Refining the age of magmatism in the Altos Cuchumatanes,western Guatemala,by LA–ICPMS,and tectonic implications

The Altos Cuchumatanes Range is made up of a core of igneous and metamorphic rocks, surrounded by lower Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary strata. These units constitute the westernmost exposure of basement rocks in Guatemala and represent some of the most important crustal units in the Maya Block. New laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon geochronology allows better definition of their igneous ages, inheritance and petrologic evolution. The Altos Cuchumatanes magmatism occurred during the Middle Ordovician (461 Ma) and lower Pennsylvanian (312–317 Ma), replicating similar age trends present in southern Mexico (Acatlán Complex) and the Maya Block, from Chiapas to central Guatemala (Rabinal-Salamá area) and Belize (Maya Mountains). The U-Pb inheritance from cores of the studied zircons makes it possible to decipher the pre-magmatic history of the area. During the Late Ordovician to Permo-Carboniferous, the Altos Cuchumatanes and Maya Block were located adjacent to northeastern Mexico, near the Mixteco terrane, where Ordovician megacrystic granites intruded a passive-margin sedimentary sequence. The Ordovician granites present at the southern limit of the Maya Block, in the Altos Cuchumatanes, in central Guatemala and in Belize, are the result of partial crustal melting during the initial opening of the Rheic Ocean, when both Maya and Mixteco terranes would have lain close to NW Gondwana until the closure of that ocean. The crystallization of the early Pennsylvanian granites seems to be the result of an E-dipping subduction zone that accommodated convergence between Laurentia and Gondwana.     

Geochemistry and Sm–Nd isotopic systematics of Ediacaran–Ordovician,sedimentary and bimodal igneous rocks in the western Acatlán Complex,southern Mexico: Evidence for rifting on the southern margin of the Rheic Ocean

Ordovician igneous rocks in the western Acatlán Complex (Olinalá area) of southern Mexico include a bimodal igneous suite that intrudes quartzites and gneisses of the Zacango Unit, and all these rocks were polydeformed and metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies during the Devono-Carboniferous. The Ordovician igneous rocks consist of the penecontemporaneous amphibolites, megacrystic granitoids and leucogranite, the latter dated at ca. 464 Ma. Geochemical and Sm–Nd data indicate that the amphibolites have a differentiated tholeiitic signature, and that its mafic protoliths formed in an extensional setting transitional between within-plate and ocean floor. The amphibolites are variably contaminated by a Mesoproterozoic crustal source, inferred to be the Oaxacan basement exposed in the adjacent terrane. The most primitive samples have εNdt (t = 465 Ma) values significantly below that of the contemporary depleted mantle and were probably derived from the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The megacrystic granites were most probably derived by partial melting of an arc crustal source (similar to the Oaxacan Complex) and triggered by the ascent of mafic magma from the lithospheric mantle. Sm–Nd isotopic signatures suggest that metasedimentary rocks from Zacango Unit were derived from adjacent Oaxacan Complex. Trace elements relationships (e.g. La/Th vs. Hf) and REE patterns suggest provenance in felsic-intermediate igneous rocks with a calc-alkaline signature. The Ordovician bimodal magmatism is inferred to have resulted from rifting on the southern flank of the Rheic Ocean and is an expression of a major rifting event that occurred along much of the northern Gondwanan margin in the Ordovician.     

Cambrian to Devonian Geologic Evolution of the Sierra de Comechingones, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: Evidence for the Development and Exhumation of Continental Crust on the Proto-Pacific Margin of Gondwana

Crystalline rocks from the Sierra de Comechingones, eastern Sierras Pampeanas, evolved through three distinct orogenic cycles during the Eopalaeozoic: (1) the first tectono-thermal event named Pampean orogeny (550 to 505 Ma), which peaked in the Early Cambrian, was responsible for extensive metamorphism, partial melting, juvenile magmatism, rapid decompression, and persistent tectonic activity. Large part of the crustal section that was residing at middle levels (c. 27 km) was heated above 800 °C during the thermal peak stage of the Pampean orogeny; decompression of the Pampean orogen's core took place at this high temperature. The exhumation mechanism that assisted rapid uplifting combined the effects of ongoing tectonic forces with a buoyant instability created by a large amount of anatectic magmas in the middle to lower crust. (2) Beginning at the Early Ordovician, the Famatinian orogeny produced an overall shortening, causing pervasive textural reworking of the Cambrian metamorphic sequences under a high-strain regime. By being adjacent to the Famatinian magmatic arc, the western border of the Cambrian crystalline package absorbed imposed deformation along a crustal scale ductile shear zone. Within this zone, the high-grade metamorphic rocks were reworked and re-hydrated to lower temperature assemblages (<600°C and 3–6 kbar). Early Ordovician subduction-related igneous activity, even though manifested as small plutons, intruded Cambrian crystalline sequences, and experienced textural reworking during Late Famatinian tectonic exhumation. Late Famatinian convergence resulted in west-vergent ductile shear zones that placed Cambrian onto Ordovician crystalline sequences. (3) During post-Famatinian times (360–400 Ma) enduring crustal perturbation produced intra-crustal-derived granitic magmatism. West- to northwest-directed thrusting was concentrated in belts nucleated along crustal-scale tectonic boundaries formed between older tectono-stratigraphic units. As a result, Devonian anatectic granites were formed and tectonically extruded among Pampean and Famatinian crystalline sequences. The post-Famatinian event is also characterised by the intrusion of batholith-scale monzogranites into Pampean and Famatinian crystalline sequences residing in the upper crust.

Crystalline rocks currently exposed in the Sierra de Comechingones show that they crystallised and were exhumed in a setting where tectono-thermal activity lasted, even though it might have waned, until the Middle Palaeozoic. From the latest Neoproterozoic (c. 550 Ma) until the Late Devonian (c. 360 Ma) tectonic activity was intermittently acting, indicating continuous convergence along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana.     

胶东半岛中生代侵入岩浆活动序列及其构造制约

胶东半岛是我国东部中生代花岗质岩石较为发育的地区。通过对该区中生代侵入岩体高精度年代学数据资料分析，建立了区内中生代花岗质岩石3个显著不同的演化序列：晚三叠世（225~205 Ma）幔源型花岗岩、晚侏罗世（160~150 Ma）地壳重熔型花岗岩和早白垩世（130~105 Ma）壳幔混合型花岗岩。通过与辽东和鲁西–徐淮地区中生代岩浆活动年代学格架的对比分析，探讨了华北东部地区中生代岩石圈构造演化和深部地球动力学过程。指出胶辽地区晚侏罗世（160~150 Ma）地壳重熔型花岗岩记录了华北东部一次重要的岩石圈地壳增厚事件，其区域动力学背景可能与古太平洋板块低角度向亚洲大陆俯冲作用密切相关。正是这次增厚作用导致了早白垩世时期岩石圈拆沉减薄和大规模伸展型花岗质岩浆活动。岩石圈地壳增厚和减薄作用过程主导了中国东部中生代陆内构造应力体制的转换和岩浆活动序列。     

U–Pb zircon geochronology of Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous extension‐related silicic volcanism in the northern New England Fold Belt

Laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analysis of zircons confirm a Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous age (ca 360–350 Ma) for silicic volcanic rocks of the Campwyn Volcanics and Yarrol terrane of the northern New England Fold Belt (Queensland). These rocks are coeval with silicic volcanism recorded elsewhere in the fold belt at this time (Connors Arch, Drummond Basin). The new U–Pb zircon ages, in combination with those from previous studies, show that silicic magmatism was both widespread across the northern New England Fold Belt (>250 000 km² and ≥500 km inboard of plate margin) and protracted, occurring over a period of ～15 million years. Zircon inheritance is commonplace in the Late Devonian — Early Carboniferous volcanics, reflecting anatectic melting and considerable reworking of continental crust. Inherited zircon components range from ca 370 to ca 2050 Ma, with Middle Devonian (385–370 Ma) zircons being common to almost all dated units. Precambrian zircon components record either Precambrian crystalline crust or sedimentary accumulations that were present above or within the zone of magma formation. This contrasts with a lack of significant zircon inheritance in younger Permo‐Carboniferous igneous rocks intruded through, and emplaced on top of, the Devonian‐Carboniferous successions. The inheritance data and location of these volcanic rocks at the eastern margins of the northern New England Fold Belt, coupled with Sr–Nd, Pb isotopic data and depleted mantle model ages for Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic magmatism, imply that Precambrian mafic and felsic crustal materials (potentially as old as 2050 Ma), or at the very least Lower Palaeozoic rocks derived from the reworking of Precambrian rocks, comprise basement to the eastern parts of the fold belt. This crustal basement architecture may be a relict from the Late Proterozoic breakup of the Rodinian supercontinent.     

Geochronology in the southern Midyan terrane: a review of constraints on the timing of magmatic pulses and tectonic evolution in a northwestern part of the Arabian Shield

The southern Midyan terrane is a composite Tonian to Ediacaran tectonostratigraphic crustal block in the northern Arabian Shield that prior to Red Sea opening was contiguous with coeval rocks in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and Sinai. Ion microprobe (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe [SHRIMP]) dating of 12 rock samples described here and the results of other dating programmes establish a clear timeframe for depositional, intrusive, and structural events in the region and provide a chronology of tectonism in this part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Deposition of Zaam and Bayda group volcanosedimentary rocks and emplacement of mafic-ultramafic complexes and TTG-type diorite, tonalite, and granodiorite denote formation of the Tonian (780–715 Ma) Zaam arc and fore-arc ophiolite above a possible west-dipping subduction system in the southern part of the Midyan terrane. Convergence with the Hijaz terrane farther south and obduction of ophiolite nappes resulted by ~700 Ma in development of the Yanbu suture. Ongoing or a new subduction system led to a ~705–660 Ma Cryogenian pulse of magmatism represented by I-type calc-alkaline diorite, granodiorite, and granite that have volcanic-arc and syn-collisional granite affinities. This was followed, after a brief end-Cryogenian hiatus, by a 635–~570 Ma period of Ediacaran magmatism marked by monzogranite, syenogranite, and minor gabbro and diorite. These rocks are reported to have within-plate to volcanic-arc and syncollision chemical characteristics but their precise tectonic setting is uncertain. Structurally, the intrusions are diapiric and were evidently emplaced in an extensional regime consistent with an overlap between intrusion and Najd faulting associated, at this time, with transpressional collision and northward extension through much of the ANS. Terminal magmatism in the southern Midyan terrane postdated cessation of Najd faulting at ~575 Ma and resulted in the emplacement of undeformed within-plate A-type alkali-feldspar granites and mafic (lamprophyre) and felsic dikes.     

藏南特提斯喜马拉雅带始新世隆子-恰嘎次火山岩区:雅拉香波二云母花岗岩的高位岩浆体系

已有的数据表明,大约在中始新世(44～40Ma),西藏特提斯喜马拉雅带(雅拉香波穹窿地区)经历了一次特别的地壳深熔作用,产生了大量高Sr/Y比值的二云母花岗岩.在雅拉香波穹窿南部的隆子-恰嘎地区,发育一套流纹质次火山岩,以小岩体或岩脉形式侵位于侏罗纪日当组的砂岩和页岩之中.岩相学观察、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩元素和同住素(Sr、Nd)地球化学数据表明:(1)该次火山岩形成于约43～41Ma,与北部二云母花岗岩体的形成年龄相似;(2)该次火山岩经历了强烈的岩浆演化后期的岩浆-热液作用和钙长石分离结晶作用,导致该套岩浆岩强烈的Eu负异常、明显降低的Sr含量和锆石岩浆增生边的普通Pb和U浓度明显升高;和(3)该套次火山岩和二云母花岗岩属于同一岩浆过程的不同的构造层次,在时间、空间和成岩物质来源上具有一致性,同属于中始新世青藏高原主碰撞时中下地壳部分熔融的产物.     

High-pressure rocks in the serpentinite melange of the Chara zone,Eastern Kazakhstan: Geochemistry,petrology, and age

The nature of the protolith of high-pressure rocks occurring as exotic blocks in serpentinite melange in the Chara ophiolite belt, Eastern Kazakhstan, is identified based on petrological and geochemical evidence. The distribution of incompatible HFSE in these rocks suggests that their protoliths were similar to E- and N-MORB tholeiites and, more rarely, to OIB alkaline basalts. This testifies to the activity of plume magmatism in the Early Paleozoic evolution of the Paleoasian Ocean. The Ar-Ar ages of phengite and Na-amphibole from the rocks date the subduction/exhumation of high-pressure rocks in the Chara ophiolite belt at the Late Ordovician (450 ± 5 Ma).     

Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic Intrusions Distribution in the North Sanjiang Orogenic Belt, Southwest China: Evidence from Zircon U–Pb Dating and Geochemistry

A mosaic of terranes or blocks and associated Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic sutures are characteristics of the north Sanjiang orogenic belt (NSOB). A detailed field study and sampling across the three magmatic belts in north Sanjiang orogenic belt, which are the Jomda–Weixi magmatic belt, the Yidun magmatic belt and the Northeast Lhasa magmatic belt, yield abundant data that demonstrate multiphase magmatism took place during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. 9 new zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb ages and 160 published geochronological data have identified five continuous episodes of magma activities in the NSOB from the Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic: the Late Permian to Early Triassic (c. 261–230 Ma); the Middle to Late Triassic (c. 229–210 Ma); the Early to Middle Jurassic (c. 206–165 Ma); the Early Cretaceous (c. 138–110 Ma) and the Late Cretaceous (c. 103–75 Ma). 105 new and 830 published geochemical data reveal that the intrusive rocks in different episodes have distinct geochemical compositions. The Late Permian to Early Triassic intrusive rocks are all distributed in the Jomda–Weixi magmatic belt, showing arc–like characteristics; the Middle to Late Triassic intrusive rocks widely distributed in both Jomda–Weixi and Yidun magmatic belts, also demonstrating volcanic–arc granite features; the Early to Middle Jurassic intrusive rocks are mostly exposed in the easternmost Yidun magmatic belt and scattered in the westernmost Yangtza Block along the Garzê–Litang suture, showing the properties of syn–collisional granite; nearly all the Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks distributed in the NE Lhasa magmatic belt along Bangong suture, exhibiting both arc–like and syn–collision–like characteristics; and the Late Cretaceous intrusive rocks mainly exposed in the westernmost Yidun magmatic belt, with A–type granite features. These suggest that the co–collision related magmatism in Indosinian period developed in the central and eastern parts of NSOB while the Yanshan period co–collision related magmatism mainly occurred in the west area. In detail, the earliest magmatism developed in late Permian to Triassic and formed the Jomda–Wei magmatic belt, then magmatic activity migrated eastwards and westwards, forming the Yidun magmatic bellt, the magmatism weakend at the end of late Triassic, until the explosure of the magmatic activity occurred in early Cretaceous in the west NSOB, forming the NE Lhasa magmatic belt. Then the magmatism migrated eastwards and made an impact on the within–plate magmatism in Yidun magmatic belt in late Cretaceous.     

Evolution of the Proto-Tethys in the Baoshan block along the East Gondwana margin: constraints from early Palaeozoic magmatism

Zircon U–Pb ages and geochemical and isotopic data for Late Ordovician granites in the Baoshan Block reveal the early Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the margin of East Gondwana. The granites are high-K, calc-alkaline, metaluminous to strongly peraluminous rocks with A/CNK values of 0.93–1.18, are enriched in SiO₂, K₂O, and Rb, and depleted in Nb, P, Ti, Eu, and heavy rare earth elements, which indicates the crystallization fractionation of the granitic magma. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that they formed at ca. 445 Ma. High initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.719761–0.726754, negative ?_Nd(t) values of –6.6 to –8.3, and two-stage model ages of 1.52–1.64 Ga suggest a crustal origin, with the magmas derived from the partial melting of ancient metagreywacke at high temperature. A synthesis of data for the early Palaeozoic igneous rocks in the Baoshan Block and adjacent Tengchong Block indicates two stages of flare-up of granitic and mafic magmatism caused by different tectonic settings along the East Gondwana margin. Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician granitic rocks (ca. 490 Ma) were produced when underplated mafic magmas induced crustal melting along the margin of East Gondwana related to the break-off of subducted Proto-Tethyan oceanic slab. In addition, the cession of the mafic magmatism between late Cambrian-Early Ordovician and Late Ordovician could have been caused by the collision of the Baoshan Block and outward micro-continent along the margin of East Gondwana and crust and lithosphere thickening. The Late Ordovician granites in the Baoshan Block were produced in an extensional setting resulting from the delamination of an already thickened crust and lithospheric mantle followed by the injection of synchronous mafic magma.     

三江北段晚三叠世构造-岩浆作用和几个相关的科学问题

中国西南三江北段的松潘-甘孜褶皱带和义敦地体以强烈的晚三叠世构造-岩浆活动为特征.松潘-甘孜褶皱带的岩浆活动主要发生在228～190 Ma(峰期时代为约210 Ma),略晚于义敦地体的岩浆活动(236～200 Ma,峰期时代为约216 Ma).金沙江洋可能经历了西向和东向的双向俯冲,于晚二叠世末—早三叠世初闭合,甘孜-...     

北秦岭西段奥陶纪红花铺岩体岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

红花铺岩体位于北秦岭造山带西段,侵位于奥陶纪草滩沟群之中,岩石类型主要为中细粒奥长花岗岩.岩石地球化学分析结果表明该岩体属弱过铝质钙碱性岩石系列,为I型花岗岩;轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,轻稀土元素略为富集,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分型式为右倾型,Eu异常不明显;主量、微量及稀土元素等相关的构造环境判别结果均显示其具典型的火山弧花岗岩特征,结合区域上与一套岛弧型火山岩(草滩沟群)共生的特点,分析红花铺岩体形成于俯冲带的岛弧环境.红花铺岩体已获得(450.5±1.8)Ma的单颗粒锆石U-Pb侵位年龄,属晚奥陶世,揭示北秦岭西段加里东期存在板块俯冲作用.     

新疆昭苏布合塔铜(金)矿化区花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其成因

布合塔铜（金）矿化区位于新疆昭苏境内,大地构造位于那拉提构造带北缘西段。矿化区主要被二长花岗岩及石英闪长岩呈岩株状侵入,在花岗岩体边缘及与围岩接触带内均有铜（金）矿化。研究区2种岩体的锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果分别为（434.5±4.6）Ma（二长花岗岩）、（445.7±5.1）Ma（石英闪长岩）,为晚奥陶世—早志留世;元素地球化学测试结果显示,二者均属过铝质钾玄岩系列;二长花岗岩A/CNK值为1.35~1.42,石英闪长岩A/CNK值为1.47~1.71,具S型花岗岩特征;二者稀土元素特征较为相近,均显示轻稀土相对富集、具Eu负异常（δEu=0.67~0.80）,微量元素均显示富集Ba、Th、U,亏损Nb、Ta等;地球化学分析表明,岩浆源岩主要为变杂砂岩,以部分熔融作用为主。结合区域大地构造背景及相关研究,总体认为该矿化区花岗质岩浆是由中天山板块与伊犁板块碰撞闭合之后的中下地壳部分熔融而成。     

Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Great Xing’an Range: geochronological and geochemical evidence from granitoids and volcanic rocks in the Erguna Block,NE China

ABSTRACT

The late Mesozoic magmatic record within the Erguna Block is critical to evaluate the tectonic history and geodynamic evolution of the Great Xing’an Range, NE China. Here, we provide geochronological and geochemical data on Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous plutonic-volcanic rocks in the northern Erguna Block and discuss their origin within a regional tectonic framework. Late Mesozoic magmatism in the Erguna Block can be divided into two major periods: Late Jurassic (162–150 Ma) and Early Cretaceous (140–125 Ma). Late Jurassic quartz monzonite and dacite show adakite characteristics such as high Al₂O₃, high Sr, and steeply fractionated REE patterns. Contemporary granitoids and rhyolites are also characterized by strong enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and significant depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), but with more pronounced negative Eu anomalies. Early Cretaceous trachytes and monzoporphyries exhibit moderate LREE enrichment and relatively flat HREE distributions. Coeval granites and rhyolites have transitional signatures between A-type and fractionated I-type felsic rocks. Both Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous rocks have distinctive negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies, and positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values, suggesting that these magmas were derived from partial melting of Meso-Neoproterozoic accreted lower crust, although melting occurred at a variety of crustal levels. The transition from adakite to non-adakite magmatism reflects continued crustal thinning from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Our data, together with recently reported isotopic data for plutonic and volcanic rocks, as well as geochemical data, in NE China, suggest that Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Erguna Block was possibly induced by post-collisional extension after closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.     

崆岭杂岩中角闪岩类的年代学和地球化学

通过崆岭杂岩中角闪岩类的年代学和地球化学研究,以揭示黄陵结晶基底的形成及演化。崆岭杂岩主要由太古代的TTG片麻岩和角闪岩类岩石,以及早元古代孔兹岩系组成,角闪岩类以围岩或包体的形式存在于TTG片麻岩的周围和内部。角闪岩类围岩的全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为2 998.9 Ma,原生岩浆锆石的U-Pb年龄为3 013 Ma,均代表角闪岩类原岩的形成时间,且与包体状斜长角闪岩原岩的年龄(3.0 Ga)相同。说明以围岩或包体存在的角闪岩类,其原岩的形成年龄均为3.0 Ga。微量元素和Nd同位素地球化学特征指示,角闪岩类原岩形成的构造环境为大陆初始裂谷环境。角闪岩类岩石中变质新生锆石的U-Pb年龄为2 043 Ma,指示黄陵地区存在第Ⅲ期(2.1～1.9 Ga)角闪岩相热变质事件,且该期热变质作用将松散的陆源碎屑岩等变质为孔兹岩系,从而构成早元古代结晶基底,并与晚太古代稳定陆块焊结在一起,最终完成整个黄陵结晶基底的形成。     

Recurrent rare earth element mineralization in the northwestern Okcheon Metamorphic Belt,Korea: SHRIMP U–Th–Pb geochronology,Nd isotope geochemistry,and tectonic implications

Rare earth element (REE) mineralization is hosted within Neoproterozoic alkaline metaigneous rocks in the northwestern part of the Okcheon Metamorphic Belt (OMB), a polymetamorphosed fold-and-thrust belt transecting the Paleoproterozoic Gyeonggi and Yeongnam Massifs in the southern Korean Peninsula. The principal carrier phase of REEs is allanite. Allanite grains can be subdivided into several types based on the texture and mineral assemblage including quartz, K-feldspar, biotite, britholite, apatite, fergusonite, andradite, magnetite, zircon, titanite and fluorite. Electron microprobe analysis of allanite clearly distinguishes sample-to-sample variations in total REEs, Ca, Al, Fe and Y but the textural varieties from each rock sample do not show marked differences in those elements. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe dating of allanite and zircon reveals a complex history of multistage mineralization. Allanite grains from REE ores yielded Late Ordovician (444.6 ± 8.0 Ma), Permian to Triassic (ca. 300–220 Ma) and Early Jurassic (199–183 Ma) ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th ages. These multiple age components often coexist in single grains showing slight differences in backscattered electron brightness. The Ordovician components have distinctly higher Th/U than the younger domains in the same rock sample. The cores and rims of zircon from a syenite hosting REE ore bodies yielded Neoproterozoic (858.2 ± 6.3 Ma) and Early Jurassic (ca. 190 Ma) ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages, respectively. The Early Jurassic ages (194–187 Ma) also obtained from zircon grains from granites taken from dykes occurring close to the ores and a drill core indicate the correspondence between granitic magmatism and REE mineralization. The Neoproterozoic zircon inheritance (weighted mean = 853.9 ± 3.8 Ma) in these granites is in sharp contrast to the dominant Paleoproterozoic inherited zircon from the widespread earliest Middle Jurassic granites enclosing the mineralized zone. The geotectonic significance of the Late Ordovician event recorded in the allanite, as well as in detrital zircon from the OMB, is still unclear but its temporal coincidence with intraplate volcanism and arc-related igneous activity, respectively, reported from the southwestern edge of the adjacent Taebaeksan Basin and the southwestern Gyeonggi Massif is noteworthy. The following Permian–Triassic and Early Jurassic mineralization events are probably linked to the continental suturing between the North and South China blocks and subsequent post-orogenic magmatism, and arc magmatism resulting from the paleo-Pacific plate subduction, respectively. Sub-grain Sm–Nd isotopic analyses of allanite by laser ablation multiple collector ICPMS yielded initial ε_Nd values plotting along the Nd isotopic evolution path of the Neoproterozoic metaigneous rocks, indicating that REEs originating from the host rock have been recycled during multistage mineralization events. The profound differences in inherited zircon ages and Nd isotopic compositions between the Early and Middle Jurassic granites may reflect the presence of a major thrust-bounded crustal structure beneath the OMB.     

The Berridale Wrench fault: A major structure in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales

One of the most significant, but poorly understood, tectonic events in the east Lachlan Fold Belt is that which caused the shift from mafic, mantle‐derived calc‐alkaline/shoshonitic volcanism in the Late Ordovician to silicic (S‐type) plutonism and volcanism in the late Early Silurian. We suggest that this chemical/isotopic shift required major changes in crustal architecture, but not tectonic setting, and simply involved ongoing subduction‐related magmatism following burial of the pre‐existing, active intraoceanic arc by overthrusting Ordovician sediments during Late Ordovician — Early Silurian (pre‐Benambran) deformation, associated with regional northeast‐southwest shortening. A review of ‘type’ Benambran deformation from the type area (central Lachlan Fold Belt) shows that it is constrained to a north‐northwest‐trending belt at ca 430 Ma (late Early Silurian), associated with high‐grade metamorphism and S‐type granite generation. Similar features were associated with ca 430 Ma deformation in east Lachlan Fold Belt, highlighted by the Cooma Complex, and formed within a separate north‐trending belt that included the S‐type Kosciuszko, Murrumbidgee, Young and Wyangala Batholiths. As Ordovician turbidites were partially melted at ca 430 Ma, they must have been buried already to ～20 km before the ‘type’ Benambran deformation. We suggest that this burial occurred during earlier northeast‐southwest shortening associated with regional oblique folds and thrusts, loosely referred to previously as latitudinal or east‐west structures. This event also caused the earliest Silurian uplift in the central Lachlan Fold Belt (Benambran highlands), which pre‐dated the ‘type’ Benambran deformation and is constrained as latest Ordovician — earliest Silurian (ca 450–440 Ma) in age. The south‐ to southwest‐verging, earliest Silurian folds and thrusts in the Tabberabbera Zone are considered to be associated with these early oblique structures, although similar deformation in that zone probably continued into the Devonian. We term these ‘pre’‐ and ‘type’‐Benambran events as ‘early’ and ‘late’ for historical reasons, although we do not consider that they are necessarily related. Heat‐flow modelling suggests that burial of ‘average’ Ordovician turbidites during early Benambran deformation at 450–440 Ma, to form a 30 km‐thick crustal pile, cannot provide sufficient heat to induce mid‐crustal melting at ca 430 Ma by internal heat generation alone. An external, mantle heat source is required, best illustrated by the mafic ca 430 Ma, Micalong Swamp Igneous Complex in the S‐type Young Batholith. Modern heat‐flow constraints also indicate that the lower crust cannot be felsic and, along with petrological evidence, appears to preclude older continental ‘basement terranes’ as sources for the S‐type granites. Restriction of the S‐type batholiths into two discrete, oblique, linear belts in the central and east Lachlan Fold Belt supports a model of separate magmatic arc/subduction zone complexes, consistent with the existence of adjacent, structurally imbricated turbidite zones with opposite tectonic vergence, inferred by other workers to be independent accretionary prisms. Arc magmas associated with this ‘double convergent’ subduction system in the east Lachlan Fold Belt were heavily contaminated by Ordovician sediment, recently buried during the early Benambran deformation, causing the shift from mafic to silicic (S‐type) magmatism. In contrast, the central Lachlan Fold Belt magmatic arc, represented by the Wagga‐Omeo Zone, only began in the Early Silurian in response to subduction associated with the early Benambran northeast‐southwest shortening. The model requires that the S‐type and subsequent I‐type (Late Silurian — Devonian) granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt were associated with ongoing, subduction‐related tectonic activity.     

青藏高原南部拉萨地体的变质作用与动力学

拉萨地体位于欧亚板块的最南缘,它在新生代与印度大陆的碰撞形成了青藏高原和喜马拉雅造山带。因此,拉萨地体是揭示青藏高原形成与演化历史的关键之一。拉萨地体中的中、高级变质岩以前被认为是拉萨地体的前寒武纪变质基底。但新近的研究表明,拉萨地体经历了多期和不同类型的变质作用,包括在洋壳俯冲构造体制下发生的新元古代和晚古生代高压变质作用,在陆-陆碰撞环境下发生的早古生代和早中生代中压型变质作用,在洋中脊俯冲过程中发生的晚白垩纪高温/中压变质作用,以及在大陆俯冲带上盘加厚大陆地壳深部发生的两期新生代中压型变质作用。这些变质作用和伴生的岩浆作用表明,拉萨地体经历了从新元古代至新生代的复杂演化过程。(1)北拉萨地体的结晶基底包括新元古代的洋壳岩石,它们很可能是在Rodinia超大陆裂解过程中形成的莫桑比克洋的残余。(2)随着莫桑比克洋的俯冲和东、西冈瓦纳大陆的汇聚,拉萨地体洋壳基底经历了晚新元古代的(～650Ma)的高压变质作用和早古代的(～485Ma)中压型变质作用。这很可能表明北拉萨地体起源于东非造山带的北端。(3)在古特提斯洋向冈瓦纳大陆北缘的俯冲过程中,拉萨地体和羌塘地体经历了中古生代的(～360Ma)岩浆作用。(4)古特提斯洋盆的闭合和南、北拉萨地体的碰撞,导致了晚二叠纪(～260Ma)高压变质带和三叠纪(～220Ma)中压变质带的形成。(5)在新特提斯洋中脊向北的俯冲过程中,拉萨地体经历了晚白垩纪(～90Ma)安第斯型造山作用,形成了高温/中压型变质带和高温的紫苏花岗岩。(6)在早新生代(55～45Ma),印度与欧亚板块的碰撞,导致拉萨地体地壳加厚,形成了中压角闪岩相变质作用和同碰撞岩浆作用。(7)在晚始新世(40～30Ma),随着大陆的继续汇聚,南拉萨地体经历了另一期角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质作用和深熔作用。拉萨地体的构造演化过程是研究汇聚板块边缘变质作用与动力学的最佳实例。     

Pre-Alpine evolution of a segment of the North-Gondwanan margin: Geochronological and geochemical evidence from the central Serbo-Macedonian Massif

The Serbo-Macedonian Massif (SMM) represents a composite crystalline belt within the Eastern European Alpine orogen, outcropping from the Pannonian basin in the north, to the Aegean Sea in the south. The central parts of the massif (i.e. southeastern Serbia, southwestern Bulgaria, eastern Macedonia) consist of the medium- to high-grade Lower Complex, and the low-grade Vlasina Unit. New results of U–Pb LA-ICP-MS analyses, coupled with geochemical analyses of Hf isotopes on magmatic and detrital zircons, and main and trace element concentrations in whole-rock samples suggest that the central SMM and the basement of the adjacent units (i.e. Eastern Veles series and Struma Unit) originated in the central parts of the northern margin of Gondwana. These data provided a basis for a revised tectonic model of the evolution of the SMM from the late Ediacaran to the Early Triassic.The earliest magmatism in the Lower Complex, Vlasina Unit and the basement of Struma Unit is related to the activity along the late Cadomian magmatic arc (562–522 Ma). Subsequent stage of early Palaeozoic igneous activity is associated with the reactivation of subduction below the Lower Complex and the Eastern Veles series during the Early Ordovician (490–478 Ma), emplacement of mafic dykes in the Lower Complex due to aborted rifting in the Middle Ordovician (472–456 Ma), and felsic within-plate magmatism in the early Silurian (439 ± 2 Ma). The third magmatic stage is represented by Carboniferous late to post-collisional granites (328–304 Ma). These granites intrude the gneisses of the Lower Complex, in which the youngest deformed igneous rocks are of early Silurian age, thus constraining the high-strain deformation and peak metamorphism to the Variscan orogeny. The Permian–Triassic (255–253 Ma) stage of late- to post-collisional and within-plate felsic magmatism is related to the opening of the Mesozoic Tethys.     

黑龙江省东部古生代—早中生代的构造演化:火成岩组合与碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

黑龙江省东部松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块之间的演化历史以及古亚洲洋构造体系与环太平洋构造体系的叠加与转化一直是地学领域研究的热点问题之一。依据该区古生代—早中生代火成岩的年代学与岩石组合研究,结合碎屑锆石的年代学研究成果,讨论了松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块之间的演化历史以及两大构造体系叠加与转化的时间。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明:黑龙江省东部古生代—早中生代岩浆作用可划分成8期:早奥陶世(485Ma)、晚奥陶世(450Ma)、中志留世(425Ma)、中泥盆世(386Ma)、早二叠世(291Ma)、中二叠世(268 Ma)、晚三叠世(201～228 Ma)以及早侏罗世(184 Ma)。早奥陶世—中志留世,岩浆作用主要分布在松嫩—张广才岭地块的东缘,并呈南北向带状展布,主要由闪长岩-英云闪长岩-二长花岗岩组成,显示活动陆缘—碰撞的构造演化历史,揭示松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块于中志留世(425Ma)已经拼合在一起,这也得到了早泥盆世地层碎屑锆石年代学的支持。中泥盆世,火山作用分布在佳木斯地块东缘和松嫩—张广才岭地块上,前者为双峰式火山岩组合,后者为A型流纹岩,它们共同揭示该区处于一种碰撞后的伸展环境。早二叠世,佳木斯地块东缘发育一套钙碱性火山岩组合,揭示古亚洲洋俯冲作用的存在,而同期的张广才岭地区则发育一套典型的双峰式火成岩组合,揭示了陆内伸展环境的存在。中二叠世,同碰撞型火山岩分布于佳木斯地块东缘及东南缘,其形成可能与佳木斯地块和兴凯地块的碰撞拼合有关。晚三叠世,张广才岭地区存在的双峰式火山岩和敦—密断裂东南区发育的A型流纹岩均显示陆内的伸展环境,其形成应与古亚洲洋最终闭合后的伸展环境相联系。此外,结合牡丹江断裂两侧均发育中—晚二叠世花岗岩以及佳木斯地块上晚三叠世—早侏罗世岩浆作用的缺失,暗示松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块在三叠纪早期沿牡丹江断裂可能存在一次裂解事件。而早—中侏罗世陆缘(东宁—汪清—珲春)钙碱性火山岩和陆内(小兴安岭—张广才岭)双峰式火成岩组合的出现,结合牡丹江断裂两侧"张广才岭群"和"黑龙江群"构造混杂岩的就位,暗示松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块在早—中侏罗世再次拼合,这也标志着环太平洋构造体系的开始。