云南喜山期断陷盆地特征与油气勘探方向——以保山盆地和曲靖盆地为例

在喜山期构造运动影响下,云南地区形成众多断陷盆地和拉分盆地。保山盆地和曲靖盆地是已经取得油气勘探突破的两个断陷盆地。两个盆地形态相似,均为受控盆断裂拉张、坳陷形成的一侧陡坡、一侧缓坡的箕状盆地。盆地演化均经历了拉张期、断陷期、坳陷期和抬升消亡期4个阶段。曲靖盆地受喜山运动二幕影响,缺失中新统地层沉积。烃源岩主要由盆地断陷和坳陷期半深湖-深湖相暗色泥岩和沼泽平原相煤系地层组成,有机碳含量1%~2%,有机质成熟度低。储层主要由盆地陡坡带冲洪积砂砾岩、三角洲前缘砂岩和三角洲平原水下分支河道砂体组成,具有高孔隙度低渗透率特点。鉴于断陷盆地烃源岩和储集层分布规律,在油气勘探过程中除了寻找有利的构造气藏外,应注重生烃坳陷内寻找有利的岩性气藏,有利相带为靠近陡坡带的冲洪积相和缓坡带的三角洲前缘相。     

束鹿凹陷古近系沙河街组第三段下部储层物性及其影响因素

本文在对束鹿凹陷古近系沙河街组第三段下部地层、岩性、沉积相、成岩作用、成像测井等方面进行深入研究的基础上,查明了研究区储层物性特征及其影响因素。指出研究区储层原生孔隙不发育,以孔隙-裂缝型储层为主,储集空间以次生溶孔和裂缝为主,渗滤通道主要是裂缝,属特低孔特低渗储层。研究区的储集层主要是重力流成因的各种砂砾岩体和混积成因的泥灰岩类,由于其特殊性,导致它既不同于一般的碎屑岩,也不同于正常沉积的碳酸盐岩,因此,影响其储集性能的因素较复杂,概括起来主要有岩性、厚度、沉积相、成岩作用、构造应力等对裂缝、孔隙度的影响。其中性脆、泥质砂的中薄层砂砾岩,即贫基质的碎屑流易形成裂缝,同时构造应力是导致裂缝形成的重要原因：而具塑性、泥质含量高、层厚的重力流沉积及泥灰岩沉积不易形成裂缝。而成岩压实和胶结是导致地层孔隙度减小的主要原因,溶解作用则形成次生孔隙。     

The nature and dimensions of regional and local gold-related hydrothermal alteration in tholeiitic metabasalts in the Norseman goldfields: the missing link in a crustal continuum of gold deposits?

The Archaean lode-gold deposits at Norseman, Western Australia, consist of auriferous quartz veins in dextral-reverse ductile-brittle shear zones within tholeiitic metabasalts of upper-greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphic grade. Three types of deposits (Northern, Central, Southern) are delineated on the basis of their spatial distribution, veining style, alteration mineraloty and metamorphic grade of host rocks. Northern deposits, hosted in upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite facies rocks, comprise massive to laminated quartz veins with selvedges of quartz-chlorite-calcite-biotite-plagioclase assemblages. Central deposits, hosted in lower-amphibolite facies rocks, consist of laminated to massive quartz veins with selvedges of quartz-actinolite-biotite-plagioclasecalcite assemblages. Southern deposits, hosted in middleamphibolite facies metabasalts, consist of banded quartz-diopside-calcite-microcline-zoisite veins. All deposits exhibit variable ductile deformation of veins and contiguous alteration haloes, consistent with a syn-deformational genesis at high temperatures. From Northern to Southern deposits, the alteration assemblages are indicative of higher temperatures of formation, and there are progressively greater degrees of dynamically recovered textures in alteration and gangue minerals. These observations imply that a thermal variation of gold-related hydrothermal alteration exists within the Norseman Terrane over a distance of 40 km, with T_Northern<T_Central<T_Southern This thermal zonation is corroborated by T−X_{CO 2} phase relations between vein selvedge assemblages, which signify formation temperatures of approximately 420°–475°C, 470°–495°C and >500°C for Northern, Central and Southern deposits, respectively. The sum of structural, petrographic and mineral chemistry data indicates that the alteration assemblages formed in high-temperature, open hydrothermal systems and have not been subsequently metamorphosed. The thermal differences between the deposit groups may reflect (1) a temperature gradient, at relatively constant P, corresponding to the proximity of the deposits to regional granitoid complexes, or (2) formation of the deposits at progressively deeper crustal levels from north to south. In either case the deposits represent a continuum of gold deposition from upper-greenschist to amphibolite facies, now exposed in an oblique section through the Archaean crust at Norseman.     

松辽盆地他拉哈西地区下白垩统青山口组下部沉积微相分析

笔者通过观察岩心,结合测井、录井资料,采用沉积学最新分析方法,查明了主要研究层青山口组(K1qn)下部发育的沉积微相类型及其特征,建立了相标志,同时查明了不同体系域沉积相、亚相、微相的空间展布.研究层段发育的沉积类型有湖泊相和湖底扇相,湖泊相主要为半深湖-深湖亚相,湖底扇相区分为内扇和外扇两个亚相.通过单井相划分和3条不同方向的联井剖面查明沉积微相在纵向上的变化,利用沉积微相平面分布图分析了研究区各沉积微相的平面分布特征.纵向上研究层段底部湖底扇较发育,向上湖底扇的面积逐渐减小.平面上,以深湖-半深湖沉积为主,在研究区的西侧、西南和西北地区发育湖底扇.湖底扇具有多期性、多物源的特点.该区的主体砂岩为碎屑流、浊流成因的湖底扇砂,其典型特征是厚层暗色的深湖-半深湖亚相的烃源岩夹由重力流成因的湖底扇,上下均呈突变接触关系,具有很好的隐蔽油藏成藏的条件.     

The hydrothermal system of Central Jebilet (Variscan Belt,Morocco): A genetic association between bimodal plutonism and massive sulphide deposits?

Central Jebilet (Moroccan Variscan Belt) hosts several Cu and Pb–Zn massive sulphide deposits that are associated with a suite of gabbroic and microgranitic, tholeiitic to alkaline, intrusions emplaced 330 Ma ago. The intrusions and ore bodies form structural lineaments within marine Visean shales that are affected by very low to low-grade post-Visean metamorphism and contemporaneous shortening accompanied by the development of conjugate ductile to brittle shear zones. The ductile shear zones are localised in thermally softened aureoles around magmatic intrusions, while brittle deformation is common far from the intrusions. The intrusions have induced a contact metamorphism that reaches the hornblende hornfels facies, and their emplacement was accompanied by hydrothermal activity that leached base metals from the felsic intrusions.The massive sulphide deposits consist of steeply dipping elongate lenses that are located in shear zones 1–1.5 km away from the intrusions. They are dominated by pyrrhotite (up to 90%), sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite and arsenopyrite forming a mylonitic texture. Their wall rocks are altered to syntectonic mineral assemblages similar to those found in the alteration zones associated with the magmatic intrusions. The massive sulphide deposits located near the felsic intrusions are rich in lead and zinc compared to those located near the mafic intrusions, which are copper deposits. These relationships indicate that the whole Central Jebilet hydrothermal system could be described in terms of a lateral secretion of base metals from source zones (i.e. bimodal intrusions) to discharge zones (i.e. the Jebilet sulphide deposits). The metapelites in the contact metamorphic zone around felsic intrusions contain zincian ilmenite that was probably related to interaction of the host rocks with chlorine-rich fluid carrying zinc and other metals leached from the microgranites.     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚二叠世湖相沉积

鄂尔多斯盆地晚二叠世湖相沉积主要由灰棕色砂砾岩和红至灰色泥岩组成,厚500-600米。从该套沉积中已识别出五个主要相组合,即水下扇、湖岸冲积平原、湖成三角洲、边缘湖和滨外湖相组合。水下扇相发育于研究区西南缘,冲积平原相发育于研究区北部,湖成三角洲相发育于研究区北部和东部,边缘湖相发育于研究区中部,滨外湖相发育于研究区南部。     

开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷含铀岩系姚家组沉积环境及其富铀意义

利用10多口钻孔岩心、电测曲线和分析化验资料,对钱家店凹陷含铀岩系姚家组沉积环境及古气候进行了分析.姚家组为一套以中细粒为主的砂质辫状河沉积产物.含矿层主岩为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,粒度概率累积曲线以悬浮总体含量较高为特征的两段式.一个完整的垂向序列由含砾砂岩或中细砂岩向上变细为粉砂岩和少量泥岩组成的正韵律.碎屑组分含量变化和重矿物分析表明,沉积物源主要来自盆地西北部古隆起的酸性岩浆岩和变质岩.泥岩元素分析、孢粉分析及泥岩颜色等指示,姚家组沉积期古气候主要为亚热带干旱气候,在这一大的气候背景下有过程度较弱的短暂潮湿化事件发生.干旱-半干旱气候为层间氧化带的形成提供了有利的气候条件,周边古隆起或更远山地的酸性火山岩、古老结晶岩和变质岩为该区提供了丰富的铀源,广泛发育、物性较好的辫状河道砂体为铀矿化提供了良好的储渗空间.     

西秦岭地区造山型与卡林型金矿床

西秦岭金矿床分为卡林型和造山型两类。卡林型金矿床麇集于南秦岭和松潘—甘孜造山带的东北部。三叠纪和早侏罗世的同构造花岗闪长岩广泛分布于西秦岭中部和南部、松潘—甘孜盆地以及扬子克拉通边缘。造山型脉状金矿床主要分布于西秦岭造山带中的脆韧性剪切带内。大部分粗粒金主要赋存在网格状石英细脉和角砾状围岩中的黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂和少量贱金属硫化物中和以分散状分布在蚀变围岩中。同位素资料表明晚三叠世 -中侏罗世与扬子克拉通俯冲有关的作用控制了造山型金矿床的形成。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系洛河组至环河华池组砂体展布规律研究

鄂尔多斯盆地洛河组和环河华池组砂岩是白垩系两套重要的含水岩组。通过区域构造背景确定下白垩统地层分布范围,结合沉积相和盆地演化特征分析不同组岩性的发育和分布形态,并利用盆地内丰富的测井资料信息,进行砂体厚度统计。总结出白垩系洛河组砂岩为风成沉积,产状稳定、覆盖面广;环河华池组砂岩由三角洲水下分流河道及滨浅湖滩坝相长石石英细砂岩组成,砂体分布位置以及厚度变化规律有一定的继承性。     

胜利油田渤南洼陷古近系沙河街组沉积相

渤南洼陷古近系沙河街组为一套冲积－湖泊沉积，由曲流河三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、扇三角洲相、水下扇相和湖泊相组成，可分出14个亚相，35个微相，其中辫状河三角洲最发育，其特征显著，明显有别于其它四种类型的三角洲。研究区辫状河三角洲由辫状河三角洲前缘及前三角洲构成，辫状河三角洲前缘的主体是由含砂岩及中粗粒砂岩组成的水下分流河道砂坝，三角洲中交错层理发育，其中尤以水道砂坝侧向迁移加积而形成的侧积交错层异常发育为标志。     

湖南前震旦系铀矿化成因探讨

湖南前震旦系冷家溪群和板溪群是一套浅变质沉积岩,主要由各种板岩、变质砂岩、凝灰质板岩组成,夹有基性、中-酸性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩。现已落实铀矿床3个、矿(化)点14个。铀成矿年龄为85—50Ma,最晚者16Ma。稳定同位素研究结果表明,前震旦系铀矿化属岩浆岩源及沉积(变质)岩源中-新生代大气降水热液成因;铀矿化受断裂构造控制;凝灰质板岩、砂质板岩及角岩等是矿化有利的围岩。     

Geochemical zoning around the McClean uranium deposits, Saskatchewan, Canada

Some 3400 drill core samples of the Athabasca Group and underlying regolith have been obtained by sampling 8-m sections from 55 diamond drill holes in the McClean Lake Area, Saskatchewan. Forty eight holes are from sections over six areas known to contain uranium mineralization and 7 are from unmineralized areas. The uranium zones are covered by 30 to 180 m of Athabasca sandstones and conglomerates.The uranium mineralization of the McClean deposits can be described as belonging to two different facies; a more reduced sulphide-arsenide facies and a more oxidized hematite-“bleached” facies, superimposed on any one of three host rocks.The sulphide-arsenide facies is probably older and, except in one deposit, it forms a patchy distribution of relicts. The principal pattern is an upwards increase in sulphur/arsenic ratio. The hematite-“bleached” facies appears to be younger and may represent a reworking of the earlier sulphide-arsenide facies mineralization under more oxidizing conditions.The trace metals can be grouped according to their redox behaviour. Vanadium, Mo and U, occurring as oxides, form one group while Ni, Co, Zn, Cu and As, occurring as sulphides and/or arsenides, form intermediate and most reduced groups, respectively. Iron is concentrated in the most oxidized facies as hematite or goethite and in the most reduced facies as pyritebravoite, siderite and chlorite. Manganese follows the distribution of siderite.The ratio of oxidized to reduced minerals can be represented by the ratio of U/Ni. This ratio can be used to estimate the variation of redox potential in the deposit at the time of deposition or alteration. The principal pattern is one of systematic increase in U/Ni ratio or oxidation potential both upward and to the northeast in each of the hematite and bleached facies.A generalized Eh-pH diagram is used to qualitatively describe the significance of each mineral facies.The U/Ni ratio of the transition between the hematite and “bleached” facies increases upwards. The phase diagram suggests that a possible cause is an upward decrease in pH and increase in Eh.The overall distribution is compatible with the origin of the deposits due to reduction at the interface between a plume of reductant emanating from fractures in the sub-Athabasca basement and an oxidizing aquifer moving southwestward in the sandstone. This model does not accurately predict the distribution of elements among the seven McClean Lake pods. However, it explains the overall pattern. Local variations in metal ratios in solution either in time or reflecting local provenance could be adduced to explain local deviations from the overall pattern.Clay alteration, apparently largely contemporaneous with the earliest mineralization, is largely illitic but with sporadic occurrences of xenotime and goyazite. Thus K and to some extent P, Y and light REE's are also enriched to some degree in the deposits.Uranium analysis of the drill core shows that there is little movement of U into the overlying sandstones from basement rocks and regolith that contain no uranium deposits. Uranium in the Athabasca sandstone from these areas averages less than 1 ppm. However, where uranium zones have been found in the basement rocks, regolith and lower Athabasca sandstone, U values greater than 2–3 ppm consistently occur in the overlying sandstones at or near surface.There appear to be two types of U anomalies, those that flank the deposits and those that directly overlie them. Both types exhibit vertical and lateral continuity. They are associated with vertical to steeply dipping fracture systems that traverse the Athabasca sandstone from basement to surface. The fractures are thought to be related to diagenetic processes from compaction of the sedimentary rocks over basement irregularities as well as tectonic processes (i.e. re-adjustment along old basement structures).These results suggest that target areas containing deeply buried uranium deposits could be defined by U analyses of the Athabasca sandstone from quite widely spaced holes of limited depth. This conclusion can be compared to XRD and chemical studies of clay mineral distribution within the Athabasca sandstone about the deposits.     

柴达木盆地北缘下干柴沟组下段湖相混合沉积发育特征及其对储层的影响

柴达木盆地北缘的古近系下干柴沟组下段是油气勘探的重要目标,查明该区储层发育的控制因素是深入勘探的重要基础。根据岩屑录井、普通薄片以及铸体薄片等资料对该区冷湖七号和南八仙构造的储层特征进行了对比分析。研究表明,该区大量发育陆源碎屑-碳酸盐的混合沉积,但是由于水体咸度的不同:在冷湖七号的滨浅湖混积岩中碳酸盐和硬石膏含量较高,颗粒主要为基底式胶结;而南八仙构造地处辫状河三角洲前缘相带,因河流的稀释作用,混积岩中硬石膏含量很少,颗粒为孔隙式－基底式钙质胶结,原生孔喉较为发育,有利于后期酸性流体的溶蚀改造。两种类型混积岩的初始孔隙度以及孔喉演化模式的不同,是最终引起两个地区含油气丰度巨大差异的一个原因。     

Iron and chlorine as guides to stratiform Cu-Co-Au deposits,Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt are in lithostratigraphic zones of the Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation characterized by distinctive chemical and mineralogical compositions including high concentrations of Fe (15- > 30 wt. percent Fe₂O₃), Cl (0.1–1.10 wt. percent), and magnetite or biotite (> 50 vol. percent). The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Blackbird mine are stratabound in Fe-silicate facies rocks that are rich in biotite, Fe, and Cl, but stratigraphically equivalent rocks farther than 10 km from ore deposits have similar compositions. A lower lithostratigraphic zone containing magnetite and small Cu-Co-Au deposits extends for more than 40 km. The Fe-rich strata are probably exhalative units related to mafic volcanism and submarine hot springs, but the origin of the high Cl concentrations is less clear. Former chlorine-rich pore fluids are suggested by the presence of supersaline fluid inclusions, by Cl-rich biotite and scapolite (as much as 1.87 percent Cl in Fe-rich biotite), and by high Cl concentrations in rock samples. Chlorine is enriched in specific strata and in zones characterized by soft-sediment deformation, thus probably was introduced during sedimentation or diagenesis. Unlike some metasedimentary rocks containing scapolite and high Cl, the Yellowjacket Formation lacks evidence for evaporitic strata that could have been a source of Cl. More likely, the Cl reflects a submarine brine that carried Fe, K, and base metals. Strata containing anomalous Fe-K-Cl are considered to be a guide to sub-basins favorable for the occurrence of stratiform base-metal deposits.     

Pb-Pb age of Jatulian carbonate rocks: The Tulomozero Formation of southeast Karelia

The U-Pb systematics of 25 carbonate samples collected from the Upper Jatulian Tulomozero Formation in southeastern area of the Baltic shield has been studied. The U-Pb systems of Jatulian carbonates metamorphosed here under conditions of the greenschist facies likely have not been reset completely. Samples have been collected from core sections recovered by drilling 60 to 70 km apart from each other in western and eastern areas of the Onega Lake region. In majority, the rocks sampled characterize a thick upper member of the Tulomozero Formation, and a few samples have been collected in addition from its middle and lower members. The analyzed dolomitic rocks (Mg/Ca=0.60–0.68) have variable Mn (54–1450 ppm) and Sr (31–438 ppm) concentrations. Powdered dolomite samples have been treated preliminary in 1 N solution of ammonium acetate in order to get material for analysis enriched in pre-metamorphic carbonate phases in terms of U-Pb systematics. Five samples have been subjected to stepwise dissolution in 0.5 N HBr to analyze their carbonate phases L-1, L-2, L-3 and siliciclastic fraction for getting a deeper insight into the U-Pb systematics. The U-Pb characteristics of carbonate and siliciclastic fractions suggest deposition of studied carbonate sediments in two different paleobasins. In addition, they show for same samples the partial Pb redistribution between carbonate and siliciclastic components in the course of metamorphism and Pb gain from allogenic metamorphic fluids. The Pb-Pb date of 2090 ± 70 Ma (MSWD = 2.0) is estimated for the least altered dolomite samples from upper member of the Tulomozero Formation, which represent marine sediments of a paleobasin and contain a minimum of siliciclastic material, being the least-contaminated by gained Pb. The date obtained is well consistent with U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages established for the Jatulian volcanogenic rocks in northern and western areas of the Baltic shield.     

内蒙古阿尔山地区泥盆系塔尔巴格特组沉积相研究

内蒙古阿尔山地区泥盆系塔尔巴格特组主体为一套滨岩相陆源碎屑砂岩夹火山碎屑岩沉积,其沉积环境从早到晚经历了海相→海陆过渡相→陆相的过渡,晚期为陆相火山碎屑沉积。整体上,该地区塔尔巴格特组为一套无障壁滨岸-浅海陆棚环境沉积。     

云开地区前寒武系云开群变质岩系地质特征及其与金矿成矿的关系

云开地区前寒武系云开群变质岩系的主体是片岩类、片麻岩类、硅质岩类及变粒岩。其原岩是一套陆源碎屑类复理石沉积建造,该岩系经历了加里东期的绿帘石角闪岩相—角闪岩相的前进变质作用和海西期的绿片岩相—绿帘石角闪岩相的退变质作用(动力变质作用)。在构造—岩浆作用下,部分变质岩遭受了强烈的混合岩化作用,形成了各种形态的混合岩及混合花岗岩。变质岩系富含硅、铝、砷、硼及轻稀土元素,贫钾、钠、镍、铬、钴及重稀土元素,且含金量随岩石含Al_2O_3、有机碳量的增加而增高,是本区最主要的金矿源层。 在变质作用和构造—岩浆作用过程中,产生了Cl—K—Na型和S—K—Na型成矿热液流体,并活化、萃取了矿源层中的金,以氯和(或)硫络合物的形式迁移。在成矿的有利部位(如断裂破碎带、糜棱岩带等),金沉淀形成了矿床。     

辽东湾西北部A区沙一、二段钻井层序地层和沉积相分析

利用辽东湾西北部A区6口井的录井、测井、岩心资料,通过细致的层序地层学及沉积学分析,将研究层段自下而上划分为SQs2和SQs1两个三级层序,每个层序均可划分出湖扩体系域(TST)和高位体系域(HST),并识别出三个层序边界和两个最大湖泛面,自下而上分别为SQs2底界面SBs2、最大湖泛面mfss2、SQs1底界面SBs1、最大湖泛面mfss1、SQs1顶界面SBd3。钻井揭示沙二段主要为砂岩、含砾砂岩,以粗碎屑岩发育为特征;沙一段主要为泥岩和白云岩,以泥岩发育为主要特征。研究区沉积相为湖泊相,滨浅湖亚相,微相发育泥滩、混合滩、砂质滩坝和钙质浅滩。低突起及其斜坡地区,在SQs2以混合滩沉积为主,在SQs1以泥滩沉积为主;陡坡地区,在SQs2发育砂质滩坝,在SQs1发育钙质浅滩。SQs2砂岩发育层段和SQs1的生物白云岩发育层段为良好的储层。     

Isotopic geochronological evidence for the Paleoproterozoic age of gold mineralization in Archean greenstone belts of Karelia, the Baltic Shield

The Rb-Sr age of metasomatic rocks from four gold deposits and occurrences localized in Archean granite-greenstone belts of the western, central, and southern Karelian Craton of the Baltic Shield has been determined. At the Pedrolampi deposit in central Karelia, the dated Au-bearing beresite and quartz-carbonate veins are located in the shear zone and replace Mesoarchean (～2.9 Ga) mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks of the Koikar-Kobozero greenstone belt. At the Taloveis ore occurrence in the Kostomuksha greenstone belt of western Karelia, the dated beresite replaces Neoarchean (～2.7 Ga) granitoids and is conjugated with quartz veins in the shear zone. At the Faddeinkelja occurrence of southern Karelia, Aubearing beresite in the large tectonic zone, which transects Archean granite and Paleoproterozoic mafic dikes, has been studied. At the Hatunoja occurrence in the Jalonvaara greenstone belt of southwestern Karelia, the studied quartz veins and related gold mineralization are localized in Archean granitoids. The Rb-Sr isochrons based on whole-rock samples and minerals from ore-bearing and metasomatic wall rocks and veins yielded ～1.7 Ga for all studied objects. This age is interpreted as the time of development of ore-bearing tectonic zones and ore-forming hydrothermal metasomatic alteration. New isotopic data in combination with the results obtained by our precursors allow us to recognize the Paleoproterozoic stage of gold mineralization in the Karelian Craton. This stage was unrelated to the Archean crust formation in the Karelian Block and is a repercussion of the Paleoproterozoic (2.0–1.7 Ga) crust-forming tectonic cycle, which gave rise to the formation of the Svecofennian and Lapland-Kola foldbelts in the framework of the Karelain Craton. The oreforming capability of Paleoproterozoic tectonics in the Archean complexes of the Karelian Craton was probably not great, and its main role consisted in reworking of the Archean gold mineralization of various genetic types, including the inferred orogenic mesothermal gold concentrations.