湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征

根据1984年湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的分析资料,讨论了它们的地球化学特征和主要来源。沉积物中重金属的含量(Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni 的质量分数均值分别为3.21%、730×10~(-6)、19.4×10~(-6)、44×10~(-6)分布比较均匀,Pb、Zn 和Co 含量(质量分数均值分别为47.0×10~(-6)、25.8×10~(-6)和243×10~(-6))偏高,微量金属含量不受Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机物控制,本地区的金属来源受陆源输入的影响明显。     

Distribution and sources of heavy metals in the sediment of Xiangshan Bay

Heavy metals in the surface sediments and sediment core from the Xiangshan Bay, a mariculture base on the coast of the East China Sea, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP–MS) in order to evaluate their levels and sources. The results showed that the levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr in the sediments of the bay have been generally influenced by anthropogenic inputs since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In particular, Cu and Zn were polluted to some extent, as evidenced by high enrichment factors. Organic matter, grain size, wastewater discharge, and low energy hydrodynamic environment played dominant roles in the heavy metal enrichment in the sediments. The ratio of terrigenous source to marine biogenic deposit of trace metals in the sediments was calculated, revealing that terrigenous inputs were the main source of Cu, Pb, and Zn, while biological pellets contributed much more to the enrichment of Cr and Cd. Considering the influence of biological sources on the enrichment of Cd and Cr, and the fact that the sediment has been polluted by Cu and Zn, the development of mariculture and discharge of wastewater into the Bay should be restricted.     

福建罗源湾海区表层沉积物重金属的含量与分布

根据2005年11月对罗源湾海域的环境调查资料,着重分析了表层沉积物重金属的含量以及分布,并与福建省内各主要港湾的沉积物重金属含量进行对比.结果表明:沉积物中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr(总铬)的含量均小于<海洋沉积物质量>一类评价标准的含量,质量状况良好;罗源湾的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr平均含量与其它海域相应的重金属含量比较,含量水平无明显差异;湾内水域的沉积物重金属含量大于湾口水域,湾内近岸水域的沉积物重金属含量大于中心水域.罗源湾沉积物未受到重金属的污染.     

Speciation, distribution, and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Xiamen Bay surface sediment

Based on the survey of surface sediment in Xiamen Bay in October 2011, the speciation, distribution, and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr） in this area were studied us-ing the sequential extraction method and ecological risk assessment method. The results indicated：（1） the total concentrations of these heavy metals were influenced by runoff, industrial wastewater, and sewage, and were all higher in the coastal area than the offshore area while the highest area of Pb was a little far-ther away from the coastal water due to atmosphere deposition;（2） sequential extractions suggested that Cu was mainly composed with residual and Fe/Mn-oxide bound fractions, Pb was bound to Fe/Mn-oxide, Zn and Cr were dominated by residual, and Cd bound to exchangeable and carbonate fractions; （3） the order of migration and transformation sequence was Cd＆gt;Pb＆gt;Cu＆gt;Zn＆gt;Cr and the degree of pollution was Cd＆gt;Pb＆gt;Cu＆gt;Zn＆gt;Cr;and （4） the ratios of the secondary and primary phases showed that Zn and Cr were both clean, Cu may be polluted, Pb was moderately polluted, while Cd was heavily polluted.     

九龙江河口沉积物重金属污染评价

选择九龙江河口水域的沉积物为对象,以地质累计指数法、生态危害指数法对该水域沉积物重金属的污染程度及潜在生态危害进行评价,并利用主成分分析法分析其可能的来源。地质累积指数结果表明,九龙江河口水域沉积物中Zn、Cr均属无污染,大部分站位的Cu、Pb、Hg、As为无污染或轻度污染,大部分站位的Cd则为轻度或中度污染：生态危害...     

胶州湾李村河口沉积物中重金属分布特征及其控制因素

对胶州湾李村河口4个站点沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)以及同步提取金属元素(SEM,包括Cu,Cd,Ni,Pb和Zn)的含量进行测定,以研究重金属元素在河口海湾沉积物中的分布特征及影响其分布的因素。结果表明,J1站表层沉积物中同步提取金属含量高于其它站点;除J1站外其他站点的同步提取金属的总量随沉积物深度变化范围不大;J1站的SEM/AVS比值始终小于1,其他站点SEM/AVS比值只在沉积物浅表层大于1。此外,AVS和同步提取Fe的含量对沉积物中同步提取金属的分布有着重要影响,其他的因素如有机质的含量等也会对沉积物中同步提取金属的分布产生影响。     

海南花场湾表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

对海南省花场湾内表层沉积物中重金属的含量进行测定,探讨其分布特征、相关性及潜在生态危害程度.含量测定结果表明,花场湾表层沉积物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的含量范围分别为8.41~51.45、5.96~30.73、16.87~99.15、18.60~57.80、0.12~0.76、0.020~0.073、6.02~17.56 mg/kg,均值分别为28.19、18.35、50.48、35.75、0.32、0.05、12.71 mg/kg.相关性分析结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg、Cr及Cd具有相同污染源,主要受养殖影响;此外,Cu、As、Hg受潮汐影响较大,Pb与Zn受渔船及潮汐影响较大,Cd与Cr受沿岸虾塘影响较大.重金属潜在生态危害评价结果表明,研究区以中等生态危害为主,其次为强生态危害与轻微生态危害,多种重金属潜在生态危害指数(RI)高值基本位于花场湾潟湖中心.单金属潜在危害系数程度较高的是Cd与Hg,潜在生态风险大小依次为:CdHgAsCuPbCrZn.     

粤东青澳湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布特征和污染评价

测定了粤东青澳湾表层沉积物的7种重金属和总有机质的含量,分析了其分布特征及彼此之间的相关性,并运用海洋沉积物质量标准、富集系数和生态危害指数等方法对重金属的污染进行了综合评价.结果表明,该海域各重金属元素含量的平均值分别为:Cu(34.51 mg/kg)、Pb(41.89mg/kg)、Cd(0.11 mg/kg)、Zn(80.21 mg/kg)、Hg(0.039 mg/kg)、As(15.61 mg/kg)、Cr(29.41mg/kg).所有元素(Cu除外)都未超过《海洋沉积物质量》一类标准,且所有元素都远低于美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)提出的中值区间效应值(ERM),这表明本海域生态风险很小.整个海域各重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序:Pb>Cu>As>Zn>Cr>Cd>Hg,表现出主要以Pb(1.68)和Cu(1.15)为主的富集.各重金属元素生态风险大小顺序:As>Pb>Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr,而且所有站点重金属的危害综合指数RI都远低于轻微级别(150),没有表现出潜在生态危害.     

Toxicity assessment of sediment cores from Santa Monica Bay,California

During the summer of 1997, sediment core samples were taken at 25 stations in Santa Monica Bay. Toxicity testing was performed on 4-cm sections of the entire length of each core using purple sea urchin fertilization and amphipod survival tests. The sea urchin test identified sections as being toxic at six stations, all located near current or former Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) wastewater outfall locations. The amphipod test identified sections from 17 stations as having toxic sediments. The stations having toxic sediments were scattered throughout the bay and toxicity was identified at numerous core depths. Spatial and temporal patterns indicated that toxicity was most strongly associated with the historical disposal of municipal wastewater sludge. Many of the sections toxic to the amphipods did not have chemical levels expected to cause toxicity and were in locations where a source of toxicity was not apparent.     

The source of heavy metals and its indication to the sediment transfer in the Hangzhou Bay

-Suspended matters are important carriers of heavy metals in the hydrocycle.In this paper, the field investigation , lab. experiment and "corresponding analysis" were made to study sources of the heavy metals and the transfer of suspended matters from the Hangzhou Bay.This conclusion shows that the contents of heavy metals in this area are the natural background values ; the distributions of heavy metals are controlled by the plume front.     

Partitioning of heavy metals into mineral and organic fractions in a sediment core sample from Osaka Bay

Partitioning of copper, zinc, iron and manganese into oxide, sulfide, organic and silicate fractions has been determined with a selective chemical leaching technique on sediment samples from a core collected in Osaka Bay. The samples have been dated by the²¹⁰Pb method. Most of the copper and zinc in the polluted surface sediment layer are contained in both oxide and sulfide fractions. This suggests that the transformation of oxides and hydroxides to sulfides under anoxic conditions within the sediment is significant for the fixation of copper and zinc discharged through human activities into the sediment. Manganese is apparently enriched in oxide and hydroxide fractions of the surface layer due to the post-depositional migration of manganese within the sediment. The copper, zinc and manganese contents of the 30 % H₂O₂ soluble fraction (mostly organic fraction) decrease with depth in the sediment core, and correlate significantly with the organic carbon content. The heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) contents of the silicate fraction, without exchangeable sites, are almost constant with depth.     

粤东柘林湾柱状沉积物中氮、磷的垂直分布

对柘林湾代表性水区柱状样沉积物中不同形态氮、磷的含量进行了分析,研究了其垂直分布规律及其历史演变趋势。研究结果显示,除湾西北三百门(S2站)和湾中央大规模网箱渔排养殖区中心(S6站)外,其余各测站柱状沉积物中的有机氮(TOM)、凯氏氮(TKN)及各形态磷含量基本呈现"沉降-降解-堆积"三阶段的分布特征,反映了成岩作用的结果。S2、S6测站柱状沉积物中的多项氮磷指标,在表层10 cm以深不降反升与这两测站的高污染压力和弱水体交换能力导致的污染物快速堆积有关。底栖动物对沉积物垂直方向的扰动可能是各氮磷指标在沉降和降解阶段产生波动变化的重要原因之一,但生物扰动对NH4 的垂直变化影响最大。自生磷(Au-P)与有机磷(OP)在表层以下随深度呈一定的镜像关系,与Au-P和OP在成岩过程中的相互转化有关。Au-P随深度的变化幅度比OP的大,表明磷在Au-P和OP之间的转移并不是磷再分配的唯一途径,其它形态的磷也可能参与磷的再分配,而两者在表层不呈镜像关系主要与微生物对两者的降解有关。     

Relationships between sediment contamination and toxicity in San Francisco Bay

Sediment contamination and toxicity were monitored at 14 sites in San Francisco Bay between 1991 and 1996. Sediment contamination patterns were different in the major reaches of the Bay, and at each site. Several contaminants were consistently above concentrations previously associated with toxicity at most sites. Bulk sediment bioassays using the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius and sediment elutriate bioassays using larval bivalves (Mytilus spp., Crassostrea gigas) also indicated different patterns of sediment toxicity in space and time. Sediments were most toxic to the amphipods at Redwood Creek (90% of the tests), and were toxic in at least half the tests conducted at five other sites. Sediment elutriates severely reduced normal bivalve larval development at the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in all samples, but toxicity occurred in less than a third of the tests in the Central and South Bays. Toxicity could not be statistically related to seasonal freshwater flow or rainfall in the Bay, but seasonal variation in contaminant concentrations and toxicity was observed. Amphipod toxicity was inversely and significantly related to the mean effects range-median quotient, suggesting that cumulative concentrations of several contaminants were related to toxicity. Further analysis identified suites of specific contaminants at each site that were variably related to amphipod toxicity at each site. Chlordanes, cadmium, and silver were significantly related to amphipod survival in the North Bay. Seasonal patterns in low, and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were related to toxicity at Alameda, and metals and PAHs were related to toxicity at Castro Cove. Larval bivalve toxicity was associated with metals in bulk sediments, but elutriate chemistry was not measured, and relationships with toxicity could not be examined. Hypotheses about effective concentrations of several individual contaminants and mixtures of contaminants were posed.     

Distribution and partitioning of trace metals (Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb, Zn) in Galveston Bay waters

The distribution of several trace metals has been studied in the surface waters of Galveston Bay, Texas, in order to assess the impact of complexation with organic and reduced sulfur species on the partitioning of trace metals between particulate and aqueous species. The distribution of trace metals in the filter-passing fraction (<0.45 μm) showed two apparent trends: (1) the carrier phase metals (i.e., Fe and Mn) were largely removed in the Anahuac Channel region, which was dominated by direct Trinity River inputs; (2) the other metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) showed non-conservative mixing behaviour, with mid-salinity maxima, within the estuarine regions of Galveston Bay. The average percentage of metal in the filter-passing fraction, as compared to the total metal load, decreased in that region from 95% to 9% in the order Ni>Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb>Mn>Fe, while an increasing trend was found in the same sequence for the acid-leachable fractions. The average values of K_d1, the particle-water partition coefficient, expressed as the ratio of weak acid-leachable particulate fractions to the filter-passing fractions, increased in the order Ni<Cu<Cd<Zn<Mn<Pb<Fe. This sequence is consistent with the relative importance of particulate transport of these trace metals from estuaries to coastal oceans. The observed decrease of K_d1 of Cu with increasing concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), also called the “particle concentration effect” (PCE), can be eliminated when the free ionic, rather than the total concentration of Cu in the filter-passing fraction is used for calculating this ratio. A particle concentration effect would be expected if the binding of these trace metals by particles is mediated by solution (i.e., filter-passing) phase ligands. Complexation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn with reduced sulfur species could be one of the causes for the observed linear correlations between metals and reduced sulfur species in both the filter-passing and filter-retained fractions. Significant correlations between Cu in the weak acid-leachable fraction and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations suggest biological mediation of Cu uptake into the particulate fraction.     

湛江湾沉积物中酸可挥发性硫和重金属含量分布及重金属生态风险评价

测定了湛江湾海域20个站位表层沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫（AVS）、同步浸提重金属（SEM）、TOC含量和Eh值,对AVS、SEM含量的平面分布及AVS与SEM、TOC含量、Eh值的相互关系进行了分析.结果表明：该海域表层沉积物中AVS含量范围为0.004～0.547μmol/g,平均值为0.155μmol/g,SEM含量范围为2.10～4.27μmol/g,平均值为3.32μmol/g,相对其他海域湛江湾海域沉积物表现出AVS含量较低,SEM含量较高的特征.AVS与SEM含量平面分布较一致,湾顶的含量都较高,含量均值分别为0.361和3.52μmol/g,特呈岛以南到湾口呈逐渐减小的明显趋势.调查海域沉积物AVS与TOC含量呈显著正相关,与Eh值呈显著负相关,说明高有机质含量、低氧化还原电位沉积环境有利于AVS的生成.20个站位CSEM5-CAVS的差值均为0〈（CSEM5-CAVS）〈5,说明该海域可能存在重金属的中等毒性生态风险.     

曼谷湾河口区百年来沉积物重金属变化趋势及污染来源

2015年7月在泰国曼谷湾邦巴功河河口采集了1根1.5m长的沉积物柱样,分析了样品中重金属元素(Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn)含量,进行了粒度和210Pb、137Cs活度测试,使用地累积指数、元素污染指数和潜在生态风险参数对重金属污染情况进行评级, 并结合实际情况对污染来源进行了推断。结果表明：沉积柱状样210Pb、137Cs活度测试结果计算获得的沉积速率约为2.3cm/a,沉积物柱状样记录了1948—2015年的沉积情况。7种重金属元素含量均值分别为0.11、29.60、19.78、44.18、28.99、80.93、99.01 mg/kg。重金属含量较20世纪都有所增长,Cd、Zn、Pb、Cr在整段沉积时间框架内增长明显。元素富集程度顺序为Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co, Cd元素污染程度最为严重,Pb、Cu和Zn为偏中度污染,Cr、Ni和Co为轻度污染。单一重金属生态风险系数Eri评级顺序为Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni＞Co＞Cr＞Zn。其中Cd为很强至极强生态危害,Pb为轻微至中等生态危害。Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb元素没有超出泰国沉积物环境质量基准规定的效应区间低值,Ni超出效应区间低值,但没有超过效应区间中值。重金属元素与Al较差的相关性表明重金属元素主要是非自然来源,Cd、Cu、Zn可能源于金属冶炼和交通,此外, Cd还可能存在其他未知工业污染来源,受人类活动影响较大。Cr可能源于纺织业发展。1990年之后较1990年之前重金属元素之间的相关性更差,指示1990年之后相比1990年之前重金属污染来源更复杂。     

海洋沉积物中多元素分析测定方法

介绍了海洋沉积物消化及多元素分析的测定方法。分析测定过程中 ,应选用国家标准溶液。标准溶液的蒸发次数、加酸量、稀释倍数等对样品测定结果的准确性均有一定影响。消化过程中 ,过多的蒸发次数对微量元素 Cr、V的测定结果有明显影响 ,蒸发的次数越多 ,元素的损失量越大 ,因此 ,为了获得更准确的测定结果 ,应尽可能减少蒸发次数 ,并减少加酸量 ;测定常量元素时 ,样品较大的稀释倍数使获得数据的可靠性增大 ,通常 0 .2 5 g样品应稀释至 5 0m L,0 .5 g样品应稀释至 1 0 0 m L。     

大亚湾表层沉积物中重金属分布特征

为了解大亚湾沉积物中重金属分布及污染状况,于2016年8月对大亚湾海域表层沉积物中重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn和Cu）展开调查,并将获得的各元素含量与粒度、Fe、Mn和总有机碳（TOC）等相关理化要素进行相关性分析。结果表明：大亚湾沉积物中重金属受陆源输入影响较大,含量基本呈现为沿岸高、湾内低的趋势,总体质量较好,基本符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准要求;澳头湾和范和港附近海域人类活动密集,重金属含量较高。通过相关性分析结果发现,大亚湾重金属主要来源为岩石的风化和侵蚀、工业污水排放和渔业养殖等;Cu与铁锰氧化物结合性弱于其他元素,在还原性环境中被沉积物吸附形成金属Cu硫化物可能是喜洲岛附近海域Cu元素含量异常高值的原因;作为湾内有机质主要来源的水生浮游生物的生长状态对Cr、Zn和Pb含量影响较大;Cr、As和Pb与粉砂结合为主,Zn与粘土结合为主。     

Spatial and temporal distributions of nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in the intertidal sediment of the Chang jiang River Estuary in China

Spatial and temporal distributions of nutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) in the intertidal sediments at Dongtan wetland of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary were examined by laying one transect running seaward to landward during January, April, June, August and October of 2005. Total nitrogen (TN) and heavy metal concentrations in the intertidal sediment showed an increasing trend from open bare °at to the high marsh, with the maximum concentrations in the high marsh and the minimum values in open bare °at. In contrast, sediment total phosphorus (TP) concentrations changed little among sampling sites. One-way ANOVA found that there were signiˉcantly temporal variations of nutrients and heavy metals concentrations in the intertidal sediment (P <0.05). The concentrations of heavy metals generally showed an increasing trend from January to October. As compared with other large estuaries, heavy metal contamination in the intertidal sediment of the Changjiang River Estuary was relatively low.     

象山港重金属的环境化学特征

本文根据１９９０年６月和１１月对象山港海域进行的综合环境（水文、生物、化学）调查资料,分析了水体（包括溶解态、颗粒态）和沉积物的重金属（Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ）含量,运用元素的分布规律,探讨了该区的水动力因素、生物地球化学循环和沉积环境对重金属的影响,初步揭示了象山港重金属的环境化学特征。