烃源岩有限空间温压共控生排烃模拟实验研究

烃源岩的生烃反应是在其限定的孔隙空间中承受高静岩压力和流体压力下进行的,然而受实验装置和条件的限制,目前大多数的生排烃模拟实验都是在一个低压、相对较大的生烃空间下进行的,与实际地质情况差异较大。通过对同一样品分别进行有限空间和常规高压釜方式加水模拟实验对比研究发现:（1）有限空间热压模拟实验的气态产物更接近地质实际。气体组分中烃气占有更大的比重;重烃气的保存下限大于常规模拟,延迟了重烃气向甲烷的转化;烯烃含量比常规加水模拟条件下更少,基本检测不到。（2）有限空间的限制使水介质参与成烃反应的作用增强,其限定空间内较高的流体压力延迟了油向烃气的转化过程,有利于液态油的生成和保存。（3）有限空间下高压液态水介质条件有利于烃类的排出。     

Coal and coal macerals as source rocks for oil and gas

The role of coals in the generation and migration of hydrocarbons is discussed from the viewpoints of chemistry and petrology. Extract data and considerations of volatile matter and maturity suggests that under geochemical conditions most coals can give rise to oil, as well as gas. A distinction is drawn between release of absorbed oil and formation of hydrocarbons by thermal breakdown of the coal matrix itself. The generation and preservation of oil require not only that suitable lipidic structures be present but that the product oil can escape before being cracked to gas.Exinite, preferably in large discrete particles, is the most oil-prone maceral. Vitrinite can form oil but subsequent migration depends on the availability of cracks and fissures in the coal matrix. The most highly reflecting forms of inertinite (e.g. fusinite) have no inherent capacity to generate oil. Low reflectance inertinite, such as is common in many Australian coals, may have minor source potential.A speculative attempt is made to quantify the oil-generating capacity of coal macerals and mixtures. As a general broad rule, on a weight basis, exinite can produce ten times more oil than vitrinite and a hundred times more than inertinite. Approximate calculations suggest that thermal maturation of coals can account for all the known oil and gas reserves in the Gippsland and Cooper Basins of Australia, even if only 1% of generated hydrocarbons is trapped.     

深部碳酸盐岩油气生成和保存的特征及其模拟实验研究

塔里木盆地具有地温梯度低和油气藏埋藏深度大的特点，深埋引起的高压利于油藏保存，7000ｍ的地层温度＜１６５℃，低于通常认为石油形成温度上限，油藏保存的深可以达到7000ｍ。铁岭灰岩高温高压模拟实验表明，高压抑制油向气转化。塔里木盆地古生界海相碳酸盐岩晚期二次生烃使生油窗延伸至Ｒｏ１.５%。     

Geochemistry of organic matter of the Neoproterozoic strata within the Berezovka depression (Seralakh Formation,Siberian Platform)

The results of study of geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic and Lower Cambrian deposits within the Berezovka depression are presented. A mudstone member of the Seralakh Formation is assumed to be an oil source bed. We compiled a series of geochemical maps for this formation and estimated the hydrocarbon generation potential and the scales of oil and gas formation in its mudstone member, using the volumetric-genetic method. The migrated liquid hydrocarbons amount to about 8 billion tons.     

Secondary hydrocarbon generation potential from heavy oil, oil sand and solid bitumen during the artificial maturation

Secondary hydrocarbon generation potentials from natural bitumen, oil sand and heavy oil, representing different residual oil accumulations, were determined by artificial maturation in a closed pyrolysis system. Simulated results indicate that their thermal behavior and reactivity are similar to those of kerogen, and that they can generate hydrocarbons once subjected to suitable geological processes. Overall differences in oil and gas generation potentials among the samples result from differences in the chemical structure of precursor components, physical compaction status, and mineral matrices. Hydrogen rich precursors, such as oil sand and heavy oil, have greater potential to generate hydrocarbons than hydrogen poor ones. Naturally compacted oil sand has slightly higher conversion efficiency than artificially compacted heavy oil as indicated by lower residual bitumen content. However, total gas and liquid oil recovery from oil sand is lower than from heavy oil due to the poor release of pyrolytic products from well compacted and cemented networks in the experiments. Mineral matrices of previous oil deposits also affect further hydrocarbon generation potential. Carbonate matrices inhibit total oil and gas generation, which consequently retains high gas potential at the postmature stage. Traditional oil generation models mainly consider the thermal alteration of kerogen; this study provides supplemental information for superimposed basins where previous oil accumulations may have been destroyed and reburied to serve as secondary sources of oil and gas. Consideration of previous oil residues as potential source rock allows better estimates of available oil resources and the risks associated with their exploration.     

门限控烃作用及其在有效烃源岩判别研究中的应用

油气在生排运聚成藏过程中需经历生烃门限、排烃门限、成藏门限和资源门限。某一确定的油气运聚成藏系统进入任一门限都将损耗一部分烃量，实际地质条件下源岩生成的烃量只有超过进入各个门限时损耗烃量之和后才能大规模聚集成藏，构成油气勘探的远景区；只有提供的油气满足成藏过程中各种油气损耗形成工业油气聚集的源岩才称为有效烃源岩。阐明了各门限地质含义、判别标准和控油气作用机理，并将门限控烃作用在塔里木盆地台盆区古生界碳酸盐岩源岩评价中进行了应用。研究表明，不存在一个放之四海而皆准的最小有机质丰度下限，最小有机质丰度下限受源岩自身条件及成藏地质条件的共同影响。     

TSR(H2S)对石油天然气工业的积极性研究--H2S的形成过程促进储层次生孔隙的发育

TSR(硫酸盐热化学还原反应)是高含硫化氢天然气形成的重要途径,是指烃类在高温条件下将硫酸盐还原生成H2S、CO2等酸性气体的过程。由于硫化氢的剧毒和强腐蚀性,在石油天然气行业的钻井、完井、修井、净化加工以及运输等各个方面的危害一直备受人们的关注,对硫化氢和TSR的评价一直是负面的,在油气勘探中更多是在回避。最近研究发现,TSR作用对石油天然气工业具有重要的积极作用。TSR的发生,首先需要硫酸盐类溶解提供SO42-,储集空间得到初步改善;其次TSR反应形成的硫化氢,溶于水后显示出较强的酸性溶蚀作用,对白云岩储层具有最佳的溶蚀效果。在高温条件和储层中地层水的作用下,硫化氢与白云岩发生较强烈的酸性流体-岩石相互作用(水岩反应),促进了白云岩次生孔洞的发育和高孔高渗优质储集层的形成,使油气储层保存下限增大和深部天然气聚集成藏成为可能。而目前飞仙关组高含硫化氢气藏普遍压力系数小、充满度低,这与TSR及硫化氢对储层溶蚀导致储集空间增容有关。四川盆地油气勘探结果证实,所有高含硫化氢天然气藏均对应了次生孔隙十分发育的优质储层,岩性主要以白云岩为主,储层埋藏深度超过8 000 m时依然发育优质储层。     

Research Progress in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Geological Theory of China

The Chinese landmass, as a composite region, consists of multiple small continental blocks, such as Sino-Korea, Yangtze, Tarim, etc., and orogenic belts. Because of its distinctive tectonosedimentary evolution, China’s oil/gas-bearing regions differ remarkably from that elsewhere in the world. For instance, in comparison to the Middle East oil/gas-bearing regions which are characterized by Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine oil/gas-bearing beds, early oil and gas discoveries in China are distributed mainly in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins. Generation of oil from terrestrial organic matter, or terrestrial oil generation, and the formation of large oil/gas fields in continental sedimentary basins were previously the major characteristics of petroleum geology of China. However, in the past 20 years, a series of major oil and gas discoveries from marine strata have been made. Marine oil/gas fields in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins, which are tectonically stable and covered with Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. In these basins, hydrocarbon-bearing strata are of old age and the oil/gas fields are commonly deeply-buried. Cumulatively, 995 oil/gas fields have been found so far, making China the fourth largest oil-producing country and the sixth largest gas-producing country in the world. In terms of petroleum and natural gas geology, theories of hydrocarbon generation from continental strata, such as terrestrial oil generation and coal-generated hydrocarbons, etc., have been established. Significant progress has been made in research on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, formation mechanisms of ultra-deep clastic reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental subtle reservoir. Regarding research on the marine petroleum geology of China, with respect to the major characteristics, such as deeply-buried reservoirs, old strata, and multiple phases of transformation, important advances have been made, in areas such as the multiple-elements of hydrocarbon supply, formation of reservoirs jointly controlled by deposition, tectonic activities, and diagenetic fluid-rock reactions, and oil/gas reservoirs formed through superimposed multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. As more and more unconventional hydrocarbon resources are discovered, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are under study by Chinese petroleum geologists, who endeavor to come up with new discoveries on their formation mechanisms.     

Geochemical studies related to the occurrence of oil and gas in the dampier sub-basin,Western Australia

An organic geochemical study has been made of sediments from five petroleum exploration wells and liquid hydrocarbons from seven oil and gas condensate discoveries in the offshore Dampier Sub-basin. Hydrocarbon generation has occurred between 3000 and 4250 m and the probable source rocks have been identified. Oils and condensates in the basin are of two types; a paraffinic-naphthenic type derived from Jurassic source beds and a naphthenic type coming from Cretaceous source sediments. Mixing of the two oil types appears to have occurred in the Egret reservoir.     

中国油气地球化学理论研究进展

本文全面地,概括性地论述了目前中国在石油和天然气地球化学理论研究方面的现状和进展,包括非常规油气藏地球化学,油藏地球化学和天然气地球化学三个方面,其中,在非常规油气藏部分又分陆相低熟油气地球化学,高－过成熟油气地球化学（中国海相碳酸盐岩的油气生成）和煤成油气地球化学三个部分讨论。     

密闭体系与开放体系模拟实验结果的比较研究及其意义

利用广泛应用的高压釜和Rock Eval热解实验技术，对松辽盆地3个有机质样品同时进行了密闭条件下的加水恒温热解实验和开放条件下的恒速升温热解实验。利用后一实验数据所标定得到的化学动力学模型计算了与高压釜相同实验条件下的有机质产油、产气率。结果表明，在线计量的恒速升温Rock Eval实验方法由于不损失C6—C13的轻质烃组分，在计量液态油的产量方面较需要抽提、恒重的高压釜实验方法更为准确。因此为解决热模拟实验中难以计量、但对成烃评价有重要意义的C6—C13组分的计量问题提供了一条有效的途经。这可能也表明，先由实验数据建立有关的化学动力学模型，之后由它来进一步计算有机质的成烃率，不仅是可行的，而且应该更为准确。     

Fundamental challenges of the location of oil and gas in the South Caspian Basin

Subvertical and subhorizontal bodies were identified in the South Caspian Basin. They are a new class of geological structures with a complicated form, which can serve as migration pathways and hydrocarbon accumulation zones. The basin incorporates a few autonomous sources of oil and gas occurrences with their own distribution areas and spatial–temporal evolution. HC generation sources are displaced relative to each other. The lower boundary of the oil and gas occurrence reaches depths of more than 12–15 km, while the upper boundary of the “oil window” is confined to hypsometric depths of 5–7 km.     

无机生油假说及其在中国的应用前景

无机生油假说认为,原油和天然气和近地表的生物物质没有根本联系,它们是生成于地幔内的非生物来源的碳氢化合物。因而油气不是一个不可再生资源,而是一个可再生资源。无机生油假说得到地质学、物理学和化学等三个基本学科的支持。在地质观察上,发现全球许多大油田的油气储藏与原始生物物质之间数量上有巨大落差,难于解释它们是由生物生成的。此外,有许多地区在结晶基底或变质基底内,或直接位于其上的沉积岩中发现石油。从生物生油假说来说,也是无法理解的。在化学上,早在二战期间,德国已由人工合成石油(费托合成),并生产了占德国战争中用油的9%的石油。无可争辩地说明,无机可以生成石油。根据化学(物理学)热力学理论分析确认,甲烷是唯一一种在标准温压条件(温度为298.15 K;压力为101325 Pa)下稳定的碳氢化合物,从甲烷形成正常烷属烃只有在压力>3×106kPa、温度>700°C时(相当于地下深度约100 km)才有可能。在地壳内的温压条件下由生物变质形成石油的假说,与化学热力学的基本原则相抵触。从氧化的有机分子,如碳水化合物(C6H12O6)形成较高的碳氢化合物在任何条件下都是不可能的。根据我国长期对深部构造的研究,笔者认为在中国东部及西太平洋蘑菇云岩石圈地幔发育的地区是寻找巨型无机油气田的有利地区,建议在发育蘑菇云岩石圈地幔地区开展无机油气田的勘探,并在无机油气田远景地区布置超深参数钻,以评价含油气远景。另外建议加强物探工作,尤其是研究地震勘探处理基底内三维含油气构造的技术。     

“未熟油”与“未熟生烃”异议

有关专家认为,“未熟生烃”是我国新生代盆地广泛存在的地球化学现象,本文剖析了这一论点背后隐含的矛盾,并以苏北盆地部分断陷中存在的“不等深等温”“不等深等熟”,成熟度指标与埋深关系的“平行变浅”分布等资料为依据,提出此现象当源于“古大于今”埋深史这一特定地质背景（或称为退化受热史）若以恢复的最大古埋深重新勾画产经曲线,所谓“低温早熟”现象即可消除,既然未熟生烃现象不存在,也就不存在未熟的石油,同时指     

黄骅坳陷石炭-二叠系凝析油气地球化学特征及来源分析

深层油气勘探是未来油气资源的重要接替领域。渤海湾盆地下伏石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩自油气勘探取得新突破以来,一直是深层油气领域研究的热点。黄骅坳陷新部署的QG8井奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层和YG1井二叠系砂岩储层获高产凝析油气流,其来源判别问题是深层油气勘探的关键。针对QG8、YG1井凝析油气开展的生物标志化合物、有机碳稳定同位素和原油物性研究表明：两口井的凝析油均为低黏度、低密度的典型轻质原油,具有姥鲛烷优势（Pr/Ph>2.8）,QG8井凝析油饱和烃δ¹³C为-29.1‰、芳烃δ¹³C为-26.8‰;天然气δ¹³C₁偏重,介于-39.7‰~-36.4‰之间,干燥系数大于0.8,重烃可达16.2%,为偏干湿气。QG8与YG1井凝析油特征与黄骅坳陷石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩（饱和烃δ¹³C为-29.26‰~-26.87‰,芳烃δ¹³C为-26.62‰~-24.15‰）及KG4井原油物性（0.757 1~0.840 2 g/cm³）相近,天然气特征则相似于济阳坳陷GBG1井的煤成气（δ¹³C₁为-43‰~-35‰）,表明高产的凝析油气来自石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩。证实渤海湾盆地深层石炭-二叠系煤系具有生烃潜力和油气勘探前景。     

中国非常规油气勘探与研究新进展

全球油气勘探目标的转移和石油地质学的发展,具有从毫-微米孔喉的圈闭油气,逐渐向纳米孔喉的连续型油气聚集发展的趋势。近十年非常规油气资源在全球能源格局中的地位愈发重要,致密气、煤层气、重油、沥青砂等已成为勘探开发的重点领域,致密油成为亮点领域,页岩气成为热点领域。中国致密气、页岩气、致密油、煤层气等非常规油气资源勘探开发取得重要突破,油页岩、天然气水合物、油砂矿等有重要进展。中国非常规油气研究也取得重大进展,陆相敞流湖盆大型浅水三角洲砂体、湖盆中心砂质碎屑流沉积和湖相碳酸盐岩等,提供了湖盆中心储集体形成和分布的理论依据;创新发展了连续型油气聚集理念,明晰了连续型油气聚集的10个基本地质特征和2项关键标志,为大面积非常规油气规模勘探开发奠定了理论基础;系统表征了致密油气储层的纳米级微观孔喉结构,首次发现了纳米孔喉中油气的赋存,推动了纳米孔喉中油气流动机制和分布规律的研究。随着全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展,提出了"纳米油气"概念,并指出这是未来石油工业的发展方向,需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术,油气智能化时代即将到来。     

Ancient continental margins and comparative analysis of their oil-and-gas bearing

Analysis of peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations within the basins of Phanerozoic continental margins, which had completed their evolution, and complicated peripheral regions of ancient Laurasian and Gondwanian platforms nowadays, has enabled us to reveal certain regularities related to two stages in the evolution of sedimentary basins. The first stage of evolution of sedimentary basins (period of existence of the continental margin proper) is related to large accumulations of fluid and gaseous hydrocarbons in the margins of continents belonging to the Laurasian megablock; for the margins of continents belonging to Gondwana, this period was reflected in the formation of large gas accumulation only (in the Permian). At the second stage of sedimentary basin evolution, large oil and gas accumulations were formed in areas associated with fore deeps, which were laid in the boundary of the Gondwanian platforms and fold belts. In comparison, in fore deeps that emerged in the marginal parts of Laurasian platforms, less significant accumulations of fluid and gaseous hydrocarbons were found (Table 1). The results of comparative analysis in oil-and-gas bearing basins located in the margins of the Laurasian and Gondwanian megablocks would help in purposeful exploratory works for oil and gas.     

天山北缘晚新生代快速变形时间的确定及其成藏意义

生长地层分析及区域研究成果表明天山北缘冲断带晚新生代快速变形主要形成于10～7Ma以来。10Ma以来准南前陆冲断带持续扩展,形成现今地表可见的三排褶皱冲断带,其构造形成时间明显晚于天山南缘,显示印-藏碰撞引起的区域构造变形由南向北传播的特征。10Ma以来的变形强度显示天山北缘乌鲁木齐以西—齐古背斜地区的构造变形相对较弱,向两侧剥蚀作用、构造变形有所增强。晚新生代快速变形与晚期成藏匹配良好,决定冲断带前缘是油气成藏的有利部位,而山前构造带的剥蚀、隆升强烈,构造变形较弱的构造(带)应是早期成藏得以保存的有利部位。     

柴达木盆地东部燕山期剥蚀量恢复:来自地球物理和低温热年代学的证据

依据地面地质调查分析了柴达木盆地东部主要不整合面的接触关系和发育特征,并利用古温标(镜质体反射率(R_o)、磷灰石裂变径迹)反演和地震地层趋势延伸法对柴达木盆地东部燕山期剥蚀量进行了恢复。结果表明,研究区东部旺尕秀、牦牛山一带晚燕山期剥蚀量为500~2 300 m,研究区南缘格尔木、大干沟、纳赤台一带剥蚀厚度最高达2 000 m,研究区北缘绿梁山、大柴旦一带增大到平均1 750 m,至柴东欧南凹陷、霍布逊凹陷逐渐减小到平均700 m。该区剥蚀厚度表现出由周缘老山向坳陷中心逐步减小的趋势,并呈现出“东西分块、南北分带”的特征。柴达木盆地东部燕山运动发生的时间为87~62 Ma,该时期研究区整体处于SE-NW向弱挤压的环境,与早白垩世末冈底斯—念青唐古拉地块群和欧亚大陆拼合有关,导致柴达木盆地东部差异隆升,形成现今欧龙布鲁克隆起带的雏形,并进一步控制该区油气的富集,一方面是造成局部地区地层剥蚀严重,油气散失;另一方面是因构造挤压,在覆盖区挤压拗陷,主力烃源岩进一步深埋,该区侏罗系烃源岩进一步成熟生烃,下伏石炭系烃源岩经历二次生烃;同时在挤压环境下形成一系列的近EW向的圈闭,有利油气的调整、聚集。     

涟源凹陷流体包裹体特征与天然气成藏

涟源凹陷属于典型的改造型盆地,是湘中坳陷最有利的含油气凹陷之一。应用流体包裹体分析技术,并结合盆地构造演化和圈闭发育史、烃源岩主要生、排烃史,对改造型盆地涟源凹陷主要目的层石炭系储层中流体包裹体特征及气藏形成时间和期次进行了分析。结果表明,研究区存在两种类型流体包裹体,第一类为单一液相或气/液比小于15%的气液两相盐水包裹体,第二类为气液两相含烃盐水包裹体,单一液相包裹体大小一般3~4μm,其它包裹体大小一般1~7μm;流体包裹体特征反映出该区气藏成藏期有两期,即第一期天然气注入时温度120.8~126.2℃,对应成藏时间为早三叠世,第二期天然气注入时温度154.4~169.7℃,对应成藏时间为晚三叠世,其中主要成藏期为晚三叠世。