IRAS05391—0217和IRAS06572—0742源的热动性质

利用紫金山天文台青海观测站１３．７米射电望远镜对源ＩＲＡＳ０５３９１０２１７和ＩＲＡＳ０６５７２０７４２进行了１２ＣＯＪ＝１－０观测,获得了气体的相应参数;用ＩＲＡＳ及其他红外观测资料,获得了尘埃热结构;探讨了云中气体的热平衡．对于ＩＲＡＳ０５３９１０２１７中由远红外得出的Ｔｄ＜Ｔｋ的情形,考虑了几种可能的加热机制．光电加热对该云可能是比较重要的;激波可能是另一种加热途径．     

S140红外源的近红外观测——成协气体的供热

对S140中的红外源用北京天文台1.26米红外望远镜进行了近红外测光,获得了J.H.K三个波段的流量值,并利用红外天文卫星及地面红外和亚毫米波观测资料作了光谱综合分析,得出光谱斜率、红外光度和红外源的壳层结构。 本文还结合CO及NH_3等观测结果分析了红外源成协气体的供热,除了通过尘埃的作用,中心源还可能通过激波对气体输入能量;我们还讨论了外部热源及光电过程和宇宙线的加热作用。     

对59个北天EGO天体方向上的分子云~(12)COJ=2-1和J=3-2频谱观测研究

为了研究有大质量恒星形成的分子云与其它分子云之间的差异,对北天的59个作为大质量恒星形成区的Spitzer延展绿色天体(Extended Green Objects,简称EGOs)视线方向进行了分子云~(12)CO J=2-1和J=3-2频谱观测,并与文献中对同一批天体方向观测得到的~(12)CO J=1-0频谱数据合并进行分析.对与EGO天体成协的分子云(简称EGO分子云)和其它non-EGO分子云进行了CO多跃迁谱线强度和宽度的统计比较分析.在数据统计的基础上,讨论了这两类分子云的气体温度分布、密度分布、速度场分布对观测数据统计特征的影响.分析结果表明,直接决定是否有大质量恒星形成的关键因素可能并不是巨分子云的质量是否足够大,而是巨分子云的引力塌缩程度足否充分(即分子云团块的体积填充因子是否足够大).     

脉冲星的光度、磁场和演化

中子星是恒星在核能源已经耗尽的情况下引力坍缩的产物。它仍然具有很高的温度 ,热能将以黑体辐射的形式辐射出去 ,但是这种能量通过各种冷却过程而耗散 ,不可能是脉冲星的主要能源。脉冲星的引力特别强 ,如果它是双星系统的成员 ,而且伴星不是致密星时 ,伴星的物质有可能被吸积到脉冲星上 ,被吸积物质的引力势能可以转化为别的能量形式 ,Ｘ射线脉冲双星就属于这种情形。但是大多数脉冲星不是双星系统 ,在约占脉冲星总数 5%的双星系统中 ,绝大多数的伴星都是白矮星或中子星 ,所以引力能不是脉冲星的主要能源。脉冲星的能量来自何方 ?地球有…     

分子云中的甲醛1_(10)—1_(11)和2_(11)—2_(12)跃迁谱线——气体密度和甲醛丰度的确定

对分子云中甲醛的辐射传能问题用大速度梯度模型进行了分析和计算,以图解形式表示出气体温度为10K,20K,40K及70K的计算结果。表明在相似分辨率下的H_2CO 1_(10)—1_(11)和2_(11)—2_(12)谱线观测可以确定分子云中的气体密度和甲醛丰度。在20K—100K范围内,结果对气体温度的依赖并不十分强。 确定了Cirrus 7核区的某些物理参数。考虑到周围低密度气体的压力,用维里定理考察了此核区的稳定性,发现它是引力束缚的,可能处于动力学平衡状态,也可能坍缩形成低质量恒星。     

不同类别分子区域中的CO辐射巡测

用紫金山天文台青海观测站13．7米毫米波望远镜新安装的3毫米系统,对一组包括大质量恒星形成区、稠密云核、Bok球、主序前发射线星和演化晚期恒星的源进行了12COJ＝1－0的辐射搜寻．结果在不同质量恒星形成区域全部测到了12CO辐射,并发现了大的线宽、红和蓝的线翼、线心速度变化及多重辐射的特征,表明相应源可能具有双极喷流,存在膨胀、旋转或多核斑结构．有两个演化晚期星中已观测到了12COJ＝1－0谱线,说明其具有较浓厚的拱星气体包层．     

爆发日珥与日冕物质抛射的观测研究

本文比较了1982年2月9日同时观测到的两个爆发日珥及一次白光日冕物质抛射事件。比较表明,在研究日冕物质抛射事件与爆发日珥的关系时,爆发日珥的形状可能是一个重要的因素,它体现了局部区域磁场结构的变化。作者提出了一种可能的磁场结构模型,对观测结果给以解释。     

新单极高速分子外向流源IRAS19282+1814

^12CoJ=1-0成图观测表明在IRAS19282 1814附近存在着一个蓝向单极高速分子外流，计算了其基本参量并进行了分析，它的成协红外源IRAS19282 1814可能是大质量年轻星体，其IRAS波段色指数表明该源深埋于气体和尘埃物质之中，由60-100μm流量密度获得尘埃温度为30K,它的附近没有其他的源，所以IRAS19282 1814可能是外向流的驱动源。     

被星族Ⅲ加热的尘埃辐射谱

本文根据星族Ⅲ在有Lyman截止和无Lyman截止情况下,分别讨论了被星族Ⅲ(形成星系前的大质量恒星)加热的尘埃的辐射谱。利用数值积分方法,我们得到了尘埃在这两种情况下的辐射谱曲线。主要结果是:(1)如果星族Ⅲ的辐射谱无Lyman截止,即中性氢含量很少,尘埃的辐射将是很强的。它必将使宇宙微波背景在峰值附近产生0.1—0.3K的畸变,而且一定能在100μm<λ<1000μm波段被观测到。(2)如果星族Ⅲ的辐射谱有Lyman截止,即其内的中性氢的含量很大,这时尘埃的辐射与微波背景相比是极其微弱的,显然它不会使宇宙微波背景产生畸变,而且也不可能被观测到。因为它已被宇宙微波背景所掩没。(3)利用气球或卫星进行200μm<λ<1000μm波段的搜索,以判断上述两种情况何者正确,从而得到宇宙学的一些重要信息。     

伽玛暴及其早期X射线余辉的观测特征

Swift卫星的X射线望远镜观测揭示部分伽玛暴的早期余辉光变曲线有一个缓慢衰减的成分,而相当一部分却没有这样的成分.研究比较这两种暴的观测性质发现两类暴的持续时间、伽玛辐射总流量、谱指数、谱硬度比峰值能量等物理量均没有显著差异.然而有该成分的那些伽玛暴谱比较软、早期X射线余辉比较弱、伽玛射线辐射效率显著高于没有这个成分的那些暴.结果表明两类暴的前身星和中心机制一致,是否呈现这个缓慢衰减成分可能取决于外部介质.     

Stability and thermal properties of dark cloud L134

Using the results of optical and molecular line observations of the dark cloud L134, some basic cloud parameters are obtained and the stability and energy of the cloud are discussed.It is found that thermal pressure and rotation are unimportant, while internal magnetic field may be effective for supporting the cloud against gravitational collapse. And the cloud could not collapse on the free-fall time scale but on the longer time scale of ambipolar diffusion.The cooling and heating rates in L134 are also calculated. The results show that the work done by gravitation against thermal pressure is not an effective heating source; cosmic rays, however, may provide as much as 20% heating energy required. Calculation shows that internal magnetic energy released through the processes of ambipolar diffusion can supply the most part of the energy required, therefore, it may be the most important source.     

Collapse of weakly ionized rotating turbulent Cloud Cores

In view of the Turbulent Cooling Flows scenario we carry out several 3D axisymmetric calculations to follow the evolution of magnetically subcritical weakly ionized and rotating turbulent cloud cores. Turbulent Cooling Flows appear to pronounce the effects of ambipolar diffusion considerably, inducing thereby a runaway collapse of the core already on a diluted free-fall time scale. Ambipolar diffusion significantly weakens the efficiency of magnetic braking. This implies that most of the rotational energy is trapped into the dynamically collapsing core and that initiation of outflows is prevented at least in the early isothermal phases. The trapped rotational energy is found to enhance the formation of rings that may afterwards fragment. It is shown that the central region of a strongly ionized magnetically subcritical core is principally overdense, with central density up to one order of magnitude larger than the surroundings. These results confirm that large scale magnetic fields threading a cloud core relax the supersonic random motions on an Alfvén wave crossing time. Moreover, ambipolar diffusion enhances dissipation of supersonic turbulence even more.     

C~(18)O Observations of the Dark Molecular Cloud L134 and Gas Depletion onto Dust

We map the dark molecular cloud core of L134 in the C18O (J = 1 - 0) emission line using the PMO 13.7m telescope, and present a contour map of integrated intensity of C18O (J = 1 - 0) emission. The C18O cloud is inside the distribution of extinction AB, the visual extinction of blue light, as well as inside the 13CO cloud in the L134 region. The depletion factors in this C18O cloud are generally greater than unity, which means there is gas depletion onto dust. Since only a minimum AB = 9.7 mag is available, and our observations measure both undepleted and depleted regions along the line of sight, the depletion factors could very likely be larger in the central core than the calculated value. So we conclude that depletion does occur in the bulk of the C18O cloud through a comparison between the C18O and blue extinction maps in the L134 region. There is no direct evidence as yet for star formation in L134, and so cores on the verge of collapse will not be visible in CO and other gas molecules.     

What Drives Star Formation?

Current theoretical models for what drives star formation (especially low-mass star formation) are: (1) magnetic support of self-gravitating clouds with ambipolar diffusion removing support in cores and triggering collapse and (2) compressible turbulence forming self-gravitating clumps that collapse as soon as the turbulent cascade produces insufficient turbulent support. Observations of magnetic fields can distinguish between these two models because of different predictions in three areas: (1) magnetic field morphology, (2) the scaling of field strength with density and non-thermal velocities, and (3) the mass to magnetic flux ratio, M/Φ. We first discuss the techniques and limitations of methods for observing magnetic fields in star formation regions, then describe results for the L1544 prestellar core as an exemplar of the observational results. Application of the three tests leads to the following conclusions. The observational data show that both magnetic fields and turbulence are important in molecular cloud physics. Field lines are generally regular rather than chaotic, implying strong field strengths. But fields are not aligned with the minor axes of oblate spheroidal clouds, suggesting that turbulence is important. Field strengths appear to scale with non-thermal velocity widths, suggesting a significant turbulent support of clouds. Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) require mass accumulation over sufficiently large volumes that they would likely have an approximately critical M/Φ. Yet H I clouds are observed to be highly subcritical. If self-gravitating (molecular) clouds form with the subcritical M/Φ of H I clouds, the molecular clouds will be subcritical. However, the observations of molecular cloud cores suggest that they are approximately critical, with no direct evidence for subcritical molecular clouds or cloud envelopes. Hence, the observations remain inconclusive in deciding between the two extreme-case models of what drives star formation. What is needed to further advance our understanding of the role of magnetic fields in the star formation process are additional high sensitivity surveys of magnetic field strengths and other cloud properties in order to further refine the assessment of the importance of magnetic fields in molecular cores and envelopes.     

Investigating thermal evolution of the self-gravitating one dimensional molecular cloud by smoothed particle hydrodynamics

The heating of the ion-neutral (or ambipolar) diffusion may affect the thermal phases of the molecular clouds. We present an investigation on the effect of this heating mechanism in the thermal instability of the molecular clouds. A weakly ionized one-dimensional slab geometry, which is allowed for self-gravity and ambipolar diffusion, is chosen to study its thermal phases. We use the thermodynamic evolution of the slab to obtain the regions where slab cloud becomes thermally unstable. We investigate this evolution using the model of ambipolar diffusion with two-fluid smoothed particle hydrodynamics, as outlined by Hosking and Whitworth. Firstly, some parts of the technique are improved to test the pioneer works on behavior of the ambipolar diffusion in an isothermal self-gravitating slab. Afterwards, the improved two-fluid technique is used for thermal evolution of the slab. The results show that the thermal instability may persist inhomogeneities with a large density contrast at the intermediate parts of the cloud. We suggest that this feature may be responsible for the planet formation in the intermediate regions of a collapsing molecular cloud and/or may also be relevant to the formation of star forming dense cores in the clumps.     

A Quantitative Model of Energy Release and Heating by Time-dependent,Localized Reconnection in a Flare with Thermal Loop-top X-ray Source

We present a quantitative model of the magnetic energy stored and then released through magnetic reconnection for a flare on 26 February 2004. This flare, well observed by RHESSI and TRACE, shows evidence of non-thermal electrons for only a brief, early phase. Throughout the main period of energy release there is a super-hot (T?30 MK) plasma emitting thermal bremsstrahlung atop the flare loops. Our model describes the heating and compression of such a source by localized, transient magnetic reconnection. It is a three-dimensional generalization of the Petschek model, whereby Alfvén-speed retraction following reconnection drives supersonic inflows parallel to the field lines, which form shocks: heating, compressing, and confining a loop-top plasma plug. The confining inflows provide longer life than a freely expanding or conductively cooling plasma of similar size and temperature. Superposition of successive transient episodes of localized reconnection across a current sheet produces an apparently persistent, localized source of high-temperature emission. The temperature of the source decreases smoothly on a time scale consistent with observations, far longer than the cooling time of a single plug. Built from a disordered collection of small plugs, the source need not have the coherent jet-like structure predicted by steady-state reconnection models. This new model predicts temperatures and emission measure consistent with the observations of 26 February 2004. Furthermore, the total energy released by the flare is found to be roughly consistent with that predicted by the model. Only a small fraction of the energy released appears in the super-hot source at any one time, but roughly a quarter of the flare energy is thermalized by the reconnection shocks over the course of the flare. All energy is presumed to ultimately appear in the lower-temperature (T?20 MK) post-flare loops. The number, size, and early appearance of these loops in TRACE’s 171 Å band are consistent with the type of transient reconnection assumed in the model.     

A cloud collision model for water maser excitation

High-velocity collisions between small, dense, neutral clouds or between a dense cloud and a dense shell can provide the energy source required to excite H2O maser emission. The radiative precursor from the surface of the collisional shock front rapidly diffuses through the cloud, heating the dust grains but leaving the H2 molecules cool. Transient maser emission occurs as the conditions for the Goldreich and Kwan "hot-dust cold-gas" maser pump scheme are realized locally within the cloud. In time the local maser action quenches due to the heating of the H2 molecules by collisions against the grains. Although this model cannot explain the very long-lived steady maser features, it is quite successful in explaining a number of the observed properties of the high-velocity features in such sources as Orion, W51, and W49. In particular, it provides a natural explanation for the rapid time variations, the narrow line widths, juxtaposition of high- and low-velocity features, and the short lifetimes which are frequently observed for the so-called high-velocity maser "bullets" thought to be accelerated by strong stellar winds.     

Thermal Stability of Cold Clouds in Galaxy Halos

We consider the thermal properties of cold, dense clouds of molecular hydrogen and atomic helium. For cloud masses below 10-1.7 M middle dot in circle, the internal pressure is sufficient to permit the existence of particles of solid or liquid hydrogen at temperatures above the cosmic microwave background temperature. Optically thin thermal continuum emission by these particles can balance cosmic-ray heating of the cloud, leading to equilibria that are thermally stable even though the heating rate is independent of cloud temperature. For the Galaxy, the known heating rate in the disk sets a minimum mass of order 10-6 M middle dot in circle necessary for survival. Clouds of this type may in principle comprise most of the dark matter in the Galactic halo. However, we caution that the equilibria do not exist at redshifts z greater, similar1 when the temperature of the microwave background was substantially larger than its current value; therefore, the formation and the survival of such clouds to the present epoch remain open questions.     

Dynamical Evolution of High Velocity Clouds

HI observations of high-velocity clouds(HVCs) indicate that they are interacting with their ambientmedium. The question on the dynamical and thermal stabilization of a cold dense neutral cloud in a hot, thin, and magnetized ambient halo plasma is investigated by plasma-neutral gas simulations.The simulations show the formation of a comet-likehead-tail structurecombined with a magnetic barrier whichexerts a stabilizing pressure on the cloud and hindershot plasma from diffusing into the cloud.     

Thermal nonequilibrium: A trigger for solar flares?

In this paper, we suggest that a solar flare may be triggered by a lack of thermal equilibrium rather than by a magnetic instability. The possibility of such a thermal nonequilibrium (or catastrophe) is demonstrated by solving approximately the energy equation for a loop under a balance between thermal conduction, optically thin radiation and a heating source. It is found that, if one starts with a cool equilibrium at a few times 10⁴ K and gradually increases the heating or decreases the loop pressure (or decreases the loop length), then, ultimately, critical metastable conditions are reached beyond which no cool equilibrium exists. The plasma heats up explosively to a new quasi-equilibrium at typically 10⁷ K. During such a thermal flaring, any magnetic disruption or particle acceleration are secondary in nature. For a simple-loop (or compact) flare, the cool core of an active-region loop heats up and the magnetic tube of plasma maintains its position. For a two-ribbon flare, the material of an active-region (or plage) filament heats up and expands along the filament; it slowly rises until, at a critical height, the magnetic configuration becomes magnetohydrodynamically unstable and erupts violently outwards. In this case thermal nonequilibrium acts as a trigger for the magnetic eruption and subsequent magnetic energy release as the field closes back down.