关中盆地上新世地层形成时代、层序划分及沉积相特征研究

关中盆地位于华北板块西南缘,为一新生代断陷盆地,具典型地堑形态,沉积巨厚的新生代地层。针对盆地新近纪上新世地层形成时代有争议、地层层序划分不明确、沉积相界定较笼统等问题,利用钻测井资料及野外调研,结合前人研究成果,对盆地新生代地层进行了重新划分,明确了上新世各地层形成时代及其地层层序划分和沉积相类型。研究结果表明,上新统可划分为蓝田组(11Ma—7 Ma)、灞河组(7.3 Ma—2.6 Ma)、张家坡组(3.4 Ma—2.6 Ma);新生代层序地层可划分为古近系构造层序、中新统构造层序、上新统构造层序和第四系构造层序等4个一级层序,存在6个构造层序界面。蓝田组以"三趾马红黏土"的风成沉积为特征。灞河组沉积时期,关中盆地的西安凹陷为一套冲(洪)积相、河流、三角洲相沉积,固市凹陷为一套冲(洪)积、河流、三角洲及滨浅湖相沉积;盆地边部开始出现小范围的风成黏土沉积。张家坡组以河湖相沉积为主,沉积中心向南移;盆地南北两侧或边部为冲(洪)积扇相、河流相及三角洲相沉积,边部也有小范围的风成黏土沉积。     

Depositional Sequences of Yitong Graben (Eastern China) and Its Response to Transform-Extensional Processes

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＴａｎｃｈｅｎｇ－Ｌｕｊｉａｎｇｆａｕｌｔｂｅｌｔｉｓｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｓｔｒｉｋｅ－ｓｌｉｐｆａｕｌｔｂｅｌｔｉｎＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｉｓｆａｕｌｔｂｅｌｔｈａｓｕｎｄｅｒｇｏｎｅａｃｏｍ－ｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄｇｅｏ...     

黑龙江北部孙吴——嘉荫盆地沉积相类型及其演化

通过对孙吴-嘉荫盆地淘淇河组、永安村组、太平林场组、鱼亮子组、乌云组和孙吴组露头剖面详细的沉积学研究,查明该盆地从淘淇河组到孙吴组发育的沉积相类型有冲积扇、辫状河、曲流河、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲、湖底扇和湖泊。冲积扇及扇三角洲主要发育于淘淇河组和孙吴组;辫状河及辫状河三角洲主要发育于鱼亮子组和乌云组;曲流河及曲流河三角洲主要发育于永安村组和太平林场组,各组均有湖泊相沉积发育。孙吴-嘉荫盆地从淘淇河组到乌云组,具有冲积扇-扇三角洲-湖泊→曲流河-曲流河三角洲-湖泊→辫状河-辫状河三角洲-湖泊→冲积扇-扇三角洲-湖泊的沉积演化规律,反映晚白垩-古新世构造活动性减弱,中-上新世孙吴组沉积时重又趋于活动。     

A Climatic Sequence Stratigraphic Model in the Terrestrial Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study of Green River Formation,Uinta Basin,USA

In recent years, with the development of terrestrial sequence stratigraphy, more attention has been focused on the study of the terrestrial lacustrine sequence stratigraphic model globally. Different viewpoints are preferred by researchers. Under the guidance of the theory of sequence stratigraphy, the findings of this paper indicate that climate is a major factor controlling the formation of the fourth-order sequence, based upon the study of the sequence stratigraphy in the Green River Formation of the Uinta basin in the USA. It also divides the fourth-order sequence in the terrestrial lacustrine basin into two system tracts: the wet (rising) half-cycle and the dry (falling) half-cycle, establishing a new-style fourth-order sequence stratigraphic model for the terrestrial lacustrine basin, that is, the climate-genetic sequence stratigraphic model. As a result, the theory of sequence stratigraphy is greatly enriched.     

陆相断陷湖盆层序地层模式及控制因素研究——以惠民凹陷下第三系沙河街组为例

惠民凹陷是一典型的陆相断陷湖盆,研究表明:下第三系沙河街组二、三、四亚段可划分为3种层序类型,即断陷初期型、强断陷期型和断陷后期型层序。本次研究采用了体系域的四分方案。断陷初期红色地层层序,受气候因素控制明显,在层序演化上有其独特的特点。研究区发育断陷初期型、强断陷期型和断陷后期型3种类型沉积密集段,不同类型的沉积密集段在层序中所处位置不同,控制着不同的烃源岩厚度和油气资源储量。     

A Climatic Sequence Stratigraphic Model in the Terrestrial Lacustrine Basin:A Case Study of Green River Formation,Uinta Basin,USA

In recent years,with the development of terrestrial sequence stratigraphy,more attention has been focused on the study of the terrestrial lacustrine sequence stratigraphic model globally. Different viewpoints are preferred by researchers.Under the guidance of the theory of sequence stratigraphy,the findings of this paper indicate that climate is a major factor controlling the formation of the fourth-order sequence,based upon the study of the sequence stratigraphy in the Green River Formation of the Uinta...     

对冀北-辽西-大兴安岭地区晚中生代地层划分、对比的区域构造学思考

根据冀北-辽西-大兴安岭地区晚中生代具有相关沉积建造组合、火山-沉积建造组合、生物组合和构造类型组合特征,提出建立与造山运动"同期"的构造地层单位概念.认为这种构造地层单位的概念有利于以区域构造演化为主线,理解"同造山期"陆缘活化区陆相沉积以及火山-沉积盆地地层系统的复杂性,并从区域构造学角度提出该地区地层划分、对比的方案.     

Early Miocene lacustrine deposits and sequence stratigraphy of the Ermenek Basin,Central Taurides,Turkey

The lacustrine Ermenek Basin evolved as a SE-trending intramontane graben affected by strike–slip deformation, with the initial two lakes merging into one and receiving sediment mainly through fan deltas sourced from the basin's southern margin. The northern margin was a high-relief rocky coast with a wave-dominated shoreline. The Early Miocene lacustrine sedimentation was terminated by a late Burdigalian marine invasion that drowned the basin and its surroundings. The lacustrine basin-fill succession is up to 300 m thick and best exposed along the southern margin, where it consists of four sequences bounded by surfaces of forced regression. The offshore architecture of each sequence shows a thin lowstand tract of shoreface sandstones overlain by a thick transgressive systems tract of mudstones interbedded with sandy tempestites and delta-derived turbidites, which form a set of coarsening-upward parasequences representing minor normal regressions. The corresponding nearshore sequence architecture includes a thick lowstand tract of alluvial-fan deposits overlain by either a well-developed transgressive systems tract (backstepping parasequence set or single fan-deltaic parasequence) and poorly preserved highstand tract; or a thin transgressive tract (commonly limited to flooding surface) and a well-developed highstand tract (thick fan-deltaic parasequence). The sequences are poorly recognizable along the northern margin, where steep shoreline trajectory rendered the nearshore system little responsive to lake-level changes. The resolution of local stratigraphic record thus depends strongly upon coastal morphology and the character of the depositional systems involved.The sequential organization of the basin-fill succession reflects syndepositional tectonics and climate fluctuations, whereas the lateral variation in sequence architecture is due to the localized sediment supply (deltaic vs. nondeltaic shoreline), varied coastal topography and differential subsidence. The study points to important differences in the sequence stratigraphy of lacustrine and marine basins, related to the controlling factors. A crucial role in lacustrine basin is played by climate, which controls both the lake water volume and the catchment sediment yield. Consequently, the effects of tectonics and the dynamics of changes in accommodation and sediment supply in a lacustrine basin are different than in marine basins.     

西藏札达盆地上新统古格组和托林组的厘定与层序地层划分

根据札达盆地剖面中地层的接触关系、沉积旋回、沉积体系和岩相岩性特征,可将上新统河湖相地层划分为2个组、5个沉积相、8个岩段。古格组(N22g)一岩段为砾岩,属河流相沉积;二、三、五岩段以细碎屑岩为主,属浅湖相沉积;四岩段以含粘土质细碎屑岩为主,属深湖相沉积。托林组(N21t)一、二、三岩段为一套砾岩、含砾中粗粒钙质长石岩屑砂岩和中细粒砂岩的碎屑岩,为典型冲(洪)积扇沉积物。ESR法和古地磁法测年结果表明,古格组形成时代为上新世晚期(4.40～2.47Ma);托林组形成时代为上新世早期(5.44～4.40Ma)。札达盆地为一同生断陷盆地,在上新世时期的构造运动过程中,盆地演化经历了水进体系域—湖泊扩张体系域—湖泊收缩体系域3个发展阶段。     

柴北缘牦牛山地区牦牛山组沉积相组合特征

柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山地区出露的牦牛山组是一套由冲积扇和扇三角洲相共同构成的陆相沉积组合,冲积扇相砾岩-粗砂岩组合主要分布于研究区SE侧,扇三角洲相砂岩-泥岩组合主要分布于研究区NW侧。古水流分析表明牦牛山组沉积物主要来自其SE侧古隆起,但后期扇三角洲相包含少量来自NW和NE向的沉积物。该套沉积组合序列特征与区域上分布在牦牛山西侧同时期形成的湖泊相、滨浅海相沉积共同表明,柴达木盆地北缘在晚志留-早泥盆世时期存在一NW向倾斜的古斜坡,且晚期北侧发生抬升。砾岩和砂岩碎屑组成与区域岩石组合类型对比表明,牦牛山组沉积碎屑物主要来自于滩间山群。沉积组合序列特征、碎屑组成和区域构造背景综合研究表明,牦牛山组可能为柴达木板块向北俯冲过程中形成的局部断陷盆地的充填物。     

伊通地堑层序构成及层序地层格架样式

伊通地堑充填白垩系、下第三系、上第三系和第四系碎屑沉积物，厚约２０００～６０００ｍ。地堑内主要发育冲积扇体系、扇三角洲体系和湖泊体系，在地堑不同演化阶段分别构成６种沉积体系域类型．层序地层格架主要受控于构造、物源体系、湖的扩展及萎缩旋回和沉积中心分布。层序地层格架样式显示南北向隆回相间、东缓西陡的不对称式充填特征。     

梅河盆地古近系梅河组沉积层序演化特征

梅河盆地为典型的断陷型含煤、油页岩盆地。通过岩芯、测井和地震的层序标志识别,在梅河盆地梅河组识别出1个巨层序、2个超层序和4个三级层序。其中,砂砾岩段、下部含煤段、中部泥岩段、上部含煤段分别对应着三级层序I、II、III和IV。通过对层序地层格架的认识,结合构造、沉积分析,揭示了研究区梅河组沉积层序演化规律,三级层序地层格架内沉积演化分别为:层序I发育了盆地初始裂陷阶段的冲积型和扇三角洲沉积;层序II发育了盆地裂陷扩张阶段扇三角洲、沼泽和浅水湖泊沉积;层序III发育了盆地最大扩张阶段深水湖泊沉积;层序IV发育了盆地萎缩阶段扇三角洲和湖泊沉积。因此,梅河盆地梅河组的层序I到层序IV的演化揭示了中国东部伸展环境下断陷盆地从初始裂陷阶段到盆地萎缩阶段完整的不同沉积层序演化特征。     

火山地层中的沉积层特征及其地层对比意义:以松辽盆地营城组为例

火山地层常具穿时和倒转现象,并且缺少化石资料,致使其地层序列划分和对比困难.营城组火山地层序列是松辽盆地火山岩油气勘探的基础和关键,火山岩中的厚层沉积夹层（营城组二段）在火山地层序列划分中可作为标志层,是营城组进一步分段的关键层位.从盆缘露头剖面入手,根据实测剖面、钻井、测井、地震、同位素年龄等资料,证实徐家围子断陷存在营二段地层,通过地层对比,总结其地层发育时限、岩性及序列特征、地层分布规律及其成因、地球物理识别标志,并将其作为标志层对火山地层进行准确划分和对比.结果显示:营二段形成于早白垩世Albian期（110~108 Ma）,沉积时限2~3 Ma;以富含凝灰质夹煤层为主要特征,其碎屑粒度自下至上呈现"粗-细-粗"的全韵律;断陷内营二段地层厚度变化大,平面上存在着两类沉积中心:（1）与营一段火山岩最大厚度中心重叠的火山期后热沉降中心;（2）继承性古地貌凹陷.不同成因地层其地球物理识别特征不同.以营二段为标志层可将徐家围子断陷营城组分为3段,其中一段和三段均以火山岩为主.而原分层中的营四段实属盆地不同充填期的两套地层:下部细粒砂泥岩段应为断陷期的营二段,上部粗粒砂砾岩段应为拗陷期的登娄库组一段.该方法可为其他地区火山地层划分与对比提供借鉴.      

山旺组与馆陶组馆上段层序地层格架对比

运用经典层序地层学理论,对中新世沉积的山旺盆地山旺组和渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷馆陶组馆上段的层序地层格架进行了对比分析。从野外露头、岩心、古生物、地球物理以及其他资料分析的结果显示,这两个盆地中新世层序地层格架具有较好的相似性。两盆地中控制层序地层格架发育的构造运动特征、沉积物供给、海平面升降和古气候等要素,都具有明显的可对比性。山旺盆地所处的地区是渤海湾盆地的主要物源区之一。这种在沉积体系上的天然联系,可能是山旺组和馆上段发育类似的层序地层格架的一个重要原因。     

柴北缘地区层序格架下的沉积特征

中国中西部含油气沉积盆地大多具有前陆盆地层序组合特征,可以识别出前陆层序和非前陆层序。柴达木盆地柴北缘层序地层格架主要包括非前陆层序的侏罗系和古近系以及前陆层序的新近系。通过井剖面层序分析结合有限的地震剖面,可以对柴达木北缘侏罗系划分7套III级层序。古近系—第四系划分11套III级层序。侏罗系属于非前陆期沉积,新近系属于前陆期沉积。通过柴北缘地区层序框架下沉积特征的解剖,表明柴北缘地区非前陆期遗迹化石以缺氧环境化石群为主,沉积相以河流-湖沼体系为特征。前陆期遗迹化石以陆相氧化河湖相环境化石群为主,湖退体系域(RST)冲积扇-河流三角洲-滨浅湖相沉积体系非常发育。柴达木盆地的沉积层序表现为受构造强烈活动和气候变化的影响,强烈活动期潮湿气候下层序表现为山前带发育进积式准层序组,凹陷区形成退积式准层序组。干旱气候配合下的层序表现为多物源更加明显,山前带沉积物供应更加迅速,且沉积中心迁移强烈。     

陕北地区中侏罗世延安期古地理特征*

在系统收集陕北地区中侏罗统延安组野外露头、钻井、测井、古生物等资料的基础上,对延安组沉积期的沉积环境及其层序地层格架进行分析,并恢复了各层序沉积期的岩相古地理格局。将延安组划分为3个三级层序,分层序绘制了关键单因素的等值线图,恢复了各层序沉积期的岩相古地理格局。层序Ⅰ沉积早期主要为河流沉积;随着盆地沉降的加剧,中部地区逐渐变为湖泊沉积,东北部河流沉积演变为三角洲沉积;层序Ⅱ沉积时期基本继承了层序Ⅰ晚期的沉积格局,古地理格局相对较稳定;层序Ⅲ沉积期,盆地基底不断抬升,湖泊逐渐萎缩成局限湖,河流沉积、三角洲沉积分别在研究区中部、东北部大规模发育。     

辽西八道壕煤盆地层序地层与成煤环境分析

辽西黑山—彰武地区分布有一系列早白垩世断陷成因的陆相盆地,其中以八道壕煤盆地含煤性最好。本次工作在八道壕煤矿深部勘探区,采用二维地震、钻探、测井等对八道壕组进行了层序地层和成煤环境分析。八道壕组可分为三个三级层序,下部第1层序（Sq1）为冲积扇注入湖盆形成的水下扇—扇三角洲沉积体系,湖侵域和高位域各含一个煤组,湖侵域退积的水下扇边缘和高位域扇三角洲前缘都有厚煤层发育。早期冲积扇自盆地西南注入湖盆,煤层发育在断陷较深的中北部,自西侧盆缘断裂附近向东超覆。Sq1湖侵域的煤层比高位域的煤层分布面积要大。盆地南部冲积扇主体部位粗碎屑岩增多,上、下煤组的煤层均向南变薄尖灭。由于物源区构造抬升冲积扇向湖盆的进积作用加剧,八道壕组中上部第2、3层序粗碎屑沉积物增多,湖盆水域面积缩小,煤层不再发育。     

塔里木盆地西北缘新元古界层序地层划分及区域对比意义

进行塔里木盆地新元古界层序划分及区域对比,有助于盆地形成早期环境演化研究与深部油气勘探。本文以塔里木盆地西北缘为例,通过新元古界沉积特征详尽剖析,划分了地层序列,进一步结合前人成果,对盆地周缘新元古界层序地层进行了区域对比。结果表明,受塔里木新元古代裂谷盆地演化的“裂陷—裂拗转换—拗陷”三个阶段控制,盆地西北缘新元古界可划分为三个二级层序：层序Sq1形成于成冰纪早期裂陷阶段,由成冰系东巧恩布拉克组和牧羊滩组构成,分布于孤立的小型地垒-地堑盆地,主要发育冰川及浅水陆棚沉积;层序Sq2形成于成冰纪晚期—埃迪卡拉纪早期裂—拗转换阶段,由成冰系尤尔美那克组与埃迪卡拉系苏盖特布拉克组构成,因盆地连通性加强而分布范围增大,发育冰川、潮坪及浅水陆棚沉积;层序Sq3形成于埃迪卡拉纪晚期拗陷阶段,由埃迪卡拉系奇格布拉克组构成,地层向隆起上超且分布范围广,发育碳酸盐岩台地沉积。根据塔里木盆地新元古代沉积-构造演化背景及年代地层格架,盆地西北缘阿克苏地区新元古界三分的层序充填样式可与盆地东北缘库鲁克塔格地区、西南缘叶城地区对比,其中Sq1层序及Sq2层序底部冰川杂砾岩分别与全球成冰纪Sturtian和Mar...     

Changing lake dynamics and sequence stratigraphy of synrift lacustrine strata in a half-graben: an example from the Triassic Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin, Argentina

Well‐exposed Triassic rift strata from the Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin (NW Argentina) include a 80 to ca 515 m thick lacustrine‐dominated package that can be correlated across a half‐graben using key stratigraphic surfaces (sequence boundaries, lacustrine flooding surfaces and forced regressive surfaces). The characteristics of the synrift lacustrine fill in different parts of the half‐graben have been examined and the mechanisms controlling sedimentation inferred. A variety of sedimentary environments are recognized including; volcaniclastic floodplain, mildly saline lake and playa lake, offshore lacustrine, delta front to fluvial‐dominated and wave‐dominated deltas, distributary and fluvial channel, and interdistributary bay. The succession can be divided into four stratigraphic sequences (SS1 to SS4), the oldest of which (SS1) contains volcaniclastic, fluvial and saline lake deposits; it is thickest close to the western border fault zone, reflecting more rapid subsidence here. Accommodation exceeded sediment and water input during SS1. The second and third sequences (SS2 and SS3) mark the onset of widespread lacustrine sedimentation, reflecting a balance between accommodation creation and water and sediment fluxes. Sequences SS2 and SS3 are represented by offshore meromictic lacustrine and deltaic deposits, the latter mostly sourced from the flexural and southern axial margins of the half‐graben. The presence of stacked parasequences bound by lacustrine flooding surfaces is related to climatically induced lake‐level fluctuations superimposed on variable rates of subsidence on the controlling rift border fault zone. The youngest sequence (SS4) is represented by the deposits of littoral lacustrine and shallow shelf deltas distinguished by a change in lithofacies, palaeocurrents and sandstone composition, suggesting a switch in sediment supply to the footwall margin to the NW. The change in the sediment source is related to reduced footwall uplift, the possible presence of a relay ramp and/or supply from a captured antecedent drainage network. During SS4, the rate of creation of accommodation was exceeded by the sediment and water discharge. The stratigraphic evolution of lacustrine strata in the half‐graben was mainly controlled by tectonic processes, including subsidence rate and the growth and evolution of the border fault zone, but changing climate (inducing changes in water balance and lake level) and autocyclic processes (delta lobe switching) were also important.     

合肥盆地白垩纪层序地层格架、沉积体系配置及演化

合肥盆地的白垩系是叠置在侏罗纪前陆盆地上的断陷构造层,其层序地层及沉积演化研究是油气勘探的重要环节。综合应用横跨盆地二维地震剖面、测井、岩芯、露头及其它分析化验资料,对合肥盆地白垩纪的地层进行了层序地层界面的识别、划分,建立了该期地层格架。共划分出一级层序:构造层序界面（构造层序）界面2个:SBK1(TK1)、SBE(TE);二级层序（层序组）界面1个:SBK2(TK2);三级层序（层序）界面4个:SBK11(TK11)、SBK12(TK12)、SBK13(TK13)、SBK21(TK21)。在此基础上建立了合肥盆地白垩纪层序地层格架及沉积演化阶段:早白垩世层序组（包括朱巷组和响导铺组层序组）:为西缓超东陡深的不对称箕状断陷格局,西南部和北西部各发育一个大型冲积扇—冲积平原—三角洲平原带,西南部冲积扇—冲积平原大部分已经被剥蚀殆尽;东部和东北部发育一系列扇三角洲构成扇三角洲平原（裙）,两者之间为滨浅湖—半深湖—深湖。晚白垩世层序组(张桥组层序组):北断南超的格局占主导,早白垩世时期的大型三角洲体系域已经不复存在,代之而起的是北部发育较大规模的扇三角洲平原;而南部或西南部冲积扇—冲积平原—三角洲平原带已经大为缩小到信阳—舒城断裂北缘。