪年内年际变化特征以及分布变化原因。结果表明:积雪覆盖的垂直分布呈不同的季节性模式,其中高程C(2 200～3 200 m)是对积雪垂直分布影响最显著的区域;从各月积雪垂直分布和地表温度之间的回归分析来看,5和9月的相关性最为显著;12—2月(冬季)的相关性较差;积雪覆盖年际变化和地表温度的负相关性在高程A～D区比较显著;积雪日数长期变化在不同海拔有明显的差异,海拔≥2 000 m和≤1 000 m区域多年平均积雪日数呈减少趋势,海拔为1 200～1 800 m区域呈增加趋势。     

利用卫星测高监测高邮湖水位变化

以高邮湖为例,利用Jason-1测高卫星6年(2003—2009年)和Jason-2测高卫星3年(2009—2012年)的GDR数据,经过数据编辑和地球物理改正,通过分析高邮湖水位变化的时间序列,得出高邮湖水位的下降趋势;通过分析水位变化的周期,得出高邮湖水位变化的周期为1.5年。结果表明利用卫星测高对内陆湖泊水位变化进行监测具有一定的可行性。     

论高精度卫星重力场模型和厘米级区域大地水准面的确定及水文学时变重力效应

阐述了联全新一代卫星重力测量数据、卫星测高数据及全球陆地重力数据确定高精度180阶全球重力场模型、以全球重力场模型为框架参考场、利用我国地面重力数据、GPS水准资料、数值高程模型和地形密度信息确定高分辨率cm级区域大地水准面的思想。指出了一个重点发展方向:利用GRACE卫星每30天的重力位模型分析时变重力场,联系合卫星测高同时相平均海面以及水文、气候和海洋模型,分析我国黄河流域和海洋地区水储量分布和海流季节性变化,并解释与气候要素变化的相关性。     

中国南海及东海近海测高海平面变化监测与预测

卫星测高在开阔海域的回波信号符合Brown模型,其测距和求得的海面高精度较高。由于受多种因素的影响,在非开阔海域(如中国近海、南极海域等)求得的海面高精度偏低,限制了测高在这些区域的应用。本研究从波形理论出发,在系统分析不同类型反射面的波形重构算法基础上提出了基于波形分类的波形重构数据处理流程,探讨了适合不同反射面的波形重构算法;分别对南极Amery冰架近海、中国近海Envisat测高波形数据进行了重构处理;利用重构后的测高海平面变化数据,分析了中国近海海平面变化上升速率与周期特性;构建了神经网络模型对中国近海海域未来10~15年的海平面变化非线性趋势进行了预测。     

基于多源数据的全球比容海平面变化研究

利用2005—2009年共60个月的卫星测高、GRACE数据计算全球66°S~66°N比容海平面变化,同时利用Argo数据计算得到该区域的比容海平面变化,结果可知比容海平面具有明显的周年变化。比较不同方法得到的比容海平面变化发现二者在整体趋势上较为一致,但局部也存在着差异。联合卫星测高、GRACE和利用Argo数据得到2005—2009年比容海平面变化振幅分别为10.5 mm和4.3 mm,长期变化趋势分别为1.63 mm/a和0.32mm/a。     

卫星测高在陆地湖泊水位变化监测中的应用

本文以呼伦湖为例,利用TOPEX/Poseidon测高卫星(1993～2002年)的GDR和WDR数据以及Jason-1(2002～2005年)的GDR数据对湖泊水位变化进行研究,得到湖泊水位异常的变化趋势。通过利用小波分析的方法对卫星测高获得的湖水位异常时间序列分析,得出了呼伦湖的水位年际变化周期,证明了利用卫星测高进行卫星测高监测湖泊水位变化的可行性。     

联合卫星测高、GRACE与温盐数据分析红海海平面变化季节性特征

本文利用卫星测高、GRACE与温盐数据监测2003-2014年红海海平面变化,并分析了蒸发降水以及亚丁湾-红海质量交换对红海质量变化的影响。红海地区单一的温盐数据存在覆盖不全或质量不佳的问题,综合CORA、SODA与ORAS4温盐数据估算结果得到平均比容海平面变化,以改善比容信号的精度。针对GRACE数据处理过程中截断与空间平滑滤波引起的泄漏误差,提出改进尺度因子纠正泄漏误差,利用卫星测高数据进行模拟实验验证了改进尺度因子的有效性。利用传统尺度因子和改进尺度因子反演的红海质量变化周年振幅分别为16.1±1.3 cm和20.5±1.7 cm,利用卫星测高和温盐数据估算的质量变化周年振幅为20.2±1.0 cm,表明改进尺度因子可有效减小泄漏误差的影响,改善GRACE模型反演红海质量变化的精度。卫星测高、GRACE卫星重力数据以及平均温盐数据具有较好的一致性,联合GRACE和温盐数据估算的红海综合海平面变化周年振幅为16.6±1.7 cm,与卫星测高估算的总海平面变化周年振幅(16.2±0.9 cm)基本一致,表明多源数据可构成完整的红海海平面监测手段。相比于降水-蒸发作用,红海质量变化受红海与亚丁湾的海水质量交换的影响更为显著,其主导了红海质量的季节性变化。     

联合Argo浮标、卫星测高和GRACE数据研究海平面变化

卫星测高、GRACE、Argo等数据为监测海平面变化提供了丰富的观测数据,利用Argo数据计算的比容海平面变化,可以更加深入地理解卫星测高以及卫星重力获得的海平面变化。利用2004年1月至2010年12月间Argo浮标采集的温度和盐度数据,通过数值积分方法计算了65°S~65°N间的比容海平面异常,并通过最小二乘拟合得到比容海平面变化的长期趋势为0.63±0.45 mm/a,与Llovel得到的结果吻合较好。利用卫星测高数据得到该时间段内海平面变化趋势为2.52±0.71 mm/a,GRACE反演得到的海水质量变化引起的海平面趋势为1.84±0.13mm/a,结果表明海水质量变化成为引起海平面变化的主要因素。最后对联合卫星测高、GRACE得到比容海平面变化与相应Argo浮标数据计算结果的空间分布特征进行了比较。     

利用卫星重力、卫星测高与温盐数据分析红海质量变化

利用卫星重力、卫星测高与温盐数据监测红海2003—2014年质量变化,结果表明,红海质量变化主要受季节性信号影响,周年信号显著且分布较为均匀,半周年信号较弱且易受数据误差影响。GSFCM与测高-比容估算的季节性信号基本一致,表明卫星重力数据能够有效监测红海质量变化。由于尺度因子偏小导致外泄漏改正     

卫星测高推求的中国近海与全球海平面变化的趋势及小波相关分析

基于多种卫星测高资料融合海面高数据对黄海、东海、南海和全球海平面异常在1993年至2005年期间的变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:黄海、东海、南海线性趋势分别为5.05mm/a,4.8mm/a,4.27mm/a,均大于全球平均趋势项2.66mm/a,各海域的周期振幅和相位变化也存在较大差异。近海各海域与全球的海平面异常的小波交叉谱和相关谱分析表明,近海各海域与全球海平面异常变化在年际周期上具有较高的谱能,但相位差异较大,短周期相关性不明显。     

等角圆锥投影基准纬度非迭代算法

为简化传统正轴等角圆锥投影求解基准纬度时繁琐的迭代算法,引入平均纬度和平均纬差的概念,借助计算机代数系统Mathematica,在平均纬差处级数展开,导出了基于球体模型的正轴等角圆锥投影求解基准纬度的非迭代算法。以全国和不同纬差的省区为例,将其与传统椭球迭代算法进行对比分析。结果表明,推导的基于球体模型的非迭代公式计算基准纬度B0、B1、B2的相对误差最大值为2.011%,长度变形的相对误差小于1×10-6,基本可满足全国以及各省区地图制图的精度要求,从而验证了所研究算法的精确性与实用性。     

Optimal design of broadcast ephemeris parameters for a navigation satellite system

Computation of broadcast ephemerides is a fundamental task in satellite navigation and positioning. The GPS constellation is composed of medium-earth-orbit (MEO) satellites, and therefore can employ a uniform parameter set to produce broadcast ephemerides. However, other navigation satellite systems such as Compass and IRNSS may include a mixture of inclined-geosynchronous-orbit (IGSO), geostationary-earth-orbit (GEO) and MEO satellites, requiring different parameter sets for each type of orbit. We analyze the variational characteristics of satellite ephemerides with respect to orbital elements; then present a method to design an optimal parameter set for broadcast ephemerides, and derive the parameter sets for IGSO, GEO, and MEO satellites. The computational complexities of the user algorithms for the optimal parameter sets are equivalent to that of the standard GPS user algorithm. Simulation and statistical analyses indicate that the optimal parameter set is $ \left\{ {\sqrt {A_{0} } ,e_{0} ,i_{0} ,\Upomega_{0} ,M_{0} ,\omega_{0} ,\dot{\Upomega },\dot{u},\dot{i},C_{\Upomega c3} ,C_{\Upomega s3} ,C_{uc2} ,C_{us2} ,C_{rc2} ,C_{rs2} } \right\} $ for IGSO and GEO satellites, and $ \left\{ {\sqrt {A_{0} } ,e_{0} ,i_{0} ,\Upomega_{0} ,M_{0} ,\omega_{0} ,\dot{\Upomega },\dot{u},\dot{i},C_{uc2} ,C_{us2} ,C_{rc2} ,C_{rs2} ,C_{ic2} ,C_{is2} } \right\} $ for MEO satellites.     

格陵兰地区GLASS反照率产品质量评价及反照率变化趋势分析

冰雪反照率是影响和评估全球气候变化的重要因子。北极格陵兰岛拥有世界第二大冰盖,定量获取该地区反照率是研究北半球能量收支变化的关键。全球陆表卫星(global land surface satellite,GLASS)产品系统生产的反照率产品是目前国际上时间序列最长（1981—2017年）的全球反照率产品。利用格陵兰气候观测网络(Greenland climate network, GC-Net)与格陵兰冰架监测计划(programme for monitoring of the Greenland ice sheet, PROMICE)网络观测的反照率数据,评估了格陵兰地区GLASS地表反照率产品的精度;并基于2000—2017年的GLASS地表反照率产品,分析了格陵兰地区7月份反照率的年际变化趋势与空间分布特征。结果表明：GLASS与GC-Net反照率的均方根误差(root mean squared error, RMSE)为0.077 8(决定系数R2=0.490 7),与PROMICE反照率差异的RMSE为0.078 6(R2=0.899 9),GLASS产品的反照率数值呈现一定...     

附有相对权比的PEIV模型总体最小二乘平差

针对观测向量和系数矩阵权分配不合理、验前随机模型不准确的情况,以部分误差变量（partial errors-in-variables,PEIV）模型为基础,推导了附有相对权比的总体最小二乘平差算法;通过在平差准则中加入相对权比,自适应调整观测向量和系数矩阵随机元素对模型参数估计的贡献,给出了确定相对权比的验前单位权方差法和判别函数最小化迭代算法,该算法普遍适用于一般性的系数矩阵和权矩阵。通过直线拟合和坐标转换模拟算例的比较分析,发现当观测值和系数矩阵的验前单位权方差已知,且较准确时,验前单位权方差法确定相对权比和参数估计的效果较好;而以${{\overline{\mathit{{\mathit{\Phi}}}}}_{1}}\left( \hat{\varepsilon },{{{\hat{\varepsilon }}}_{a}} \right)={{\hat{\varepsilon }}^{\text{T}}}\hat{\varepsilon }+\hat{\varepsilon }_{a}^{\text{T}}{{\hat{\varepsilon }}_{a}} $作为判别函数是判别函数最小化迭代算法中效果最好的。     

Contemporary deformation in the Kashmir–Himachal,Garhwal and Kumaon Himalaya: significant insights from 1995–2008 GPS time series

We present new insights on the time-averaged surface velocities, convergence and extension rates along arc-normal transects in Kumaon, Garhwal and Kashmir–Himachal regions in the Indian Himalaya from 13 years of high-precision Global Positioning System (GPS) time series (1995–2008) derived from GPS data at 14 GPS permanent and 42 campaign stations between $29.5{-}35^{\circ }\hbox {N}$ and $76{-}81^{\circ }\hbox {E}$ . The GPS surface horizontal velocities vary significantly from the Higher to Lesser Himalaya and are of the order of 30 to 48 mm/year NE in ITRF 2005 reference frame, and 17 to 2 mm/year SW in an India fixed reference frame indicating that this region is accommodating less than 2 cm/year of the India–Eurasia plate motion ( ${\sim }4~\hbox {cm/year}$ ). The total arc-normal shortening varies between ${\sim }10{-}14~\hbox {mm/year}$ along the different transects of the northwest Himalayan wedge, between the Indo-Tsangpo suture to the north and the Indo-Gangetic foreland to the south indicating high strain accumulation in the Himalayan wedge. This convergence is being accommodated differentially along the arc-normal transects; ${\sim } 5{-}10~\hbox {mm/year}$ in Lesser Himalaya and 3–4 mm/year in Higher Himalaya south of South Tibetan Detachment. Most of the convergence in the Lesser Himalaya of Garhwal and Kumaon is being accommodated just south of the Main Central Thrust fault trace, indicating high strain accumulation in this region which is also consistent with the high seismic activity in this region. In addition, for the first time an arc-normal extension of ${\sim }6~\hbox {mm/year}$ has also been observed in the Tethyan Himalaya of Kumaon. Inverse modeling of GPS-derived surface deformation rates in Garhwal and Kumaon Himalaya using a single dislocation indicate that the Main Himalayan Thrust is locked from the surface to a depth of ${\sim }15{-}20~\hbox {km}$ over a width of 110 km with associated slip rate of ${\sim }16{-}18~\hbox {mm/year}$ . These results indicate that the arc-normal rates in the Northwest Himalaya have a complex deformation pattern involving both convergence and extension, and rigorous seismo-tectonic models in the Himalaya are necessary to account for this pattern. In addition, the results also gave an estimate of co-seismic and post-seismic motion associated with the 1999 Chamoli earthquake, which is modeled to derive the slip and geometry of the rupture plane.     

武汉九峰地震台重力变化与地壳垂直形变分析

长期的重力变化和地壳形变观测是研究地下物质运动的重要手段。基于武汉九峰地震台2013—2020年的绝对重力和全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）观测数据,计算了长期的重力与地壳垂直形变的变化趋势,并以1年、2年和3年的时间间隔分段,进行线性趋势拟合,分别获得不同时间段的绝对重力年变化率、地壳垂直形变速率以及对应的比值。研究结果表明,武汉九峰地震台长期的重力年变化率为0.479 9 μGal/a,地壳垂直形变速率为-1.2 mm/a, 两者的比值为-0.399 9 μGal/mm,与理论值存在一定的偏差,可能与该区域的地下水活动有关。将不同时间段的重力变化与地壳垂直形变的数据展布在一张图中,发现数据点离散分布在不同区域,由此可初步判断地下物质运动过程,为区域动力学机制解释提供参考。     

不同反射天线覆盖和安装条件下星载GNSS?R关键参数的仿真分析

以风云三号（Fengyun 3, FY3）E星（FY3E）全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)掩星探测仪Ⅱ型(the Ⅱ generation of GNSS occultation sounder, GNOSⅡ)的星载GNSS的反射信号(GNSS reflectometry, GNSS-R)遥感场景为例,使用GNSS-R端到端性能模拟器软件,在不同反射天线覆盖（即不同天线波束宽度）和不同安装条件（包括安装天线法向不同的倾斜角度和倾斜方向）下,对可观测镜面反射点(specular point, SP)平均数量、SP最大数量、平均路径损耗、近地轨道(low Earth orbit, LEO)处反射信号入射角和SP处反射信号反射角等物理参量进行了仿真模拟,分析了各GNSS-R仿真参量与天线倾斜角度、倾斜方向和波束宽度之间的数值变化关系;并结合雪花图方法,进行了整体视角的分析。结果表明,天线波束宽度对各仿真参量的影响最大,倾斜角度次之,倾斜方向的影响最小,且天线波束宽度与SP数量成正比,与能量损耗成反比,天线设计需考虑各影响因素的平衡。     

Confirming regional 1 cm differential geoid accuracy from airborne gravimetry: the Geoid Slope Validation Survey of 2011

A terrestrial survey, called the Geoid Slope Validation Survey of 2011 (GSVS11), encompassing leveling, GPS, astrogeodetic deflections of the vertical (DOV) and surface gravity was performed in the United States. The general purpose of that survey was to evaluate the current accuracy of gravimetric geoid models, and also to determine the impact of introducing new airborne gravity data from the ‘Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum’ (GRAV-D) project. More specifically, the GSVS11 survey was performed to determine whether or not the GRAV-D airborne gravimetry, flown at 11 km altitude, can reduce differential geoid error to below 1 cm in a low, flat gravimetrically uncomplicated region. GSVS11 comprises a 325 km traverse from Austin to Rockport in Southern Texas, and includes 218 GPS stations ( $\sigma _{\Delta h }= 0.4$ cm over any distance from 0.4 to 325 km) co-located with first-order spirit leveled orthometric heights ( $\sigma _{\Delta H }= 1.3$ cm end-to-end), including new surface gravimetry, and 216 astronomically determined vertical deflections $(\sigma _{\mathrm{DOV}}= 0.1^{\prime \prime })$ . The terrestrial survey data were compared in various ways to specific geoid models, including analysis of RMS residuals between all pairs of points on the line, direct comparison of DOVs to geoid slopes, and a harmonic analysis of the differences between the terrestrial data and various geoid models. These comparisons of the terrestrial survey data with specific geoid models showed conclusively that, in this type of region (low, flat) the geoid models computed using existing terrestrial gravity, combined with digital elevation models (DEMs) and GRACE and GOCE data, differential geoid accuracy of 1 to 3 cm (1 $\sigma )$ over distances from 0.4 to 325 km were currently being achieved. However, the addition of a contemporaneous airborne gravity data set, flown at 11 km altitude, brought the estimated differential geoid accuracy down to 1 cm over nearly all distances from 0.4 to 325 km.     

The integral formulas of the associated Legendre functions

A new kind of integral formulas for ${\bar{P}_{n,m} (x)}$ is derived from the addition theorem about the Legendre Functions when n ? m is an even number. Based on the newly introduced integral formulas, the fully normalized associated Legendre functions can be directly computed without using any recursion methods that currently are often used in the computations. In addition, some arithmetic examples are computed with the increasing degree recursion and the integral methods introduced in the paper respectively, in order to compare the precisions and run-times of these two methods in computing the fully normalized associated Legendre functions. The results indicate that the precisions of the integral methods are almost consistent for variant x in computing ${\bar{P}_{n,m} (x)}$ , i.e., the precisions are independent of the choice of x on the interval [0,1]. In contrast, the precisions of the increasing degree recursion change with different values on the interval [0,1], particularly, when x tends to 1, the errors of computing ${\bar{P}_{n,m} (x)}$ by the increasing degree recursion become unacceptable when the degree becomes larger and larger. On the other hand, the integral methods cost more run-time than the increasing degree recursion. Hence, it is suggested that combinations of the integral method and the increasing degree recursion can be adopted, that is, the integral methods can be used as a replacement for the recursive initials when the recursion method become divergent.     

泸定Ms 6.8地震对海螺沟冰川的影响应急分析

2022-09-05四川省甘孜州泸定县发生Ms 6.8地震,震中距离海螺沟冰川约10 km,海螺沟冰川受此次地震影响如何,受到社会广泛关切。利用多时相Landsat 8和Sentinel-2光学卫星影像,基于归一化雪覆盖指数对海螺沟冰川面积进行监测,并利用Sentinel-1雷达卫星影像,基于像素偏移追踪技术对海螺沟地震前和震中位移进行监测。结果表明,2016―2022年海螺沟冰川8月份面积呈波动变化趋势,与日平均最高气温具有负相关性,冰川运动速度与地形坡度和日平均最高气温具有正相关性。泸定地震未造成海螺沟冰川运动速度大范围显著增大,但对冰瀑布前缘区域扰动明显。震后冰崩直接致灾可能性较小,但增加了泥石流致灾风险。