半无限平面问题的相对位移

通过Flamant和Melan的解析解答、Mindlin解答的积分蜕化公式以及有限元数值分析计算结果,展示了在半无限平面问题中线荷载作用方向位移解答的不确定性。线荷载作用方向没有绝对位移,只有相对位移,但相对位移会随着与位移约束参考点距离的增大而增大,或随着线荷载在垂直于半平面方向分布长度的增大而增大,不具收敛性。这意味着,在解析和数值分析中,纯粹的半平面问题的位移解答具有多值性,因此,将岩土工程问题作为半空间问题进行分析是必要的。     

Fracture plane control in rock blasting

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利用MODIS和AMSR-E进行积雪制图的比较分析

MODIS和被动微波辐射计AMSR-E提供了识别积雪的不同方法.MODIS首先计算反映积雪在1.6μm强吸收特性的归一化差值积雪指数NDSI,在剔除卷云的影响后,得到MODIS积雪分布.AMSR-E则根据积雪在微波波段的差异性散射特性识别积雪.通过案例分析比较了MODIS和AMSR-E积雪分布,发现由于云的遮蔽使MODIS积雪分布面积会比实际小,但由于MODIS的空间分辨率很高,得到的积雪边界线轮廓清晰.而微波由于不受云的影响,得到的AMSR-E积雪分布比较符合实际,但积雪的边界线较粗.     

Criteria for the instability of upper-stage plane beds

Calculations of the critical dimensionless bed stresses that obtain when upper-stage plane beds should revert to ripple and dune bed forms are presented. Strong support is given to the Bagnold ‘universal’ plane-bed instability criterion and to a modified criterion suggested by Allen over a wide range of solids grain size. A reinterpretation of the mechanism of plane bed instability is based upon the extent to which significant grain concentrations in plane bed flows increase apparent fluid viscosity and decrease turbulence production over potential bed defects, thereby preventing ripple or dune propagation and growth.     

The wavelet-smoothed distribution of young stellar objects in the Galactic plane

We have analyzed the distribution of young objects (open clusters, classical Cepheids, and HII regions) projected onto the plane of the Galaxy using wavelet smoothing. This smoothing technique enables investigation of the large-scale structure of the distribution of young objects. All the studied objects display a similar spiral structure, whose appearance essentially corresponds to a regular alternation of young and older stellar complexes along sections of the spiral arms. A four-arm spiral structure with its arms originating at the Galactic center is obtained if the major arms are taken to be the Carina-Sagittarius arm and an outer arm behind the Perseus arm. If all the observed arms are taken to be major arms, we obtain a 12-arm structure, in contradiction with the size of the region in which the structure is observed in the Galaxy. This discrepancy can be removed if the arms originate from a ring formed by a sufficiently long bar-like structure, rather then from the Galactic center.     

关于地裂缝地质灾害的优势面分析

地裂缝的成因可以分为天然构造地裂、人为诱发地裂和复合成因地裂、地震断裂,抽水不均匀地面沉降伴生地裂和渗透变形地裂是最主要的地裂缝类型。地裂缝以构造地裂和构造地裂基础上由人为活动诱发现象为主,用优势面观点和方法分析和研究是可行的。根据优势面的原理,提出防灾和减灾的思路,指出地裂灾害预测和预警系统研究对分析、评估和减灾是最有效的手段。防治地裂缝的原则是针对性治理和顺应自然取代对抗,对策是注重避让与选址、引调地表水、做好结构设计和地基处理、制定相应的防灾区域管理法规。     

Analysis of triaxial ellipsoids: Their shapes, plane sections, and plane projections

A method is presented for the determination of a triaxial ellipsoid (such as a strain ellipsoid)from three nonparallel plane sections of the ellipsoid. The sections need be neither orthogonal nor central sections of the ellipsoid. Measurement errors are used to adjust the observed plane ellipses so that they are exact sections of the nearest true ellipsoid, whose dimensions and orientation are then found by solution of a system of six linear equations. A solution of the inverse problem is also presented: given a triaxial ellipsoid with known orientation, to determine the shape and orientation of the ellipse on a plane section. The problem is solved by expanding the equation of an ellipsoid with rotated coordinates, then setting one dimension to zero. Also, a method is presented for the projection of a triaxial ellipsoid onto a plane surface. This is solved by taking the derivative of the ellipsoid equation in the direction of the normal to the plane surface.     

优势面的水力学效应

本文运用优势面理论分析并确定了四川某库区边坡的变形破坏模型,重点考虑了优势面的水力学效应对边坡稳定系数的影响,分析得了滑坡发生的条件为ｈｗ〉ｈｗ０,从而为该类滑坡的预测,提供了一种简单有效的方法。     

Role of shear along horizontal plane in the formation of helicoidal structures

An unusual structural paragenesis, complicated by brachyanticlines, is revealed for the first time in the sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Plate by 3D seismic surveying. These are linear (in plan view) systems of en-echelon arranged low-amplitude normal faults related to wrench faults in the basement. On different sides off a wrench fault, the planes of normal faults dip in opposite directions, forming a helicoidal structure that resembles the blades of a propeller. In the section parallel to the wrench fault, the boundaries of the beds and normal fault planes dip in opposite directions as well. In the section across the strike of the normal faults converging toward the basement, the beds take the shape of an antiform with a crest sagged along the normal faults (flower structure). This structural assembly was formed as a result of interference of stress fields of horizontal shear in the vertical plane (induced by faulting in the basement) and in the horizontal plane (caused by gravity resistance of the cover). In this case, the displacements along the normal faults develop in both the vertical and, to a greater extent, horizontal directions, so that the faults in cover are actually characterized by normal-strike-slip kinematics. The regional N-S-trending compression of the West Siberian Plate is the main cause of shearing along the NW- and NE-trending faults in the basement, which make up a rhomb-shaped system in plan view. Petroliferous brachyanticlines, whose axes, notwithstanding tectonophysical laws, are oriented in the direction close to the maximum compression axis, are known in the large wrench fault zones of Western Siberia. Our experiments with equivalent materials showed that a local stress field arising at the ends of echeloned Riedel shears within a wrench fault zone may be a cause of the formation of such brachyanticlines. The progressive elongation of Riedel shears leads to the corresponding elongation of the brachyanticlines located between their ends. The performed study has shown that the known types of interference of elementary geodynamic settings such as horizontal shear along the vertical plane + horizontal compression (transpression) and horizontal shear along the vertical plane + horizontal extension (transtension) may be supplemented by combination of horizontal shears along the vertical and horizontal planes, resulting in tectonic lamination. By analogy, we propose to name this type of interference of elementary shear settings translamination. Petroliferous helicoidal structures arise in the given geodynamic setting of translamination.     

VTI介质隐式有限差分平面波偏移

这里研究了VTI（Vertical Transverse Isotropy）介质隐式有限差分（IFD）波场外推算子和VTI介质平面波偏移。在文中设计了VTI介质IFD波场外推算子,将Taylor分析法求得的差分系数,作为初始解,用非线性优化方法迭代求得算子系数。将设计的外推算子频散曲线和偏移脉冲响应与理论解进行了对比分析,验证出外推算子有较高的精度。从各向同性介质平面波偏移理论出发,结合VTI介质IFD波场外推算子,将平面波偏移推广到VTI介质中。对Hess VTI标准模型拟合数据进行偏移,偏移结果验证了平面波偏移在VTI介质中的有效性,以及在加强特定陡倾界面成像方面的优势。并且,与常规VTI介质叠前深度偏移相比,VTI介质平面波偏移在保证成像质量的前提下,大大减少了计算量,为各向异性偏移成像研究提供了新的技术思路。     

饱和孔隙介质中非均匀震电平面波

采用描述地下流体饱和孔隙介质中弹性波与电磁场耦合现象的Pride方程组,利用Helmholtz分解,求解了非均匀震电耦合平面波解,推导了流体饱和孔隙介质中传播的非均匀震电平面波的能流表达式,讨论了非均匀震电平面波的能量特征.结果表明,非均匀震电平面波的平均能流在传播矢量和衰减矢量构成的平面内传播,伴随电磁场对纵波模式的能流没有贡献.当动电耦合系数为0时,震电平面波的能流表达式可退化为Biot弹性波的能流表达式。     

The best plane through data

Conclusions As can be seen from Table 1, the two trend surfaces give considerably different values. Our data were chosen not to fit any one plane and this is reflected in both of the trend surfaces. The program has been run with different data, and as the data tend toward a plane both trend surfaces become nearly identical as one would expect. We conclude that the type of plane to use for trend-surface analysis does indeed depend on the hypotheses of the fitting technique.     

Uniform investigation of hydraulic fracturing propagation regimes in the plane strain model

The hydraulic fracturing propagation regimes in the plane strain model are uniformly investigated using a numerical method based on the finite element method. The regimes range from toughness‐dominated cases to viscosity‐dominated cases, covering zero leak‐off situations and small leak‐off situations. Unlike the asymptotic solutions, the numerical method is independent of the energy dissipation regimes and fluid storage regimes. The numerical method pays no special attention to the fracture tip, and it simulates fracture tip behaviors by increasing the number of functions in a natural and uniform manner. The numerical method is verified by comparing its results with the asymptotic solutions. The effect of the model sizes on the numerical method is discussed along with the robustness of the numerical method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fault plane solutions of microearthquakes and small events in the Hellenic arc

The Hellenic arc is the most active seismic region of the transition zone between the African and Eurasian plates. In this rapidly deforming region, the physical state of the crust and upper mantle may vary laterally and vertically. However, a detailed 3D model of the region is lacking. The reliable determination of fault plane solutions is crucial if such a model is to be produced. On this basis, fault plane solutions have been determined from recent microearthquakes and small events to assess their reliability for use in tectonic interpretation. A search algorithm on first motion data and amplitude ratios and also a waveform-matching scheme were employed on data from our temporal network, operated on the western part of the island of Crete. There, a network of 47 three-component digital stations with an aperture of 60 km and an average station spacing of 5 km was operated in 1997. The majority of the shallow microearthquakes under Crete for which fault plane solutions were determined have a near horizontal T-axis oriented essentially E–W. Differences between well determined fault plane solutions from the search algorithm and the waveform-matching technique were significant (strike up to 45°, dip up to 10°, and slip up to 50°). Second, data of small events within the Hellenic subduction zone were obtained from recently installed broadband stations at local and regional distances and inverted for a deviatoric seismic moment tensor. Available solutions from other sources such as the Harvard group, EMSC, or SED show drastic differences in part. Owing to still limited azimuthal station coverage, the resulting fault plane solutions of small events have generally not been well constrained. The observed large variation of fault plane solutions for micoearthquakes and small events poses a caveat to tectonic interpretation in case of using data from a few stations only.     

Impacts of the plane strain ratio on excavations in soft alluvium deposits

Acta Geotechnica - Due to tool, time and budget limitations, 2-dimensional analyses of deep excavation are often adopted for engineering practice; thus, the 3-dimensional behaviour is ignored....