正常高改正公式的一个注记

对正常高改正式中的重力异常改正项进行了积分置换，将原来主要依赖于沿水准路线的重力异常的公式置换为主要依赖于水准路线两端高程的公式，以更便于使用。同时对这一新的匠精度，特点和应用作了评述。     

BDS卫星端DCB不同表达对单点定位精度的影响

考虑到北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的B1B2,B1B3及B2B3之间硬件延迟(DCB)值存在一个闭合差,分析BDS卫星端DCB改正公式不同表示方法在3种采样率下对定位精度的影响,分别进行了伪距定位和精密定位解算。结果表明,不同采样率的DCB改正后SPP下精度改善在m级,提高10%~80%;动态PPP下精度改善在dm~m级,提高50%~90%。改正公式的不同DCB表示方法对精度影响在cm量级,在SPP中可忽略该误差,动态PPP中建议取DCB改正均值作为最终改正值。     

红外测距折射改正公式的发展与应用

电子测距仪（ＥＤＭｓ）在某一气象条件下所显示的距离值可能与野外条件并不对应。由于测量时的大气条件与参考条件存在着差异，因此所测距离必须经过改正。原始的改正公式经研究发展为包括从紫外幅射到近红外辐射的色散理论。本文按时间顺序论述被测量员和工程师采用的公式的发展与应用问题。     

全站仪气象改正公式及气象元素测量精度对距离的影响

介绍全站仪的气象改正公式,导出一般测量仪器的气象改正公式;根据生产应用,介绍气象改正公式取项不同时对距离值的影响;介绍气象元素的测量精度对距离值精度的影响。     

介绍几种水准折光的试验模式

自从芬兰大地测量学者库传梅奇教授于1938年发表著名折光改正公式以来，各国测量界的一些学者，对该课题进行了多方面的研究，并得出了一些水准折光改正公式。无疑，这些研究成果，都有助于了解和改正水准折光起到重要作用。     

全站仪水平距离的归算及在精密测量中的应用

本文通过对全站仪在对向观测中水平距离互差超限问题的分析,指出在精密测量中由于将斜距归算到水平距离所采用的高程面不同而存在计算公式上的差异;并针对目前市场上仪器内置公式和工程实际应用距离公式的不同,推导出加改正后的计算公式;最后应用所得公式对陕西省引红济石(引红岩河水至石头河)输水隧洞建设工程控制网观测资料进行了改正,指...     

光电测距仪气象改正通用公式的探讨

本文较为详细地阐述了光电测距仪气象改正通用公式的推导过程。该通用公式对于编程人员来说,具有一定的参考价值。     

有限范围的重力层间改正算法

层间改正是重力归算的一项重要内容,传统的平面层层间改正、球面层层间改正与地形改正的范围不一致,因此均存在远区虚拟地形引入的近似误差,且计算点高度越高,此误差越大。本文提出使用有限范围的层间改正进行重力归算的方法,使其区域范围与地形改正的范围一致。然后给出了有限范围层间改正的简便计算方法,该算法与通过地形改正严密积分法演化来的算法具有较好的一致性。内插试验说明当计算点地形高于1000m时,内插应使用基于有限范围层间改正的重力归算方法。     

EDM距离归算到标石中心的改正公式及应用

导出了将EDM实测距离归算到标石中心的直接归算改正公式,用EDM检测GPS基线长度时,可直接对EDM实测距离进行改正,并通过算例进行了验证.     

我国大地坐标系的换代问题

首先指出了我国现有大地坐标系在先进性和实用性方面存在的问题，提出了我们面临的选择与采用地心坐标系的建议，然后就地心坐标系的定义和实现、参考椭球常数、正常重力公式等问题提出了初步意见，并就坐标系改变对旧地形图的影响问题进行了研究。我国大地坐标系应由局部坐标系更新为地心坐标系。我国大地坐标系的定义应与IERS(国际地球自转服务)协议相一致，采用国际常用的参考椭球和正常重力公式。本文提出的参考椭球和正常重力公式符合这些原则，提出的地形图坐标系变化改正方案应是基本可行的。     

FG5X-246绝对重力仪准确度测试

利用最新研制的一套弱力测试平台,对FG5X-246绝对重力仪观测值准确度指标进行了测试试验。通过弱力测试平台升降装置改变扰动质量体与测量点之间的距离,从而改变测量点处叠加的扰动引力场大小。通过比较FG5X-246绝对重力观测值变化量与理论扰动引力场变化量之间的差异,从而确定FG5X-246绝对重力观测值的准确度。测试结果显示当扰动质量体从1.810 4 m高度降到1.409 9m高度时,外部扰动引力场变化了48.81 μGal(1Gal=1cm/s~2),FG5X-246绝对重力仪感应到48.0 μGal的重力变化,FG5X-246绝对重力仪测量值与理论值之差为0.81 μGal。当扰动质量体从1.810 4m降到1.010 1m高度时,外部扰动引力场变化了-15.44 μGal,FG5X-246绝对重力仪感应到-16.20 μGal的重力变化,测量值与理论值之差为0.76 μGal。当扰动质量体从1.409 9 m降到1.010 1m高度时,外部扰动引力场变化了-64.20 μGal,FG5X-246绝对重力仪感应到-64.25 μGal的重力变化,测量值与理论值之差为0.05 μGal。上述测量结果表明,此次FG5X-246绝对重力仪感应到外部引力变化的误差均不超过1 μGal,即其测量值准确度优于1 μGal。     

基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计

在多类观测数据联合平差中,存在某类观测值的验前协方差阵正确而其他类不正确的情况,传统Helmert方差分量估计在求解此类问题时没有对正确的验前协方差阵加以区别,从而造成正确的随机模型经估计后同样也被调整。针对上述情况,首先分析了Helmert方差分量估计迭代收敛结果的实质,然后提出了随机模型基准的概念,并推导了基于随机模型基准的Helmert方差分量估计公式。经计算表明,新公式完全可行,可以用于解决实际问题。     

利用垂线偏差计算大地水准面中央区效应的改进方法

为提高利用Molodensky公式反演测高大地水准面中央区效应的精度,视中央区为矩形域,将垂线偏差分量表示成双二次多项式插值形式,引入非奇异变换,推导出了大地水准面的计算公式。垂线偏差理论模型下的分析表明本文导出公式误差为零,而传统公式的误差与纬度以及垂线偏差子午分量与卯酉分量之间的比值有关;以中纬度区域分辨率为2'*2'的垂线偏差数据为背景场进行了实际计算,结果表明在反演计算点本身所在的1个网格对大地水准面的贡献时,传统公式与本文导出公式计算结果差值的最大值达数厘米。本文导出公式可为测高大地水准面的高精度反演提供理论依据。     

Comment and reply regarding Changyou Zhang (1995) A general formula and its inverse formula for gravimetric transformation by use of convolution and deconvolution techniques.

The incorrectness in the derivations of error formula (52) in Zhang's paper is pointed out and the correction is given. Table 3 [list of error formulae of Eqs (5)–(8)] in Zhang's paper is also corrected. Received: 25 February 1998 / Accepted: 30 June 1998     

三对角、五对角对称Toeplitz矩阵的解析逆阵

给出了全球重力场数据插值处理中常用的三对角、五对角对称Toeplitz矩阵逆元素的解析计算表达式。它避免了逆矩阵计算中需要调用三角函数的缺陷，只需要进行简单的幂次运算，从而大大提高了计算速度，为等距B-样条插值等应用领域拓展了算法，具有潜在的实用意义。     

与缓和曲线及其平行线有关的面积计算

列出了缓和曲线平行线间面积计算公式和缓和曲线弓形面积公式,运用简单几何原理推出了缓和曲线平行线弓形面积的通用计算公式,并附有算例相验证.讨论了面积公式的实际应用问题.     

Precise geoid determination over Sweden using the Stokes–Helmert method and improved topographic corrections

 Four different implementations of Stokes' formula are employed for the estimation of geoid heights over Sweden: the Vincent and Marsh (1974) model with the high-degree reference gravity field but no kernel modifications; modified Wong and Gore (1969) and Molodenskii et al. (1962) models, which use a high-degree reference gravity field and modification of Stokes' kernel; and a least-squares (LS) spectral weighting proposed by Sj?berg (1991). Classical topographic correction formulae are improved to consider long-wavelength contributions. The effect of a Bouguer shell is also included in the formulae, which is neglected in classical formulae due to planar approximation. The gravimetric geoid is compared with global positioning system (GPS)-levelling-derived geoid heights at 23 Swedish Permanent GPS Network SWEPOS stations distributed over Sweden. The LS method is in best agreement, with a 10.1-cm mean and ±5.5-cm standard deviation in the differences between gravimetric and GPS geoid heights. The gravimetric geoid was also fitted to the GPS-levelling-derived geoid using a four-parameter transformation model. The results after fitting also show the best consistency for the LS method, with the standard deviation of differences reduced to ±1.1 cm. For comparison, the NKG96 geoid yields a 17-cm mean and ±8-cm standard deviation of agreement with the same SWEPOS stations. After four-parameter fitting to the GPS stations, the standard deviation reduces to ±6.1 cm for the NKG96 geoid. It is concluded that the new corrections in this study improve the accuracy of the geoid. The final geoid heights range from 17.22 to 43.62 m with a mean value of 29.01 m. The standard errors of the computed geoid heights, through a simple error propagation of standard errors of mean anomalies, are also computed. They range from ±7.02 to ±13.05 cm. The global root-mean-square error of the LS model is the other estimation of the accuracy of the final geoid, and is computed to be ±28.6 cm. Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 2000     

Segmentation and classification of high spatial resolution images based on Hölder exponents and variance

Pixel-based or texture-based classification technique individually does not yield an appropriate result in classifying the high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery since it comprises textured and non-textured regions. In this study, Hölder exponents (HE) and variance (VAR) are used together to transform the image for measuring texture. A threshold is derived to segment the transformed image into textured and non-textured regions. Subsequently, the original image is extracted into textured and non-textured regions using this segmented image mask. Afterward, extracted textured region is classified using ISODATA classification algorithm considering HE, VAR, and intensity values of individual pixel of textured region. And extracted non-textured region of the image is classified using ISODATA classification algorithm. In case of non-textured region, HE and VAR value of individual pixel is not considered for classification for significant textural variation is not found among different classes. Consequently, the classified outputs of non-textured and textured regions that are generated independently are merged together to get the final classified image. IKONOS 1 m PAN images are classified using the proposed algorithm, and the classification accuracy is more than 88%.     

Inverse Vening Meinesz formula and deflection-geoid formula: applications to the predictions of gravity and geoid over the South China Sea

Using the spherical harmonic representations of the earth's disturbing potential and its functionals, we derive the inverse Vening Meinesz formula, which converts deflection of the vertical to gravity anomaly using the gradient of the H function. The deflection-geoid formula is also derived that converts deflection to geoidal undulation using the gradient of the C function. The two formulae are implemented by the 1D FFT and the 2D FFT methods. The innermost zone effect is derived. The inverse Vening Meinesz formula is employed to compute gravity anomalies and geoidal undulations over the South China Sea using deflections from Seasat, Geosat, ERS-1 and TOPEX//POSEIDON satellite altimetry. The 1D FFT yields the best result of 9.9-mgal rms difference with the shipborne gravity anomalies. Using the simulated deflections from EGM96, the deflection-geoid formula yields a 4-cm rms difference with the EGM96-generated geoid. The predicted gravity anomalies and geoidal undulations can be used to study the tectonic structure and the ocean circulations of the South China Sea. Received: 7 April 1997 / Accepted: 7 January 1998     

Airborne LaCoste &; Romberg gravimetry: a space domain approach

This paper introduces a new approach to reduce the airborne gravity data acquired by a LaCoste &; Romberg (L&;R) air/sea gravimeter, or other similar gravimeters. The acceleration exerted on the gravimeter is the sum of gravity and the vertical and Eötvös accelerations of the aircraft. The L&;R gravimeter outputs are: (1) the beam position, (2) the spring tension and (3) the cross coupling. Vertical and Eötvös accelerations are computed from GPS-derived aircraft positions. However, the vertical perturbing acceleration sensed by the gravimeter is not the same as the one sensed by the aircraft (via GPS). A determination of the aircraft-to-sensor transfer function is necessary. The second-order differential equation of the motion of the gravimeter’s beam mixes all the input and output parameters of the gravimeter. Conventionally, low-pass filtering in the frequency domain is used to extract the gravity signal, the filter being applied to each flight-line individually. By transforming the differential equation into an integral equation and by introducing related covariance matrices, we develop a new filtering method based on a least-squares approach that is able to take into account, in one stage, the data corresponding to all flight-lines. The a posteriori covariance matrix of the estimated gravity signal is an internal criterion of the precision of the method. As an example, we estimate the gravity values along the flight-lines from an airborne gravity survey over the Alps and introduce an a priori covariance matrix of the gravity disturbances from a global geopotential model. This matrix is used to regularize the ill-posed Fredholm integral equation introduced in this paper.