北京环境考古

人类居住场所和生活方式受环境的显著影响。30,000年以来北京环境演变可分作6个阶段。旧石器晚期在干寒的环境下,古人类依洞穴而居。到新石器时代之初,气候变暖,有人类活动于山间谷地。后来,直到商、周时期,气候暖湿,人类多在山前台地上生活。到战国至西汉,气候明显变干变凉,人类向泛滥平原转移。北京的先民居住场所迁移的总趋势是,由山地而平原,由台地而低谷。农业兴起于新石器时代早、中期的山前二级台地上,发达于历史时期的低谷地带。北京城的兴起,地利起了重要作用。     

油气田地质灾害研究纲要

油气田地质灾害是地质灾害的一种特殊类型。是指在特定的地质背景下因勘探、开发和利用油气资源的工程活动而诱发形成的灾害性地质事件。油气田地质灾害具有诱发性、突发性、成因多样性、可预防性和日趋显著性等特征。对油气田地质灾害分类尚未形成一致的认识,可按灾害的载体和外在表现、空间分布状况、分布范围及动力作用等多种因素进行分类。油气田地质灾害的形成机制是复杂的、多种多样的,主要有构造动力形成机制及非构造动力形成机制两大类。油气田地质灾害受地应力、油气地质环境及工程活动等多方面因素的控制和制约。对其防治应遵循油气田勘探开发与灾害防治并重等原则,深化地质研究,采取适当监测手段,并制定合理的油气资源勘探开发方案,将油气田地质灾害防患于未然。同时还应对油气田地质灾害进行有效预测预报以及恰当评估。     

敦煌莫高窟北区岩体变异变形及修复对策

敦煌莫高窟北区岩体长期以来在特殊的地形地貌、气象水文、岩土性质、地质构造条件下,受人工开挖、重力、风蚀、雨蚀和洪水冲刷等共同作用,岩体发生风化、卸荷等变异以及崩塌、坍塌和危岩、开裂与裂隙(构造裂隙、卸荷裂隙)等多种变形,严重影响岩体的稳定和洞窟的安全。针对上述变异、变形破坏情况,采用PS材料加粉煤灰浆液灌浆封闭裂隙和岩面喷浆加固相结合的修复方法,有效地防止了岩体变异的进一步扩展和表面风化的加剧,减少了岩体变形和表面风化程度,使石窟得以保护和修复。该方法对黄土及干旱地区石窟保护具有良好的借鉴作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地铀富集分布的影响因素分析

前人研究成果分析表明,鄂尔多斯盆地石油主要富集于三叠系延长组和侏罗系地层,天然气主要为下古生界气藏,煤主要赋存于石炭系至侏罗系诸多地层。收集到的地质、测井资料和岩芯分析资料表明铀赋存于盆地奥陶系、石炭二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系及白垩系地层,铀在盆地深部和浅部地层赋存特征不同,深部地层的高自然伽马异常与铀丰度相关性显著。断裂构造存在证据和分布特征研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地断裂构造发育,且对铀元素分布具有重要作用。本研究表明,盆地历经的构造运动和沉积环境变迁决定了多种矿产的赋存特征,盆地中油、气、煤对铀富集分布具有积极的促进作用。盆地内有机质丰度与铀异常关系密切。     

龙游石窟1号洞破坏成因及加固对策研究

龙游石窟1号洞和其他4个洞体,开发16a来,在取得了丰硕的社会经济效益和学术成果的同时,洞体在自然力的作用下,出现了严重的破坏。构成石窟的柱、墙和顶板陆续出现裂缝。其原因是构成洞体的泥质砂岩易于风化、易于流变,在干湿交替和温度变化的情况下极易破坏。同时处于浅埋状态的洞室顶板、柱子、墙体强度不足,在自重作用下发生以冲切、剪切、弯曲为主要特征的破坏形式。开发时施加的外部荷载加剧了这种破坏。针对这些破坏形式,加固方案宜采用整体设计分步实施的方案。先柱墙,后顶板。柱墙加固以柱支撑为主要手段,顶板以梁支撑为主要手段。两者相互联系形成一个美观的加固体系。     

冷泉流体沉积碳酸盐岩的地质地球化学特征

冷泉流体是指来自海底沉积界面之下的低温流体以喷涌和渗漏方式注入盆地, 并产生系列的物理和化学及生物作用, 这种作用及产物称为冷泉?它是继洋中脊以盆下源中高温流体的热泉被发现和研究之后的又一个新的盆地流体沉积领域?日前研究较多的是以水? 碳氢化合物 (天然气和石油) ? 硫化氢? 细粒沉积物为主要成分, 温度与海水相近的流体, 广泛发育于活动和被动大陆边缘斜坡海底?冷泉流体沉积体系发育高密度的化学自养生物群, 以碳酸盐岩和天然气水合物为主, 有少量的硫化物和硫酸盐等?冷泉碳酸盐岩的产状有丘? 结核? 硬底? 烟囱? 胶结物和小脉等, 以化学自养生物碎屑和多期次的自生碳酸盐胶结物组成的生物丘最为常见, 它在物质来源? 形成环境? 形成作用等方面与传统来源于海水碳的碳酸盐岩建隆不同, 用术语 C h e r m o h e r m 表示, 以区别于传统海水碳酸盐岩建隆术语b i o h e r m s ? l i t h o h e r m s ? p s e u d o b i o h e r m s 和 b i o s t r o m e s ?地层中石化的化学自养生物丘常是含有大量底栖生物化石的碳酸盐岩建隆产于深水相沉积地层中, 在沉积环境和相分析上出现纵向和横向的不连续, 甚至出现反常现象?矿物以镁方解石? 白云石和文石为主, 与传统的碳酸盐岩相似, 在地球化学组成上最大的区别是冷泉流体沉积碳酸盐岩的碳来源于冷泉体系中的细菌生物成因碳, 具有特别负的碳同位素值?冷泉在海底主要沿构造带和高渗透地层呈线性群, 或围绕泥火山或盐底劈顶部呈圆形或不规则状冷泉群分布,或以海底地形低凹处和峡谷转向处呈孤立冷泉形式产出?冷泉流体以沉积建造流体为主?上覆快速堆积? 成岩压实和胶结作用? 构造挤压和变形作用? 深部的后生作用和成岩作用? 海底沉积物中的天然气水合物分解作用是建造流体向上运移进入海底成为冷泉的驱动力?冷泉碳酸盐岩的沉积作用主要有胶结作用? 充填作用和生物化学沉积作用?冷泉流体中的碳主要是以甲烷为主的碳氢化合物形式存在, 经微生物作用转变为 C O₂ ,最终形成冷泉碳酸盐岩?     

Two genetic types of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide mineralizations from the Eastern Desert of Egypt

Volcanic-hosted (Cu–Zn–Pb) massive sulfide mineralizations are described from four prospects in the Eastern Desert: Helgate, Maaqal, Derhib, and Abu Gurdi. Helgate and Maaqal prospects are hosted in island arc volcanics in a well-defined stratigraphic level. Massive sulfides form veins and lenses. Although these veins and lenses are locally deformed, sulfides from Helgate and Maaqal prospects show primary depositional features. They form layers and colloidal textures. Sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena are the major sulfides. Gangue minerals are represented by chlorite, quartz, and calcite. The sulfide mineralizations at Helgate and Maaqal are Zn-dominated. Derhib and Abu Gurdi prospects occur as disseminations, small massive lenses, and veins along shear zones in talc tremolite rocks at the contact between metavolcanics and metasedimentary rocks. The host rocks at Derhib and Abu Gurdi are metamorphosed to lower amphibolite facies as revealed by silicate mineral assemblage and chemistry. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, and galena are the major sulfide minerals while pyrrhotite is less common. Recrystallization, retexturing and remobilization of sulfide minerals are reflecting postdepositional metamorphic and structural modifications. Electrum and Ag–Pb–Bi tellurides are common accessories. Gangue minerals comprise amphiboles of actinolite and actinolitic hornblende composition, talc, and chlorite. The ores at Derhib and Abu Gurdi are Cu–Zn and Zn-dominated, respectively. The distinct geological, petrographical, and geochemical differences between sulfide mineralizations at Helgate–Maaqal on one hand and Derhib and Abu Gurdi on the other hand suggest two genetic types of sulfide mineralizations; Helgate–Maaqal prospects (type 1) are similar to the Archean analogs from Canada (Noranda type), while Derhib and Abu Gurdi (type 2) show similarity to ophiolite-associated deposits similar to those described from Cyprus, Oman, and Finland. In genetic type 1, ore minerals were deposited on the seafloor; the role of postdepositional hydrothermal activity is limited. In genetic type 2, base metals were part of the ultramafic rocks and were later redistributed and mobilized during deformation to be deposited along shear zones. The dominance and diversity of tellurides in genetic type 2 highlight the role of metamorphic–hydrothermal fluids.     

羌塘盆地查郎拉地区中新生代古气候演化初探

通过野外遥感调研和收集整理大量剖面及路线地质资料，讨论了羌塘盆地查郎拉地区气候常量元素、变价元素及微量元素特征；气候沉积物及其分布特征，结合已有的气候指示性古生物化石及岩相古地理资料，首次系统地演绎了本区中新生代古气候特征及其变迁演化史。划分出8个气候旋回，指出晚三叠世为热带亚热带温热半潮湿－潮湿气候，组成第I气候旋回；中株罗世呈热带亚热带半干旱→半潮湿气候的周期性变化，组成第Ⅱ、Ⅲ气候旋回；晚株罗纪经历了热带炎热半干燥→温暖半潮湿和潮湿→炎热半干燥气候的演化，组成第Ⅳ、Ⅴ气候旋回；白垩纪气候早期呈温暖半潮湿，晚期转为半干燥－干燥热带、亚热带气候，组成第既Ⅵ、Ⅶ气候旋回；第三纪为内陆亚热带的干燥、半干燥→高原温凉气候；第四纪曾出现过6次冰期和5次间冰期，新生代总体经历了剧烈而频繁的冷暖波动，气候日益干燥和寒冷。最后简单分析了气候旋回与沉积旋回、构造运动和青藏高原隆升的叠加耦合关系，以及古气候变迁的主因。     

江苏地质灾害及防治对策探讨

江苏地质灾害如地面沉降、地面塌陷、滑坡、水土流失、江岸坍塌、盐碱化、涝溃化等，分布发育有一定规律，并受地质环境条件和人类活动等因素控制。地南灾害对自然环境和社会环境产生负面效应，并危及人类生命财产的安全，影响江苏经济的发展。     

金星探测研究进展与未来展望

金星探测是解答太阳系类地行星形成演化,地球宜居性的形成和未来发展,以及外太阳系宜居星球搜索策略的关键.由于金星恶劣的环境条件、对探测技术的多重挑战和相对高昂的探测成本,金星探测和研究程度远不及月球和火星.自20 世纪90 年代后期,金星探测任务相对匮乏.本文梳理了国际上金星探测研究进展、关键科学问题及技术需求,提出了未来金星的探测目标和探测方式建议.目前,对金星大气和气候研究程度最高,包括大气结构和大气化学,能量平衡和热结构,云层和霾层,大气环流和动力学以及气候演化等.高层大气的物理化学和太阳风与金星的相互作用方面也有重要进展.金星地表和内部的研究则相对滞后,研究涵盖金星表面形貌特征,撞击和重塑历史,火山和构造活动,地表物质组成,地表和大气相互作用等,但受限于数据的空间覆盖率和较低的分辨率和精度,诸多重大问题尚未解答,迫切需要新的探测数据.除探测任务外,金星研究还依赖于地基观测、实验室模拟和数值模拟研究.地面模拟设施对支持金星探测任务研发和金星基础科学研究尤为重要.未来十年是中国开展金星探测的契机和研发相关技术的关键时期.本文可为对金星探测、行星科学、太阳系探测感兴趣的科学家和工程人员提供参考.     

Book reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Deltas: Sites and Traps for Fossil Fuels , ed. by M. K. G. Whateley and K. T. Pickering
Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological, and Geomorphological Implications , ed. by K. Bevins and P. Carling
Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology , by G. J. Retallack
Dinosaur Tracks and Traces , ed. by D. D. Gillette and M. G. Lockley
Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms. Background and Plans for Research , ed. by R. N. Ginsburg and B. Beaudoin
Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Dolostones , ed. by V. Shukla and P. A. Baker     

Advances in the Measurement and Calculation Results and Influencing Factors of the Sublimation of Ice and Snow

As an important exchange process of water and heat between the cryosphere and the atmosphere, snow and glacier sublimation is a principal pathway of moisture content loss of cryosphere. The observations and simulations of snow and glacier sublimation for the process and influencing factors were conducted earlier in the Antarctic and the Arctic Pole, North America and northern Europe, and had made great progress. Based on the analysis of the sublimation of ice and snow and the latent heat of sublimation in different regions and climatic conditions, the influencing factors to sublimation of ice and snow were analyzed. Although sublimation of ice and snow is an important part of regional hydrological process and energy budget balance, under humid climate conditions, sublimation of ice and snow is inhibited. it is greatly affected by local topography(elevation, slope and aspect), vegetation and meteorological elements, resulting in large differences in reported sublimation of ice and snow. However, there are many factors that affect the sublimation, resulting in the obvious spatial and temporal differences of research results. The researches lack of long-term, systematic observation and research, and which has contributed to the lack of understanding in the water-heat process of snow and glacier. There are still great uncertainties and difficulties in this study that need to be overcome.     

The effects of international travel on the tourist: seeing and clearing methodological roadblocks

Measuring change such as the effects of the travel experience on the tourist requires the collection of before and after data and the analysis of the difference between the two. To do so for an overseas tourist segment is a relatively difficult, time-consuming and expensive undertaking, and as a result has been done in very few studies. This paper presents methodological procedures used to obtain pre- and post-trip measures of and therefore change in the destination perceptions and attitudes of a Japanese tourist segment. The study's methodological considerations included scope (e.g. number and choice of methods; longitudinality), experimental design (e.g. control of extraneous variables), instrument design and pre-test (e.g.generation of destination attributes; construct validity), data collection procedures (e.g. the setting and timing of survey administration), data analysis procedures (e.g. requirements of statistical tests), and the cross-cultural context (e.g. language barriers; cultural attributes). Suggestions for replication and modification of the methodology for future research on tourist perception and attitude change are given. Other methods and approaches of value in measuring the quantitative and qualitative effects of travel are outlined.     

Book reviews

Books review in this article:
Tide-influenced Sedimentary Environments and Facies, ed. by P. L. de Boer, A. van Gelder and S. D. Nio
Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level, A Handbook for Engineers and Scientists, by D. T. Pugh
Reservoir Sedimentology, ed. by R. W. Tillman and K. J. Weber
Sedimentation and Tectonics of the Welsh Basin, ed. by W. R. Fitches and N. H. Woodcock
Sediment Transport in Gravel Bed Rivers, ed. by C. R. Thorne, J. C. Bathurst & R. D. Hey
Periglacial Processes and Landforms in Britain and Ireland, ed. by John Broadman
Biolaminated Deposits, by G. Gerdes & W. E. Krumbein
Dinosaurs Past and Present, ed. by S. J. Czerkas and E. C. Olson.
Abrupt Climatic Change, Evidence and Implications, ed. by W. H. Berger and L. D. Labeyrie
The Morphodynamics of the Wadden Sea, by J. Ehlers, A. A. Balkema
Paleokarst, ed. by N. P. James and P. W. Choquette
Sea-level Fluctuation and Coastal Evolution, ed. by D. Nummedal, O. H. Pilkey and J. D. Howard     

泰国北部中三叠世放射虫硅质岩及其地球化学和沉积环境意义

Bedded cherts collected from northern Thailand, including Chiang Dao, Lamphun and Den Chai contain Middle Triassic radiolarian faunas. The faunas from Chiang Dao can be divided into two assemblages. The first assemblage includes Eptingium and other co-occurring species such as Cryptostephanidium cornigerum Dumitric?, Plafkerium antiquum Sugi-yama, Pseudostylosphaera compacta (Nakaseko and Nishimura), P. longispinosa Kozur and Mostler, P. acrior (Bragin), P. japonica (Nakaseko and Nishi-mura), Parasepsagon sp. cf. P. variabilis (Nakaseko and Nishimura), Hozmadia sp. cf. H. gifuensis Sugi-yama, Triassospongosphaera multispinosa (Kozur and Mostler), Celluronta donax Sugiyama, Oertlispongus sp. cf. O. diacanthus Sugiyama, Paroertlispongus multispinosus Kozur and Mostler, etc. The second as-semblage consists of Triassocampe deweveri (Na-kaseko and Nishimura), Yeharaia annulata Nakaseko and Nishimura, Hindeostylosphaera spinulosa (Na-kaseko and Nishimura), Plafkerium contortum Dumitric?, Kozur and Mostler, Pseudostylosphaera goestlingensis (Kozur and Mostler), P. timorensis Sa-shida and Kamata and Paroertlispongus rarispinosus Kozur and Mostler. These assemblages indicate upper and uppermost Anisian, respectively.     

Exhalative Lead-Zinc Deposits in Shallow Sea, Southern Xicheng Belt, Gansu Province

SEDEX-type lead-zinc deposits in the southern belt of the Xicheng Devonian basin, Gansu Province has been already identified. However, the sedimentary environment of the limestone and philite of the Xihanshui Group within which the lead-zinc deposits occur is littoral and shallow sea. This is different from those in the northern belt such as the Changba-Lijiagou lead-zinc deposits, which were formed in deep sea. The reef and bioclastic limestone are widespread in the southern belt. Particularly they are associated with lead-zinc ores and there are no striae and banding but massive or disseminated structures. It is discovered that the black chimney consists of sphalerite, ankerite, pyrite and galena, in which black, coarse and radial sphalerite occurs as irregularly veins or cylindricality with a width of 10-40 cm in the center, and it is surround by fine ankerite and minor celestite with ribbon structure. The immediate wall rock of the chimney, reef limestone, was unaltered and the outside reef and bioclastic limestone were intensively silicified. Those silicified reef and bioclastic limestone host disseminated lead-zinc ores of the Luoba and Bijiashan type. It is concluded that the exhalative system occurred in a shallow sea in the Givetian of the middle Devonian. Brine is boiled due to low pressure, and a great deal of lead and zinc was dispersed in the interface between the limestone and phyllite and formed a source bed. In the Triassic period, meta-hydrothermal fluids leached and extracted metals from the source bed, and then moved and mineralized in open space such as arches and inverse limbs of anticlines, and formed massive and vein ores such as the Jianyagou and Dengjiashan type deposits.     

Red and yellow soils and laterite formation in the Northeast Plateau, Thailand

Data of a study on red and yellow soils in the Northeast Plateau, Thailand, indicate that the soils are highly leached and well developed under oxidizing condition. They have been developed on slope wash materials and local alluvium underlain by cemented gravels and laterite. Appreciable amounts of Fe-oxides can be found in these soils, mainly in the form of goethite and hematite and in both silt and clay fractions. Other important constituents of these soils are quartz and kaolinite. The soil fabric contains argillan and ferri-argillan on skeleton grains and pore walls, indicating prolonged leaching and oxidizing state of the solum. Laterites found are both massive and pisolithic gravels. Since spot accumulation and separation of argillan and Fe-oxides were not observed in the soils it seems that the soils and laterite have been controlled by different sets of genetic processes.     

Book reviews

Book review in this article
Cross-bedding, Bedforms and Paleocurrents, by D. M. Rubin
Beach and Nearshore Sediments and Processes, ed. By R. A. Davis Jr.,
Sedimentary Processes on the Amazon Continental Shelf, ed. by C. A. Nittrouer and D. J. DeMaster
Fjords: Processes and Products, by J. P. M. Syvitski, D. C. Burrell, and J. M. Skei
Alluvial Soils, ed. by J. Gerrard,
Electron Micrographs (TEM, SEM) of Clays and Clay Minerals, by K.-H. Henning and M. Störr
The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological consequences, ed. by E. M. Friis, W. G. Chaloner & P. R. Crane
The Motion of Allochthonous Terranes Across the North Pacific Basin, by M. G. Debiche, A. Cox and D. Engebretson
Geomorphic Systems of North America, ed. by W. L. Graf
Approaches to Interpretation of Sedimentary Environments, ed. by D. J. Cant and F. J. Hein
Carbonate Depositional Environments: Modern and Ancient. Part I. Reefs.
European Dinantian Environments, ed. by J. Miller, A.E. Adams, and V.P. Wright
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans, ed. by K. J. Hsü
Marine Minerals: Advances in Research and Resource Assessment, ed. by P.G. Teleki, M.R. Dobson, J.R. Moore and U. von Stackelberg.
Sedimentation and Mineral Deposits in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, ed. by D.S. Cronan
A Practical Approach to Sedimentology, by Ray Lindholm
Clastic Particles, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Shape Analysis of Sedimentary and Volcanic Claste, ed. by John R. Marshall     

深层油气研究现状及进展

随着油气勘探工作的日益深入，渴望在盆地中浅层取得大的突破已越来越困难。近年来世界油气勘探的一个重要发展趋势是向盆地深部拓展。国内外均广泛发现的超过油气稳定温度和深度下限的深层油气藏的存在，对传统的油气成因理论提出了严峻的挑战，用传统的油气成因理论对深层油气勘探中出现的一系列新问题难以作出合理的解释。系统总结了近年来国内外在深层油气方面的研究现状及最新进展。并从深层油气的温度、深层油气的分布、深层油气形成的物质基础、深层油气的稳定性以及深层油气的储集空间等方面论述了沉积盆地深层仍具有形成工业油气藏的条件和基础。理论研究和实际勘探结果均表明，烃源岩在较高的热演化阶段仍具有形成工业油气藏的成烃潜力。深部地层裂缝和微破裂带是不封闭的，流体可以沿此为通道发生运移并储集，深部有形成大型烃类矿藏的条件。     

矿山地质数据库系统初探

影响矿山经济效益及可持续性发展的重要因素之一是矿山开采对象及资源量的难以预测，利用数字技术可充分提高开采及勘探所积累资料、数据的有效利用率，是提高有效预测的有效途径；同时也改变了传统资料、数据的存贮介质及方式，使数据的安全更有保障，数据调用更迅速使利；通过分析矿山资源勘查与开发过程积累的数据特点，表明矿山数据库有面向主题，随时间而变化、数据集成等数据仓库特点；数据的特征和空间属性的双重性和互为联动性、海量存贮、数据分析的智能要求等使GIS技术成为数据库的首选技术．由于受投资及技术队伍的制约，完整的数据库系统的建立与使用尚有待来日，但建立矿山地质数据库数据源系统则应尽早实施．