Structural-associational complexes of the Arctic shelf of Eastern Siberia

We consider spatial relationships of complexes of the folded basement, the intermediate structural storey, and the koilogenic structural storey. A Hyperboreal Platform with a core of pre-Baykalian consolidation is surrounded on the south and east by Baykalian, Caledonian, and Cimmerian fold systems, and the region we discuss is limited to its southern slopes, in the koilogenic structural storey, we recognize the Laptev and East Siberian sedimentary basins and their constituent complexes, and establish their relationship with the underlying structural storeys. —Author.     

Predicted new large oil pools in the main petroliferous belt of the Lena-Tunguska province

Almost all the gas-oil and oil-gas fields in the Lena-Tunguska province (Siberian Platform) were discovered in the Baikit, Katanga, and Nepa-Botuobiya petroliferous regions, which form an E-W-striking band. The latter, named “the main petroliferous belt,” includes one giant and 11 large fields (by recoverable oil reserves).New large oil pools are predicted within the main belt. The prediction is based on the analysis of geological data and the quantitative estimation of hydrocarbon resources. Promising areas with large fields in the Baikit, Katanga, and Nepa-Botuobiya petroleum regions are substantiated.     

Gold resource potential of the eastern Siberian Platform: Placers and their feeding sources

The data on typomorphism of placer gold and its localization in the eastern Siberian Platform have been integrated for the first time. The alluvial, pseudolode, and eolian morphology of gold determines the origin of placers, which is explained not only by hydrodynamic but also by eolian processes. The recent and older alluvial (Au-bearing reservoir rocks in the second case), as well as eolian (unconventional type), genetic types of placers are recognized in the given territory. Precambrian and Mesozoic stages of ore formation are distinguished by the set of typomorphic attributes of placer gold (chemical composition, microinclusions, internal structure, etc.). On the basis of distinguishing features of placer gold, Precambrian lode deposits of great depth spatially related to outcrops of the basement have been forecasted for the first time and classified into low-sulfide gold-quartz, Au-bearing banded iron formation, Au-Cu porphyry, and Au-PGE types. The inferred shallow-seated gold-silver and gold-sulfide-quartz disseminated deposits occur locally and are related to the Mesozoic tectonomagmatic reactivation. The elaborated methods and approaches to the study of placer gold typomorphism in the eastern Siberian Platform also could be helpful in providing insights into placer origin, and forecasting and prospecting gold deposits on the East European Platform, which is close to the Siberian Platform in geological evolution.     

Phosphorite potential of cretaceous and Paleogene rocks in the Kaliningrad and southeastern Baltic regions

Geologic and paleogeographic settings of the Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene phosphorite-bearing rocks in the Kaliningrad and southeastern Baltic regions are considered. The paper discusses structures of the phosphorite-bearing sections, outlines phosphorite types, and compares them with the adjacent regions and phosphorite-bearing basins of the East European Platform. It is noted that the age of Meso-Cenozoic phosphorite-bearing horizons in the Kaliningrad and southeastern Baltic regions are similar or akin to the age of phosphorite-bearing horizons in other regions of the East European Platform. The age also matches that of ancient weathering crusts in provenances. Data on the composition of rare and rare earth elements in phosphorites from the northwestern basins of the East European Platform are used to estimate the role of igneous rocks, in particular, alkaline mafic-ultramafic rocks of Karelia that delivered phosphorus to sedimentation basins.     

Evolutionary Stages of Riphean Sedimentary Basins in the Central East European Platform (with Kresttsy and Pavlov Posad Sedimentary Basins as an Example)

The Riphean Kresttsy and Pavlov Posad sedimentary basins, which occupy different positions in the East European Platform (EEP) are considered. Compositional features of terrigenous–mineral associations (TMA) of sedimentary complexes in these basins and their relation to the intrabasin and external sources of the detrital material are revealed. Two (preaulacogen and aulacogen) stages in the development of Riphean sedimentary basins in the central EEP are established. Relics of preaulacogen sequences are recorded only at the base of the sedimentary succession in the Pavlov Posad basin. These two basins formed at the aulacogen stage under an influence of strike-slip stresses. Aulacogen sequences of the Pavlov Posad basin formed in one stage, whereas sequences of the Kresttsy basin accumulated during two stages.     

The Distribution of Petroleum Resources and Characteristics of Main Petroliferous Basins along the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road

The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, abbreviated as the Belt and Road Initiative, is a primary development strategy of China’s future international cooperation. Especially, the energy resource cooperation, including oil and gas resources cooperation, is an important part of this initiative. The Belt and Road has undergone complicated geological evolution, and contains abundant mineral resources such as oil, gas, coal, uranium, iron, copper, gold and manganese ore resources. Among these, Africa holds 7.8% of the world’s total proven oil reserves. The oil and gas resources in Africa are relatively concentrated, with an overall low exploration degree and small consumption demand. Nigeria and Libya contain the most abundant oil resources in Africa, accounting for 2.2% and 2.9% of the world’s total reserves, respectively. Nigeria and Algeria hold the richest natural gas resources in Africa, occupying 2.8% and 2.4% of the world’s total reserves, respectively. Africa’s oil and gas resources are mainly concentrated in Egypt, Sultan and Western Sahara regions in the northern Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea, Niger River and Congo River area in the western Africa. The Russia–Central Asia area holds rich petroleum resources in Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The potential oil and gas areas include the West Siberia Basin, East Siberia Basin and sea continental shelf in Russia, the northern and central Caspian Basin in Kazakhstan, the right bank of the Amu-Darya Basin, the East Karakum uplift and the South Caspian Basin in Turkmenistan, and the Amu–Daria Basin, Fergana Basin, Afghan–Tajik Basin and North Ustyurt Basin in Uzbekistan. The Middle East oil and gas resources are mainly distributed in the Zagros foreland basin and Arabian continental margin basin, and the main oil-producing countries include Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. The Asia Pacific region is a new oil and gas consumption center, with rapid growth of oil and gas demand. In 2012, this region consumed about 33.6% of the world’s total oil consumption and 18.9% of the world’s total natural gas consumption, which has been ranked the world’s largest oil and gas consumption center. The oil and gas resources are concentrated in China, Indosinian, Malaysia, Australia and India. The abundant European proven crude oil reserves are in Norway, Britain and Denmark and also rich natural gas resources in Norway, Holland and Britain. Norway and Britain contain about 77.5% of European proven oil reserves, which accounts for only 0.9% of the world’s proven reserves. The Europe includes main petroliferous basins of the Voring Basin, Anglo–Dutch Basin, Northwest German Basin, Northeast German–Polish Basin and Carpathian Basin. According to the analysis of source rocks, reservoir rocks, cap rocks and traps for the main petroliferous basins, the potential oil and gas prospecting targets in the Belt and Road are mainly the Zagros Basin and Arabic Platform in the Middle East, the East Barents Sea Basin and the East Siberia Basin in Russia–Central Asia, the Niger Delta Basin, East African rift system and the Australia Northwest Shelf. With the development of oil and gas theory and exploration technology, unconventional petroleum resources will play an increasingly important role in oil and gas industry.     

Vendian tectono-magmatic events in mantle ophiolitic complexes of the polar Urals: U-Pb dating of zircon from chromitite

Geological and isotopic evidence of Late Vendian magmatic events in restitic ultramafic mantle rocks of the Voikar-Syn’ya ophiolitic massif are considered and correlated with events at the eastern margin of the East European Platform. The geological and isotopic data show that the ophiolitic complexes of the Polar Urals were formed during several stages. The percolation of melts through peridotites was recorded in the newly formed mineral assemblages, for example, olivine + chromite ± zircon. Zircon crystallized from the residual fraction of the evolved basic melt that impregnated peridotite. The active interaction of hot restitic harzburgite with the migrating melt resumed repeatedly and could have led to the formation of several generations of chromite-bearing dunite. An important geological inference can be made from this suggestion: There is a high probability that isotopic markers of different age have been retained in restitic mantle complexes of ophiolites. The U-Pb dating of zircons with a SHRIMP-2 ion microprobe has shown that the isotopic age of seven grains is 585.3 ± 6 Ma (MSWD is 0.036 and the probability of concordance is 0.85). The obtained age of zircon from chromitite marks a Vendian tectonomagmatic event that occurred in the upper mantle of the transitional zone between the East European Plate and the oceanic basin. The island-arc complexes of the Polar Urals developed on the tectonically juxtaposed fragments of the Early Paleozoic and pre-Paleozoic oceanic crust. These crustal rocks were reworked during younger magmatic events related to the origin of the Middle Paleozoic island arcs. As a result, the rocks that formed in different geological epochs were locally retained in the restitic mantle complexes of a spatially indivisible ophiolitic association.     

郯庐断裂带中新生代演化与含油气盆地形成分布综述

中国大陆东部滨太平洋地区一系列中新生代大中型含油气盆地分布于郯庐断裂两侧或位于郯庐断裂带内,显然,这些含油气盆地的形成演化和分布与郯庐断裂带的发展演化密切相关。本文以地质、地球物理资料综合分析为基础,从含油气盆地的展布和盆地构造几何学、运动学、动力学特征方面探讨了郯庐断裂与含油气盆地形成、分布的内在联系。认为两侧的沉积盆地是断裂系的一部分,是郯庐断裂中、新生代演化过程中形成的局部派生构造。      

The Correlation of the Upper Cretaceous Zonal Schemes of the Eastern European Platform Based on Foraminifera,Radiolaria, and Nannoplankton

This article proposes a biostratigraphic scheme for the Upper Cretaceous of the East European Platform on the basis of the distribution in the sections of three groups of microfossils: foraminifera (both planktonic and benthic), radiolarians, and nannoplankton. Most of the stage and substage boundaries are confirmed by macropaleontological data. The most divided units are those distinguished based on benthic foraminifers and nannoplankton. The diversity of these microfossils and their constant presence allowed us to identify zones and subzones, while it is possible to subdivide only the beds by planktonic foraminifers and radiolarians. The most favorable stages in the development of plankton biota can be considered the Turonian–Coniacian interval when the basins of the East European Platform experienced an intensive influence from warm waters of the Tethys Ocean. The global Campanian cooling is clearly recorded, which affected the taxonomic diversity of all microfossil groups.     

Tectonic evolution of the Siberian Platform during the Vendian and Phanerozoic

This paper presents characteristics of the structural regions surrounding the Siberian Platform and discusses the Vendian-present time evolution of the Siberian Paleocontinent with the Siberian Craton making up its nucleus. It shows that the paleocontinent underwent significant intraplate compressional deformations with vertical movements and formation of inversion structural features within broad areas. Such epochs of deformation took place at the Riphean-Vendian time boundary, during the Late Paleozoic, Late Triassic, Early Cretaceous, and during the Late Cenozoic. The principal rifting events took place during the Middle-Late Devonian. The paper presents paleotectonic reconstructions of East Siberia at several key time intervals.     

Paleogeography and facies of the central and northeastern parts of the Moscow syneclise in the Devonian

New data on the stratigraphy and composition of the Devonian rocks of the Moscow Syneclise were used. Facies-paleogeographic schemes were compiled for the Lochkovian, Eifelian, Givetian, early-middle Frasnian, late Frasnian, and early-late Famennian evolutionary stages of the Moscow Syneclise. Seven sedimentation cycles were developed due to sealevel fluctuations and structural rearrangements in the paleooceanic basins surrounding the East European Platform at that time. The inference was made on the structural heterogeneity of the platform basement and on differentiated movements as well as on the strike-slip fault nature of some fragments of the basement relative to each other in the Devonian.     

Structure of the Siberian platform and its western margin in the Riphean-Early Paleozoic

The results of geological interpretation of large fragments of seismic transects SB-1 (Batolit), SB-2, and SB-3 (Altai-Severnaya Zemlya), which cross the western and southern margins of the Siberian Platform and its fold framework, specify substantially the structure and geological history of the sedimentary cover. The most important data have been obtained for the structure of the Baikit Anteclise, the Angara-Lena Terrace, and the Kas Block of the West Siberian Plate. The geological interpretation of the recorded wavefield specifies substantially the genetic features of these structural elements and their mutual relationships, allowing a reliable reconstruction of the western, and partially the southwestern, margins of the Siberian Platform in the Riphean-Early Paleozoic before and after the Baikalian Orogeny.     

Geochemistry of ground ice,saline groundwater,and brines in the cryoartesian basins of the northeastern Siberian Platform

We present results of a comprehensive study of ground ice, saline waters, and brines in the cryoartesian basins of the northeastern Siberian Platform. The composition of major geochemical types of ground ice is considered. The specifics of the hydrogeochemical zonation of the cryoartesian basins are the regional distribution of chloride saline waters and brines. Study of stable isotopes (¹⁸O, D, ³⁷Cl, ⁸¹Br, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) led us to the conclusion that the chloride brines resulted either from the leaching of halogen rocks or from the metamorphism of bittern connate water. The drainage brine reserves (hydromineral resources) of the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe in the Olenek cryoartesian basin are assessed.     

塔里木盆地轮南低凸起:一个复式油气聚集区

轮南低凸起是塔里木盆地塔北隆起上的一个次级构造单元,多年的勘探开发实践表明,该地区具有多个产层、多种油气藏类型和多期油气充注的特点;多种类型的油气藏,垂向上复合叠置,横向上连片成带,共同构成了一个典型的复式油气聚集区。渤海湾盆地油气勘探和研究的实践中总结出来的复式油气聚集区的理论,已经成功地指导了我国东部和南方含油气盆地的勘探,轮南复式油气聚集区的认识,表明该理论在我国西部挤压型含油气盆地也有广泛的应用和发展前景     

Alkali earth elements in Vendian-Cambrian clayey rocks, the East European Platform

Low Sr and Ca contents in fine-grained terrigenous rocks of the Vendian sedimentary cover in the East European Platform may be related to the following reasons: (1) the absence of authigenic carbonates in Vendian mudstones owing to desalination of epiplatformal sedimentary basins; (2) significant contribution of the chemically weathered rocks in the formation of the Vendian cover of the East European Platform.     

俄罗斯的沉积盆地和油气资源(英文)

俄罗斯的内陆和海上大约有 30个盆地赋含油气。这些盆地囊括了所有的以板块构造为分类准则的盆地类型 ,即 :( 1)内陆裂谷和超裂谷台坳 ;( 2 )现代大陆边缘的上叠台坳 ;( 3)与冲断褶皱系统毗邻的被动大陆边缘和 ( 4 )岩石圈板块聚敛带 (即大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下的地带 )。第一类盆地包括广袤的西西伯利亚超拗拉槽盆地和西伯里亚的Viluy拗拉槽等。第二类包括一些具油气远景的俄罗斯北冰洋盆地和里海边缘盆地。第三类包括乌拉尔前渊的伏尔加—乌拉尔盆地 (Volga—Urals)、大高加索前渊的亚速—库班盆地 (Azov—Kuban)和捷列克—里海盆地 (Terek—Caspian)以及其它盆地。被动大陆边缘经历了 2个到 3个演化阶段 ,主要油气聚集期通常对应后裂谷期。第四类盆地是指远东和俄罗斯东北部的盆地。在鄂霍次克海 (萨哈林岛—鄂霍次克和西堪察加—鄂霍次克 )已经发现了油气田 ,有一些盆地 (Anadyr和Khatyrka)已被证实含有油气。裂陷作用也控制着弧后盆地的形成。盆地的地球动力学特征控制着油气藏的分布、圈闭类型和资源富集程度。俄罗斯的油气富集区主要集中在伏尔加—乌拉尔、西西伯利亚、铁梓哥—伯朝阿 (Timano—Pechora)和萨哈林 (Sakhalin)地区 ,大约 4 5%的资源量被采出 ,其他盆地有很好的远景。里海的俄?     

塔里木盆地塔中低凸起:一个典型的复式油气聚集区

塔中低凸起是塔里木盆地中央隆起上的一个次级构造单元。多年的勘探开发实践表明,该地区具有多个产层,多种油气藏类型,多期油气充注;多种类型的油气藏垂向上复合叠置,横向连片成带,共同构成了一个典型的复式油气聚集区。塔中低凸起是继轮南低凸起之后,塔里木盆地又一个典型的复式油气聚集区。本文在概述区域构造的基础上,从烃源岩与油气充注、储盖类型与组合、油气输导系统、圈闭和油气藏类型等方面论述了该复式油气聚集区的重要特点,分析了油气成藏的主控因素。塔中复式油气聚集区证明:在渤海湾盆地油气勘探和研究实践中总结出来,并已经在中国东部和南部含油气盆地得到成功应用的复式油气聚集区的理论,对我国西部挤压型含油气盆地的油气勘探也具有重要的指导意义。     

Geodynamics and evolution of the northern East European Platform in the late Precambrian as inferred from regional seismic profiling

The available geological data on the Meso-and Neoproterozoic rocks in the north of the East European Platform are considered, involving the results of a comprehensive study along regional seismic profile I-I that extends for 460 km and crosses the main structural units of the Mezen Syneclise from SW to NE. Many previously unknown structural features of aulacogens filled with thick (up to 4–8 km) sequences of the Meso-and Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks that make up the preplate complex are demonstrated in this profile. The Riphean rocks are subdivided into three seismostratigraphic sequences: the lower part of the Lower Riphean, the Lower-Middle Riphean, and the Upper Riphean. The geodynamic events in the north of the East European Platform are correlated with those that occurred in its central part and the adjacent foldbelts.     

Distribution of Precambrian iron and gold deposits on the southwestern East European Platform reflected in underlying transcrustal structure and current river systems

The East European Platform is underlain by Archaean and Proterozoic complexes of the East European Craton. In the southwest these are locally exposed in the Ukrainian Shield and the Voronezh Massif on either side of the ca. 2000 km long ESE-striking late Palaeozoic Pripyat–Dniepr–Donets rift. Evaluation with Landsat imagery of 1 : 1,000,000 scale published maps of the Precambrian complexes [Zaritsky, A.I., Galetsky, L.S. (Eds.), 1992. Geology and Metallogeny of the Southwest of the East-European Platform Map Series, 1 : 1,000,000, Ukrainian State Committee on Geology and Utilization of Mineral Resources, Kiev.] is largely obstructed by a cover of post-Palaeozoic sediments and soils of variable thickness. This obstruction is aggravated by an almost continuous patchwork of farmlands. However, analysis of the current drainage patterns in the Dniepr River basin and surrounding regions reveals a spatial coincidence of numerous stream courses and watersheds with previously inferred steep, transcrustal discontinuities of most probably Precambrian age.Transcrustal dislocations constituted important pathways for heat and fluids as is indicated by the distribution of a large proportion of assumed Early Proterozoic hydrothermal iron and gold deposits along them. This distribution is underpinned by the spatial coincidence of mineralization and elongate areas of highly irregular magnetization attributed to uneven distribution of hydrothermal magnetite in banded iron formation. In view of the extent of these dislocations, both vertically and laterally, the generation of hydrothermal fluid flow, emplacement of mantle-sourced magma and associated mineral potential away from banded iron formation complexes is likely. A second group of gold deposits, of Archaean age, is known to occur in association with still recognizable volcanic edifices in greenstone complexes. It is not known if and to what extent such Archaean gold deposits are related to these major transcrustal discontinuities. The kinematics and dynamics of these dislocations and pathways appear largely unknown and deserve high-priority investigation. The geological longevity of the transcrustal dislocation framework till the present day inferred from the current drainage systems is corroborated, however, by repeated regional topographical levelling surveys.     

Oil potential of the Lower Mesozoic deposits of the Khapchagai megaswell of the Vilyui syneclise

Analysis of all available geological, geophysical, and field data on some gas condensate fields discovered within the Khapchagai megaswell (Vilyui syneclise of the Siberian Platform) as early as the 1960s shows the presence of oil rims in Lower Triassic (horizon T₁-III in the Srednevilyuiskoe and Tolonskoe gas condensate fields and horizon T₁-Kh in the Mastakhskoe gas condensate field) and Lower Jurassic (horizons J₁-I and J₁-II in the Mastakhskoe gas condensate field) deposits. The C₃ oil reserves in these rims are estimated at several tens of millions of tons of oil. The results are indicative of the oil potential of the Lower Mesozoic deposits not only of the Vilyui syneclise but also _{of the Lena–Vilyui petroliferous province as a whole, which was always characterized as a gas-bearing province in summary reports.}