南海西南次海盆扩张期热液循环与洋壳增生的数值模拟

洋壳厚度受多方面因素的影响，前人大多关注地幔温度、地幔源成分等岩石圈深部因素，很少关注岩石圈浅层的热液循环对洋壳厚度的影响。利用基于有限元的数值模拟手段，对扩张期不同背景(洋中脊、拆离断层)、不同扩张速率的热液循环与洋壳增生的关系进行研究。结果表明：洋壳增生达到稳定前，热液循环导致理论洋壳厚度发生阶段性减薄，减薄量随时间改变，并且推迟了上地幔中熔融体出现的时间；当洋壳增生达到稳定后，热液循环下产生的理论洋壳厚度反而比无热液循环的更厚。结合洋壳增生过程中对流热通量的变化分析，在洋壳增生前期的上地幔温度低，驱动热液循环的热源小，产生的对流热通量相对较小且不稳定，热液循环缓慢冷却上地幔顶部的温度，进而推迟上地幔初始熔融的时间，减弱上地幔的熔融，并造成一定时间阶段内的生成理论洋壳比正常理论洋壳厚度更薄；当洋壳增生达到稳定后，对流热通量达到最大并稳定，热液循环持续快速的冷却上地幔顶部温度，导致上地幔深部的热向上地幔顶部补给，反而增大了上地幔顶部的温度和熔融量，进而增大了理论洋壳厚度。随着扩张速率的增大，理论洋壳厚度增大，对流热通量增大，热液循环导致的洋壳阶段性减薄的最大减薄量也增大，阶段性减薄的时间缩短。结合南海西南次海盆的洋壳结构特征分析：两条横跨南海西南次海盆的地震剖面显示，海盆内存在异常薄的洋壳区域，并且两条地震剖面的最薄洋壳厚度相差0. 85 km,推测海盆内异常薄洋壳和不同扩张时期的最薄洋壳厚度差异受到扩张期热液循环阶段性减薄洋壳作用的影响。     

从地壳上地幔构造看大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解

本篇讨论大陆岩石圈拆沉、伸展与裂解作用过程。由于大陆岩石圈厚度大而且很不均匀,产生裂谷的机制比较复杂。大陆碰撞远程效应的触发,岩石圈拆沉,以及板块运动的不规则性和地球应力场方向转折,都可能产生岩石圈断裂和大陆裂谷。岩石圈拆沉为在重力作用下"去陆根"的作用过程,演化过程可分为大陆根拆离、地壳伸展和岩石圈地幔整体破裂三个阶段。大陆碰撞带、俯冲的大陆和大洋板块、克拉通区域岩石圈,都可能产生岩石圈拆沉。大陆岩石圈调查表明,拉张区可见地壳伸展、岩石圈拆离、软流圈上拱和热沉降;它们是大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解早期的主要表现。从初始拉张的盆岭省到成熟的张裂省,拆离后地壳伸展成复式地堑,下地壳幔源玄武岩浆侵位,断裂带贯通并切穿整个岩石圈,表明地壳伸展进入成熟阶段。中国东北松辽盆地和西欧北海盆地曾处于成熟的张裂省。岩石圈破裂为岩浆侵位提供了阻力很小的通道网。岩浆侵位作用伴随岩石圈破裂和热流体上涌,成熟的张裂省可发展成大陆裂谷。多数的大陆裂谷带并没有发展成威尔逊裂谷带和洋中脊,普通的大陆裂谷要演化为威尔逊裂谷带,必须有来自软流圈的长期和持续的热流和玄武质岩浆的供应。威尔逊裂谷带岩石圈地幔和软流圈为地震低速带,其根源可能与来自地幔底部的地幔热羽流有关。     

A dynamic model of the Hellenic Arc deduced from geophysical data

Combined gravity and seismic data from Greece and the adjacent areas have been used to explain the high seismicity and tectonic activity of this area. Computed 2-D gravity models revealed that below the Aegean region a large “plume” of hot upper-mantle material is rising, causing strong attenuation of the crust. The hot “plume” extends to the base of the lithosphere and has very probably been mobilized through compressional processes that forced the lithosphere to sink into the asthenosphere. The above model is supported by: high heat flow in the Aegean region; low velocity of the compressional waves of 7.7 km/sec for the upper mantle; lower density than normal extending to the base of the lithosphere; teleseismic P-wave travel-time residuals of the order of +2 sec for seismic events recorded at the Greek seismic stations; volcanics in the Aegean area with a chemical composition which can be explained by assuming an assimilation of oceanic crust by the upper mantle; deep seismicity (200 km) which has been interpreted by various authors as a Benioff zone.     

Relations between subduction, slab heating, slab dehydration and continental growth

The hydrated altered basalts of the oceanic crust, if subducted, could release large volumes of water during their phase transformations and partial melting reactions. If heat from shear strain recrystallizations largely heats the altered basaltic layer, only a 2 km thick layer could be heated significantly before the slab reaches 80–125 km depth. Most of the released waters should be driven into the deeper but cooler regions at the slab and andesitic-tonalitic partial melts should form in the heated altered basalt layer. Large volumes of water initially at the surface could be added to the mantle and tonalitic partial melts could be lost from the oceanic crust and added to the continental plate and could account for continental growth.     

Deep Structure and Dynamics of Passive Continental Margin from Shelf to Ocean of the Northern South China Sea

To study the deep dynamic mechanism leading to the difference in rifting pattern and basin structure from shelf to oceanic basin in passive continental margin,we constructed long geological sections across the shelf,slope and oceanic basin using new seismic data.Integrated gravity-magnetic inversion and interpretation of these sections were made with the advanced dissection method.Results show that the basement composition changes from intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in the sheff to intermediate-basic rocks in the slope.The Moho surface shoals gradually from 31 km in the sheff to 22.5 km in the uplift and then 19 km in the slope and finally to 13 km in the oceanic basin.The crust thickness also decreases gradually from 30 km in the northern fault belt to 9 km in the oceanic basin.The crustal stretching factor increases from the shelf toward the oceanic basin,with the strongest extension under the sags and the oceanic basin.The intensity of mantle upwelling controlled the style of basin structures from sheff to oceanic basin.In the Zhu 1 depression on the shelf,the crust is nearly normal,the brittle and cold upper crust mainly controlled the fault development;so the combinative grabens with single symmetric graben are characteristic.In the slope,the crust thinned with a large stretching factor,affected by the mantle upwelling.The ductile deformation controlled the faults,so there developed an asymmetric complex graben in the Baiyun (白云) sag.     

Progress in the Study of Deep Profiles of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH)

This paper introduces 8 major discoveries and new understandings with regard to the deep structure and tectonics of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau obtained in Project INDEPTH, They are mainly as follows. (1) The upper crust, lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the blocks of the plateau form a "sandwich" structure with a relatively rigid-brittle upper crust, a visco-plastic lower crust and a relatively rigid-ductile mantle lithosphere. This structure is completely different from that of monotonous, cold and more rigid oceanic plates. (2) In the process of north-directed collision-compression of the Indian subcontinent, the upper crust was attached to the foreland in the form of a gigantic foreland accretionary wedge. The interior of the accretionary wedge thickened in such tectonic manners as large-scale thrusting, backthrusting and folding, and magmatic masses and partially molten masses participated in the crustal thickening. Between the upper crust and lower crust lies a large detachment (e.g     

Upper-mantle structure and nature of deep processes in island arcs and trench systems

Upper-mantle structure and heat flow and gravity data are considered. It is shown that crustal isostasy disturbance is compensated for by inhomogeneities in the density of the upper mantle; compaction beneath trenches and discompaction under island arcs. On the basis of the available data an upper-mantle density model is constructed which is represented by a seismoactive layer with a surplus density of from 0.05 to 0.1 g/cm³ and a discompacted zone overlying that layer with a density deficiency of 0.05 g/cm³ beneath the island arc and 0.01 g/cm³ in the remaining area. The available data are in poor agreement with the concept of “new global tectonics”, therefore the formation of density inhomogeneities is associated with gravity differentiation of the mantle material. A scheme of this process is proposed according to which heated differentiates of the mantle material rise along deep faults or weakened zones from depths of 700 km and more. Upper-mantle material differentiation occurs mainly in several levels, but mostly at depths down to 150–200 km within the interval of 350–450 km. Separation of heavy components as a result of differentiation and the “zone melting process” causes a high velocity and correspondingly a denser inclined layer. Discompaction of the upper mantle overlying the focal plane is associated with its being heated by high-temperature melts circulating over the inclined fault.     

From continental rifting to seafloor spreading: Insight from 3D thermo-mechanical modeling

Continental rifting to seafloor spreading is a continuous process, and rifting history influences the following spreading process. However, the complete process is scarcely simulated. Using 3D thermo-mechanical coupled visco-plastic numerical models, we investigate the complete extension process and the inheritance of continental rifting in oceanic spreading. Our modeling results show that the initial continental lithosphere rheological coupling/decoupling at the Moho affects oceanic spreading in two manners: (1) coupled model (a strong lower crust mechanically couples upper crust and upper mantle lithosphere) generates large lithospheric shear zones and fast rifting, which promotes symmetric oceanic accretion (i.e. oceanic crust growth) and leads to a relatively straight oceanic ridge, while (2) decoupled model (a weak ductile lower crust mechanically decouples upper crust and upper mantle lithosphere) generates separate crustal and mantle shear zones and favors asymmetric oceanic accretion involving development of active detachment faults with 3D features. Complex ridge geometries (e.g. overlapping ridge segments and curved ridges) are generated in the decoupled models. Two types of detachment faults termed continental and oceanic detachment faults are established in the coupled and decoupled models, respectively. Continental detachment faults are generated through rotation of high angle normal faults during rifting, and terminated by magmatism during continental breakup. Oceanic detachment faults form in oceanic crust in the late rifting–early spreading stage, and dominates asymmetric oceanic accretion. The life cycle of oceanic detachment faults has been revealed in this study.     

Certain problems of the structure and evolution of transition zones between continents and oceans

A type of continental-oceanic transition zone, referred to as the Columbian transition zone, is distinguished from two other commonly known types of these zones. The subsidence of the Earth's crust, typical of all transition zones, is shown to be connected (by geophysical properties) to the transformation of continental crust into intermediate crust and later into oceanic. The most likely mechanisms of such changes are the basification of continental crust, its foundering, block by block, into the heated upper mantle, and its substitution by new oceanic crust. The evolution of transition zones of the Pacific type is largely influenced by deep faults, which reach down to the level of undepleted mantle. From this level, the volatile products rise to the surface which results in the formation of calc-alkali magmas on island arcs. The Benioff zones are deep faults, whose inclinations are dependent on the density contrasts in the upper mantle on either side of the Benioff zones. The denser mantle flows beneath the mantle of lower density. This phenomenon is depicted by plate tectonics as subduction.On the whole, the evolution of transition zones gives rise to the growth of the oceans at the expense of the continents, though oceanic crust becomes thicker by addition of volcanogenic layers composed of andesite, in the transition zones (type two) of the Pacific type at island arcs.     

全球海山玄武岩数据挖掘研究

海山是一个地貌术语,通常分为出露于海平面以上和淹没于以下的两类。海山具有复杂的成因,可产于各种不同的构造环境,其出露的岩性主要有：洋岛玄武岩（OIB）、大洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）、弧后盆地玄武岩（BABB）、岛弧玄武岩（IAB）和大陆边缘玄武岩（CMB）等。本文的研究表明,CMB 和OIB 的地球化学性质大体相似,但是,二者的成因可能既有相似性,也存在某些差异性。OIB 产于板块内部,属于板内岩浆活动的产物,通常认为与“热点”或“地幔柱”有关;而CMB 则可能是古大陆岩石圈与年轻洋壳发生浅部再循环的结果。所以,除“热点”理论外,古大陆岩石圈和年轻洋壳的浅部再循环在海山和洋岛火山形成过程中也扮演了重要的角色。来自IAB 的样品明显亏损Nb、Ta和富集K、Pb、Cs、Rb等大离子亲石元素,表明IAB 的形成与俯冲作用有关。研究表明,全球可能存在3 种类型的热点：第一类是原生的热点,来自深部地幔;第二类是次生的热点,可能形成在地幔柱的浅部,来自超级地幔柱的上部;第三类来自上地幔,可能是大洋岩石圈伸展的产物。因此,海山的成因不可能用地幔柱一种模式予以解释,还应当考虑板块活动中其他各种因素（洋壳再循环、古老陆壳再循环、消减带物质以及水的加入,部分熔融程度、岩浆混合作用、不同地幔端元混合等）的影响。     

Structure and composition of terrestrial crust in relation to problems of geological petrology

The geophysical evidence, including the physical mechanical data on rocks and minerals, proves insufficient for justification of currently popular ideas on the discrete character of “the crust” vs “the upper mantle,” the two types (“oceanic” and “continental”) of the crust, and the meaning of the Mohorovi?i? “boundary,” not to mention an abundance of other misconceptions. The terrestrial crust, mosaic in composition, is petrologically the same under oceans as under continents, notwithstanding geophysical differences between its “oceanic” and “continental” profiles. These differences are explainable by effects of pressure and temperature on geophysical images of the profiles, as well as by space-time positions of the crustal segments they represent.     

Continent-ocean differences and a differentiation of the earth

The composition of residual matter after the segregation of the crust from the mantle is calculated. The most probable components of the mantle: garnet-peridotitic, pyrolitic and chondritic, were taken into consideration and the continental, oceanic and olivine-tholeiitic crust segregated from them. The probability of the existence of each of the proposed mantle types may be estimated as based on the obtained residual matter. It is established that the hypothesis of the pyrolitic mantle is the most acceptable.A comparison of the compositions of the continental and oceanic crust makes evident that there exist two types of differentiation processes in the upper mantle. One of them leads to the development of continents, the second of the oceanic areas. In the first case the partial melting in the mantle and the ascent of magma are accompanied by an additional evacuation of silica (?) and especially of potassium. This rise of supplementary light substance embraces the depths as great as 1000 km or more. In the case of oceanic crust such an additional rise of matter is absent since there only partial melting in the mantle takes place and accordingly the depth of the differentiation is much smaller.The differences in the process of the earth's differentiation may be easier explained if the mantle is assumed to be mobile, instead of an immobile mass. It is assumed that a differentiation of the primary matter of the planet takes place near the mantle-core boundary and that the uplift of the much lighter silicate differentiation is in the asthenosphere. On this level the mantle becomes partially melted and the resultant liquid rises into the crust. This liquid is enriched by sialic substances, particularly by potassium and may be by silica.In the regions where the rise of matter from great depth is lacking, continental crust is not formed, and oceanic crust is born.The above comparison leads in particular to the following additional conclusions: the chemical differences of the continental crust and the oceanic crust do not permit the hypotheses of continenta drift, nor of the spreading of the ocean floor and the transformation of the continental crust into oceanic. All these hypotheses become incompatible with the chemical composition of the crust.     

Structural architecture of the ocean–continent boundary at an oblique transform margin through deep-imaging seismic interpretation and gravity modelling: Equatorial Guinea, West Africa

Along the Rio Muni transform margin, the transition from continental to oceanic crust occurs across a region of approximately 75-km width. The crust in this transition region, termed proto-oceanic crust (POC), is neither purely oceanic nor continental in composition and structure. Improved seismic reflection images from the PROBE deep-imaging dataset, combined with gravity modelling, have shed new light on the structural architecture of the margin and the composition of the POC. On these newly migrated seismic reflection sections, four fracture zones associated with large steps in the Moho are identified, splitting the POC into three segments. Models in which these segments are composed of oceanic or stretched continental crust do not provide satisfactory predictions of the gravity anomaly. A model of serpentinized peridotite for two segments of POC, with the third segment composed of oceanic crust in between, does satisfy the observed gravity anomaly. Three alternative geological scenarios are proposed to explain the segmentation and composition of the POC: (a) serpentinized upper mantle becoming unroofed and emplaced at basement surface level along detachment surfaces confined to discrete segments by the fracture zones, (b) oblique-slip on transform faults that allow the circulation of water into the mantle and emplacement of serpentinized upper mantle material; or (c) intense faulting of anomalous oceanic crust as a result of magma depletion allowing hydrothermal circulation and the emplacement of serpentinized peridotites.     

Fission track and fault kinematics analyses for new insight into the Late Cenozoic tectonic regime changes in West-Central Sulawesi (Indonesia)

A 3-D density model for the Cretan and Libyan Seas and Crete was developed by gravity modelling constrained by five 2-D seismic lines. Velocity values of these cross-sections were used to obtain the initial densities using the Nafe–Drake and Birch empirical functions for the sediments, the crust and the upper mantle. The crust outside the Cretan Arc is 18 to 24 km thick, including 10 to 14 km thick sediments. The crust below central Crete at its thickest section, has values between 32 and 34 km, consisting of continental crust of the Aegean microplate, which is thickened by the subducted oceanic plate below the Cretan Arc. The oceanic lithosphere is decoupled from the continental along a NW–SE striking front between eastern Crete and the Island of Kythera south of Peloponnese. It plunges steeply below the southern Aegean Sea and is probably associated with the present volcanic activity of the southern Aegean Sea in agreement with published seismological observations of intermediate seismicity. Low density and velocity upper mantle below the Cretan Sea with ρ  3.25 × 10³ kg/m³ and V_p velocity of compressional waves around 7.7 km/s, which are also in agreement with observed high heat flow density values, point out at the mobilization of the upper mantle material here. Outside the Hellenic Arc the upper mantle density and velocity are ρ ≥ 3.32 × 10³ kg/m³ and V_p = 8.0 km/s, respectively. The crust below the Cretan Sea is thin continental of 15 to 20 km thickness, including 3 to 4 km of sediments. Thick accumulations of sediments, located to the SSW and SSE of Crete, are separated by a block of continental crust extended for more than 100 km south of Central Crete. These deep sedimentary basins are located on the oceanic crust backstopped by the continental crust of the Aegean microplate. The stretched continental margin of Africa, north of Cyrenaica, and the abruptly terminated continental Aegean microplate south of Crete are separated by oceanic lithosphere of only 60 to 80 km width at their closest proximity. To the east and west, the areas are floored by oceanic lithosphere, which rapidly widens towards the Herodotus Abyssal plain and the deep Ionian Basin of the central Mediterranean Sea. Crustal shortening between the continental margins of the Aegean microplate and Cyrenaica of North Africa influence the deformation of the sediments of the Mediterranean Ridge that has been divided in an internal and external zone. The continental margin of Cyrenaica extends for more than 80 km to the north of the African coast in form of a huge ramp, while that of the Aegean microplate is abruptly truncated by very steep fractures towards the Mediterranean Ridge. Changes in the deformation style of the sediments express differences of the tectonic processes that control them. That is, subduction to the northeast and crustal subsidence to the south of Crete. Strike-slip movement between Crete and Libya is required by seismological observations.     

从藏南陆-陆碰撞带深部结构构造演化探讨斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿问题

本文以INDEPTH项目对印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞带深部成像结果为基础,从构造演化角度探讨藏南陆-陆碰撞带冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的成矿作用问题。深部探测给出的碰撞带深部结构与侯增谦等地质学家提出的深部结构有较大的异同,如何协调起来以深化对藏南陆-陆碰撞条件下成矿作用的认识,这是本文讨论的中心。藏南碰撞带成矿实际上是在新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲形成的冈底斯岩浆弧成矿作用的基础上,再经过陆-陆碰撞挤压强烈改造后的再成矿。碰撞带的深部结构构造演化的特点是:(1)新特提斯大洋岩石圈板块向北连续俯冲了约120 Ma,形成的冈底斯陆缘火山岩浆弧带,这导致了陆缘带地壳增厚并含有大量的地幔岩浆流体物质(如南美安第斯成矿带那样);(2)在印度大陆与冈底斯陆缘弧接近碰撞时,在对挤中新特提斯大洋洋壳与大洋岩石圈地幔发生向上挤出与向下拆沉,并使部分洋壳残片和大洋岩石圈物质保存在中上地壳内;(3)两大陆岩石圈碰撞对接后,印度岩石圈地幔加深达70~80 km并沿地壳底部向北推进,并将加厚地壳内大量的成矿物质、钙碱性岩浆,洋壳及新生的下地壳,以及部分地幔物质从地壳底部将其围限起来,成为后期再成矿的物质基础;(4)查明了碰撞带深部壳/幔间产生了一层中间速度层(相当于MASH层),在中上地壳部位出现一层巨大的部分熔融层;(5)在碰撞挤压下冈底斯带内产生多组断裂构造,大型逆冲断裂系与背冲断裂,并引发了含矿岩浆的再活动,并在浮力(下地壳内)和挤压力作用下多次活动上升生成斑岩型铜矿床;(6)成矿后地表遭受过强烈的风化剥蚀作用,使矿床出露地表。     

Density model of the lithosphere in the Tsushima Basin, Sea of Japan

The 2-D density modeling of the sublatitudinal deep seismic sounding profile in the Tsushima Basin (Sea of Japan) was performed. The available data allow us to presume that the opening of the Tsushima Basin took place under conditions of an anomalously heated mantle that fostered emplacement of mantle material into the basinal crust and basin/continental margin transition zone of the Korean Peninsula attended by formation of the oceanic crust. The increased (relative to the normal oceanic crust) thickness of the basinal crust was conditioned by the accumulation of a large amount of terrigenous material and volcanogenic rocks in the upper part of the crust and underplating of mantle material in the crustal base.     

Mantle convection with continental drift and heat source around the mantle transition zone

Geological studies have suggested that a significant amount of crustal material has been lost from the surface due to delamination, continental collision, and subduction at oceanic–continental convergent margins. If so, then the subducted crustal materials are expected to be trapped in the mid-mantle due to the density difference from peridotitic materials induced by the phase transition from coesite to stishovite. In order to study the effect of the subducted granitic materials floating around the mantle transition zone, we conducted two-dimensional numerical experiments of mantle convection incorporating a continental drift with a heat source placed around the bottom of the mantle transition zone. The simulations deal with a time-dependent convection of fluid under the extended Boussinesq approximation in a model of a two-dimensional rectangular box with a height of 2900 km and a width of 11,600 km, where a continent with a length of 2900 km and heat source below the continent are imposed. We found that the addition of heat source in the mantle transition zone considerably enhances the onset of upwelling plumes in the upper mantle, which further reduces the time scale of continental drift. The heat source also causes massive mechanical mixing, especially in the upper mantle. The results suggest that the heat source floating around the mantle transition zone can be a possible candidate for inducing the supercontinent cycle.     

Tectonosphere of the Earth: upper mantle and crust interaction

The endogenic geological processes, which include tectonic, magmatic and metamorphic processes, form regular combinations called endogenic regimes. These regimes are: géosynclinal, orogenic, platform, rift, tectonic-magmatic activation (diwa), taphrogenic, plateau-basalt, oceanic basins and mid-oceanic ridges. The endogenic regimes are connected with the peculiarities of the structure, composition and state of the entire tectonosphere, i.e. not only of the crust but of the upper mantle as well.

Heat flow is a major factor controlling the type of the regime. The other conditions are the temperature distribution in the tectonosphere and the degree and type of penetrability of the tectonosphere to melts and fluids. There is a certain regular succession of regimes. The structural evolution of the tectonosphere and the transformation of the matter in it are in close relationship.

The main trend in the development of the tectonospheric material is directed towards geochemical depletion of the upper mantle by fractioning. At the initial stages, fractioning occurred mostly by degassing, and under these conditions the continental crust was formed, rich in non-compatible elements. At that stage the calc-alkaline magmas prevailed. As the upper mantle was depleted and began to lose its volatiles, the mechanism of fractioning changed: degassing was substituted for selective melting, and in this environment most of the tholeiitic magmas were formed. This change in magma composition and in fractioning mechanism was combined with the destruction of the continental crust and the formation of the oceanic crust. The diwa regime and the rifts were the first steps in the destruction of continental crust. The stages that followed were represented by taphrogenic regimes at various levels. These kinds of regimes were manifested in deep continental and marine depressions, compensated and not compensated by sediments.

Taphrogenic regimes are advancing from the east and west onto the Eurasian continent: in the east they form marginal seas and cause subsidence of the eastern parts of the Chinese platform; in the west they produce collapses of the crust in the Mediterranean area.

The major crisis occurred between the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic and since that time the process of substitution of the continental crust by the oceanic crust has proceeded over increasingly large territories.

The evolution of the tectonosphere, instigated by the changes in its matter, was further complicated by temporal and spatial irregularities in deep heat escape, which caused the alternation of excited and quiescent endogenic regimes (tectonomagmatic periodicity) and their co-existence. The combination of all these phenomena creates the structural inhomogeneity of the Earth's crust at any stage of its history.     

我国东部新生代玄武岩岩石化学的一些探讨

新生代是地球上玄武质岩浆的主要活动期。在我国东部,新生代玄武岩分布也极广泛,由北往南自大兴安岭、松辽盆地经华北、苏闽浙至台湾、海南岛以及近海大陆架均有不同程度的出露。时间上从老第三纪至史期均有玄武岩喷发活动。     

Geology of the Hubert Miller seamount,Marie Byrd seamounts province,Amundsen Sea,West Antarctic

This work is dedicated to the results of joint Russian-German geodynamic studies carried out in the West Antarctic (areas of the Amundsen Sea, the Southern Ocean, the Marie Byrd seamounts, and the foot of the continental slope of Marie Byrd Land) during cruises 18/5a and 23/4 of the “R/V Polarstern” in 2001 and 2006, respectively. The material collected on the Hubert Miller seamount (Marie Byrd seamount) attests to the relict continental appearance of the rocks. This suggests the heterogeneity of the Amundsen seafloor and its formation through a spatiotemporal combination of the destruction of continental crust, progressive thalassogenesis (oceanization-taphrogenesis), and rifting, as opposed to a spreading origin. The high postconsolidation mobility during the destruction stage led to the areal dismembering and high permeability of the continental crust, as well as tectonomagmatic activation. The main process during the reworking of the continental crust is its magmatic substitution by mantle-derived basic-ultrabasic material with subsequent formation of a secondary oceanic crust and preservation of relics of the continental crust. The endogenic activity of the Earth was driven by transmagmatic fluids, which were supplied from the liquid core and caused transformation of the Earth’s crust and mantle.