黄骅坳陷古近系沙河街组一段下部湖泊碳酸盐沉积相及其对油气分布的控制作用?

黄骅坳陷王徐庄油田古近系沙河街组一段下部厚40-50m，由碳酸盐岩与泥页岩互层组成，为湖泊中的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混积台地沉积。碳酸盐岩主要为石灰岩，其中包括亮晶颗粒石灰岩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩和泥晶石灰岩。颗粒主要为腹足类，也有鲕粒和内碎屑。根据沉积特征，混积台地可进一步划分为亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩和滩间等三种相。亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩为高能持续动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面之上，以亮晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩为间歇动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面附近，以泥晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；滩间为安静低能环境，水深在正常浪基面之下，以泥晶石灰岩和页岩沉积为主。滩主要分布在台地边缘。同生断层的活动控制了台地的形成及滩的展布。亮晶颗粒滩是最好的储集相带，泥晶颗粒滩次之，滩间最差。油气分布主要受沉积相控制，高产井并不是位于构造高部位的滩间，而是位于低部位的亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩。     

Deep drilling in study of earth's crust

The great importance of super-deep drilling to the advancement of the total field of geoscience and mineral and energy production is outlined, with anticipated problems. Variations in thickness, lateral extent, temperature, velocity, and material are summarized. Super-deep drilling should pay for itself in a short time, by providing theoretically and practically valuable data and insight regarding 1) origin and distribution of minerals, oil, gas, and water; 2) energy potential of deep crustal and upper mantle regions; 3) greatly improved drilling techniques, and downhole geophysical and geochemical testing techniques; and 4) basic geologic constitution and structure in contrasting regions. The following regions in Russia have been given priority for super-deep drilling: 1) North Caspian trough, Azerbaijan, and South Caspian trough — deep oil-bearing troughs of the platform provinces; 2) Urals and Central Kazakhstan — Paleozoic geosyncline and basement; 3) Karelia and Ukraine — ancient Archean not later reworked; 4) Trans-Caucasus and the Black Sea — basaltic layer near or in direct contact with the sedimentary veneer; and 5) South Kuriles and south part of Sakhalin Island arc complex and relatively shallow M-surface and upper mantle. Super-deep drilling, a state project requiring coordinated efforts of numerous scientific and technical personnel and organizations, got underway in 1963 and will continue as an urgent task. — L.T. Grose.     

GEOLOGY OF THE ANGARA REGION

Industrial development of the Angara region has necessitated geological exploration for available resources. The Angara River flows north from Lake Baikal, intersecting the mountains surrounding it; passes through the 'Irkutsk Amphitheater, ' part of the central Siberian platform; and, near Bratsk, flows across a diabase intrusion, forming the Bratsk rapids (approximately 300 kilometers long). The Angara river basin is underlain by crystalline basement (the Siberian craton) composed of schists, gneisses, marble, and Archean and Proterozoic granites. These rocks dip sharply from the Sayan and Baikal ranges, where they outcrop, toward the Irkutsk Amphitheater, where they reach 3000 meters depth. The craton is covered by sediments ranging in age from Cambrian to Quaternary. Lower Cambrian rocks over 2500 meters thick are overlain by Middle Cambrian strata which are generally eroded. In the Irkutsk coal basin, north of Lake Baikal, Mesozoic rocks 600 meters thick are covered unconformably by Tertiary sediments. Quaternary deposits are known to occur; the Angara River terraces are probably pre-Quaternary. Regional tectonics involved fracturing within the Irkutsk Amphitheature and in the surrounding mountains. Geophysical survey and drilling revealed a wide horizontal protrusion (the 'Angara swell') in the Siberian craton; this protrusion divides the Irkutsk Amphitheater in the Pre-Baikal and Pre-Sayan depressions. Overlying Cambrian sediments are folded in conformity with these basement-complex dislocations. Jurassic deposits, generally horizontal, are disturbed only near the younger uplifts of Sayan and Baikal. The southwestern part of a large trap-rock intrusion crosses the Irkutsk Amphitheater; concordant intrusions, e. g. sills, entered lower Paleozoic sediments along with dikes, during late Permian and, principally, Triassic times. Mineral deposits are rich and varied: Precambrian rocks contain magnetic iron ore (of the Krivoy Rog type); talc; magnesite; pure crystalline limestone; and, possibly, phosphates. Paleozoic rocks contain large marine and lacustrine salt deposits, gypsum, phosphatized shell rock, and, possibly, oil: as well as carbonaceous rocks with lead and zinc minerals. Hydrogen-sulfide -saturated and saline mineral waters as well as subsurface water with high potassium content occur in Cambrian rocks. Siberian trap rocks are rich in magnesium and iron; magnesium-magnetite ores occur in volcanic necks as large veins of pure ore, associated with tuffs and aureoles. Trap rock (diabase) may be used in the new stone-melting industry. Jurassic deposits include saprolitic-bog and humus coals as well as extensive fire-clay and high-quality kaolin deposits. Cambrian fossils include trilobite and brachiopod remains, reefs, and molluscs; fish, insects, ostracods, and numerous fossil plant traces, are representative of the Mesozoic. The Angara River terraces, 25 to 30 meters thick, contain mammal remains, brackish-water molluscs, and, from the Middle Paleolithic, Azilian and Solutrean artifacts. -- D. D. Fisher     

苏干湖盆地及毗邻柴北缘西段侏罗系残留地层发育特征

前期的油气勘探和评价揭示了柴北缘西段侏罗系具有良好的油气和煤炭勘探前景。在前人研究的基础上,利用野外露头、岩心、钻井及地震等资料,对柴北缘西段侏罗系残留地层发育特征进行了系统研究,初步落实了侏罗系残留地层的分布。侏罗系自下而上可划分为下统的湖西山组和小煤沟组,中统的大煤沟组及上统的采石岭组和红水沟组。下统主要见于冷湖构造带(湖西山组)和苏干湖盆地东部的向阳煤矿(小煤沟组)。湖西山组的下部岩性为厚层粗粒沉积物,表现为水下扇沉积特征,上部为大套湖相暗色泥岩;小煤沟组厚度较薄,沉积物粒度粗,发育煤层。中、上侏罗统主要分布于赛什腾凹陷和苏干湖盆地内的西部凹陷、中部凹陷、向阳煤矿。根据钻井显示,苏干湖盆地内中侏罗统主要发育大煤沟组五至七段,岩性主要为灰色、灰黑色泥岩夹灰色细砂岩、砾岩及薄煤层;其中五段为主力煤层和油气烃源岩层。上侏罗统岩性主要为棕红色、褐色泥岩夹砾岩、砂岩。残留地层的分布主要受控于沉积中心的迁移和断裂的展布。     

Prospective prediction and exploration situation of marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas in the South Yellow Sea

The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been discovered after exploration for 58 years. After the failure of oil and gas exploration in terrestrial basins, the exploration target of the South Yellow Sea Basin turned to the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata. After more than ten years’ investigation and research, a lot of achievements have been obtained. The latest exploration obtained effective seismic reflection data of deep marine facies by the application of seismic exploration technology characterized by high coverage, abundant low-frequency components and strong energy source for the deep South Yellow Sea Basin. In addition, some wells drilled the Middle-Upper Paleozoic strata, with obvious oil and gas shows discovered in some horizons. The recent petroleum geological research on the South Yellow Sea Basin shows that the structure zoning of the marine residual basin has been redetermined, the basin structure has been defined, and 3 seismic reflection marker layers are traceable and correlatable in the residual thick Middle-Paleozoic strata below the continental Meso-Cenozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin. Based on these, the seismic sequence of the marine sedimentary strata was established. According to the avaliable oil and gas exploration and research, the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas prospects of the South Yellow Sea were predicted as follows. (1) The South Yellow Sea Basin has the same sedimentary formation and evolution history during the sedimentary period of the Middle-Paleozoic marine basin with the Sichuan Basin. (2) There are 3 regional high-quality source rocks. (3) The carbonate and clastic reservoirs are developed in the Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata. (4) The three source-reservoir-cap assemblages are relatively intact. (5) The Laoshan Uplift is a prospect area for the Lower Paleozoic oil and gas, and the Wunansha Uplift is one for the marine Upper Paleozoic oil and gas. (6) The Gaoshi stable zone in the Laoshan Uplift is a favorable zone. (7) The marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin has the geological conditions required to form large oil and gas fields, with remarkable oil and gas resources prospect. An urgent problem to be addressed now within the South Yellow Sea Basin is to drill parametric wells for the Lower Paleozoic strata as the target, to establish the complete stratigraphic sequence since the Paleozoic period, to obtain resource evaluation parameters, and to realize the strategic discovery and achieve breakthrough in oil and gas exploration understanding.©2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

TECTONIC STRUCTURE AND OIL AND GAS POTENTIAL OF THE KOLKHIDA PLAIN AND ADJACENT REGIONS

Western Georgia is in the eastern part of the Riono-Black Sea intermontane oil and gas reservoir. Coastal Abkhaziya and the Colchis Plain is favorable for oil and gas prospecting as Mesozoic sediments are here overlain by a series of Tertiary and Quaternary rocks. From the Recent tectonic pattern, evolution, age, and composition of the present complexes the authors could outline three tectonic regions: Guri, Colchis and Abkhazsko-Megrel.

The geological pattern of the Colchis region has recently become better known. Borehole data indicate the presence of a heavy Cretaceous carbonate series (over 1, 000 m thick) overlain with sharp angular unconformity by Pliocene and Quaternary argillo-arenaceous sediments.

From data obtained by seismic prospecting, drill-hole exploration and geological survey the conclusion that all brachyanticlines in the Colchis region might be grouped into three anticlinal zones, namely northern-Colchis, central Colchis and southern Colchis. Within the northern Colchis zone three brachyanticlines (Ingur, Ochemchiri and Kodor) are distinguished. The same confinement of separate uplifts to the anticlinal zones may be observed in the Abkhazsko-Megrel and Guri regions, where an overall complex of Tertiary sediments is developed. In the area under discussion two structural layers are isolated: the lower Domeotic and the upper, consisting of Pliocene- Quaternary rocks. The lower layer is characterized by intermittent folding, the upper one -- by nearly horizontal bedding. The oil content of the Cretaceous sediments in Western Georgia is known from drilling data and abundant oil and gas occurrences. In this connection certain Colchis brachyanticlines are of great interest for oil and gas prospecting within the Cretaceous carbonate complex.     

深部碳酸盐岩油气生成和保存的特征及其模拟实验研究

塔里木盆地具有地温梯度低和油气藏埋藏深度大的特点，深埋引起的高压利于油藏保存，7000ｍ的地层温度＜１６５℃，低于通常认为石油形成温度上限，油藏保存的深可以达到7000ｍ。铁岭灰岩高温高压模拟实验表明，高压抑制油向气转化。塔里木盆地古生界海相碳酸盐岩晚期二次生烃使生油窗延伸至Ｒｏ１.５%。     

库车坳陷西部构造圈闭形成期与烃源岩生烃期匹配关系探讨

根据库车坳陷西部地质剖面分析其构造圈闭类型,利用平衡剖面和生长地层分析构造圈闭形成期次。选取大北1井和一口人工井,应用PRA公司的BasinMod1-D软件,对其进行烃源岩成熟度史模拟,分析烃源岩的主要生烃期。根据构造圈闭形成期与烃源岩主要生烃期的匹配关系,认为西秋里塔格构造带盐下古构造圈闭与拜城凹陷烃源岩生烃期匹配良好,形成的油气藏大部分在后期保存良好,盐上圈闭可能形成油藏,盐层内部圈闭可能形成油藏、气藏或油气藏,在较厚盐层之下的圈闭可能会形成气藏。克拉苏构造带古构造圈闭与克拉苏构造带烃源岩主要生烃期以及拜城凹陷的主要生油期匹配良好,可以形成良好的油气藏,但是库车组沉积末期—第四纪构造破坏严重,油气藏经受构造调整、破坏和再分配形成残余油气藏、次生油气藏,此时正处于侏罗系烃源岩生气期,可以在盐下形成大量气藏。     

中国古生界油气勘探前景展望

几十年来,中国古生代海相成油一直是国内外石油地质学家关注的大问题,1984年塔里木盆地沙参2井实现古生代海相油气重大突破,首次证明"中国古生界海相含丰富的石油".但中国古生界海相油气前景如何?其一认为是油气勘探重点战略接替领域,其二认为前景不大,只是天然气勘探的辅助领域之一。本文从近10年来古生界油气勘探重大进展、古生界油气资源潜力、有利的地质构造条件、多时代成油组合、广泛的勘探领域等方面论述了中国古生界海相油气勘探前景巨大,将是中国油气勘探重要的战略接替领域之一。      

库车坳陷西段盐构造二维平衡恢复与复原构造剖面分析

天山南麓库车坳陷西部沉积古近系膏盐岩,盐层下伏中生界发现万亿立方米储量天然气田,是我国西气东输重要气源。库车坳陷盐下是油气勘探关注目标,目前研究认识不能满足勘探需求,尤其是盐构造形成机制存在争议,盐构造平衡恢复是研究难点。本文应用二维构造平衡剖面技术,综合地震剖面、钻井和地表地质资料,选取库车坳陷西段四条剖面,通过StructureSolver公司开发的构造恢复软件(简称SS),开展平衡恢复工作,分层恢复盐上层、膏盐层、盐下层,复原挤压变形前地震剖面。研究结果揭示库车坳陷西段发育二期盐构造:渐新世-中新世发育刺穿型盐丘,上新世-第四纪发育挤压型盐构造。挤压作用下早期盐丘演变为盐席、盐墙,盐上层发育盐逆冲断层和盐背斜,盐下发育叠瓦状逆冲断层和挤压构造楔。库车坳陷西段盐层上覆冲积扇沉积(重力)差异负载是发育盐丘的原因,盐丘分布于山前冲积扇前端和却勒冲积扇南侧。库车坳陷盐下发育逆冲构造楔,应用临界楔理论研究构造楔顶面坡度与底部滑脱层角度变化,盐下构造楔顶面坡度突变,指示底部滑脱层角度发生变化,推断古生代基底正断层卷入逆冲构造楔。     

济阳坳陷稀土元素特征及其在物源对比中的应用

物源是控制沉积物中REE组成最主要的因素，济阳坳陷区岩石稀土元素特征表明：①济阳坳陷古生界与华北地台其他地区同时代地层岩石的REE分布特征具有极大的相似性，这体现了晚古生代济阳坳陷区所处的整个华北地台区为一稳定的克拉通沉积盆地，地层横向分布稳定，具有一致的物源和构造背景；②济阳坳陷古生界为中生界的物源，反映了济阳坳陷区由古生代稳定地台型沉积到中生代山间盆地沉积的转变，中生代洼陷区的沉积主要来自对附近凸起区古生代地层的剥蚀；③新生界样品与中生界样品的REE分布模式具有很大的相似性，从一个侧面反映了济阳坳陷中生代与新生代的构造格局的转变，中生代接受沉积的部分洼陷区至古近纪成为供给物源的凸起区。     

塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组北部台缘带展布及其油气勘探意义

礁滩型白云岩是世界范围内油气勘探开发效果最好的领域之一。塔里木盆地震旦-寒武系具备规模礁滩型白云岩发育基础,但其特征与分布研究基础十分薄弱。本文采用野外剖面观察、单井资料分析、地震资料刻画等手段,落实了柯坪-塔北西部存在下寒武统台缘带,命名为北部台缘带,该台缘带呈北东走向,长约330 km,宽约7 km。野外露头资料显示,下寒武统北部台缘带发育两期微生物礁,岩性以针孔状白云岩为主,溶蚀孔洞发育;地震剖面上,可见丘状前积反射特征。北部台缘带具有得天独厚的生储盖配置优势,位于长期继承性发育的古隆起之上,具备形成大油气田的有利条件。北部台缘带的展布特征为该区下古生界白云岩的区带评价及目标优选指明了方向。     

哈萨克斯坦S区块盐构造类型及其成因机制

哈萨克斯坦S区块构造位于滨里海盆地阿斯特拉罕—阿克纠宾斯克隆起带与中央坳陷带的东部,滨里海盆地是一个典型的含盐盆地,盆地内盐岩经历了多期的构造运动,形成了丰富多样的构造类型。盆地中部阿斯特拉罕—阿克纠宾斯克隆起带和南恩巴隆起之间的区域,是一个重要的油气聚集区。以地球物理学、地质地震模型等理论为基础,针对该区盐构造类型及其成因机制进行分析,总结与盐相关的盆地地质特征,对含盐盆地发现油气具有非常重要的意义。     

东海陆架油气勘探的新领域

基于东海陆架区的物探、化探和钻井等方面资料分析了陆架的地层结构和构造特征。东海陆架盆地具有叠合复式盆地的特征。新生代含油气盆地之下叠置了中生代和古生代的盆地和含油气层,巨厚的前第三系地层为油气提供了丰富的物质基础。化探资料以及荧光、酸解烃和甲烷等指标表明,在诸如海礁凸起等高构造区有极好的油气异常显示,油气存在于前第三系之中。钻探证明,瓯江凹陷东侧（又称丽水凹陷）的侏罗系中有烃源岩,前古生界的变质岩中有油气显示。因此,海礁凸起、渔山凸起、瓯江凹陷东侧、长江凹陷与西湖凹陷之间以及浙闽隆褶带的前第三系是东海陆架区油气勘探的新领域。     

塔中地区中及上奥陶统沉积相

中及上奥陶统是塔中地区主要的油气勘探目的层系之一。在综合地层划分对比的基础上，分析了塔中地区不同沉积相的分布规律。礁滩沉积和斜坡沉积构成了台地边缘相的主体。碳酸盐台地上不同期次发育的边缘相是重要的油气储集体。它们主要分布于塔中I号断裂构造带和TZ10井构造带和塔中南缘断裂构造带上，沉积厚度相对较大。因此，可以得出这样的结论，这种分布状况代表了塔中地区构造对沉积相带的控制作用。通过大量二维及三维地震资料解释分析，发现在塔中广泛分布的丘状隆起地震相、楔状前积反射地震相和杂乱反射地震相相同样多沿主要构造线延伸，内部反射杂乱，成乱岗状反射。把已经认识的沉积相类型和这些地震相的分布特征相比较，可以确定这种地震相就是碳酸盐台地边缘相沉积体。这样，就有可能利用丰富的地震资料，预测有利油气富集的储集体的展布规律。     

内蒙古突泉盆地双低阻层的发现及其地质意义

为调查评价大兴安岭南部地区晚古生代以来的油气资源前景,在内蒙古突泉盆地牤牛海凹陷区内实施了MT和AMT剖面测量工作.探测结果显示,在火山岩覆盖层下深度800～2000m和2000～8000m范围内发现2套低阻层.低阻层不仅厚度较大,横向分布也很连续.在钻井资料的约束下,结合区域地质资料综合分析认为,第1套低阻层是早侏罗世煤系地层的反映,第2套低阻层可能是晚古生代以泥岩为主地层的反映.结合地面烃源岩调查结果,推定这2套地层都有可能发育较好的烃源岩.研究表明,突泉盆地具有寻找上古生界和下中生界油气资源的潜力.     

南黄海中部隆起海相中-古生界科学钻探CSDP-2井选址

2014年,大陆架科学钻探项目（CSDP）确定采用自主研发的轻便型海洋钻井平台"探海1号"在南黄海盆地中部隆起上实施首口科学钻探井（CSDP-2井）,其科学目标是探查中部隆起的中-古生界地质结构和油气地质条件,解决南黄海中部隆起海相残留盆地长期悬而未决的地层属性问题,同时为区域地质、海陆演化与海相油气资源前景研究和评价提供基础资料。据此确定钻孔的选址原则为：钻探海域水深不超过30 m,在预定2 800 m的钻探深度范围内钻遇多套完整的中-古生界海相地层。根据钻探目标和选址原则,针对中部隆起没有钻探资料的状况,以区域地质特征和周边钻井对比为参考,以地震资料多属性解释为手段,标定了地震反射层位,解释并编制了反射层构造图,拟定了钻探井位,预测了钻探层位;采用地震储层预测技术预测了有利储层。上述工作形成了无井勘探区的钻探井位部署技术流程和方法,经钻探厘定了三叠纪-奥陶纪海相沉积层,并发现了多个油气显示层,达到了预定钻探目标。     

塔里木盆地东南坳陷侏罗系展布特征研究

塔东南坳陷位于塔里木盆地的东南部,勘探程度较低。侏罗系为该区主要油气勘探目的层,明确塔东南坳陷侏罗系展布特征是实现该区油气突破的关键问题。通过分析2015年后实施的最新钻探工程以及最新采集处理的地震、电法剖面,结合钻测井、露头资料,研究塔东南侏罗系分布范围及厚度,结果表明侏罗系在塔东南坳陷广泛发育,仅在且末凸起西部局部地区缺失;瓦石峡凹陷侏罗系十分发育,沉积厚度大,分布范围广,并向阿尔金山前有明显加厚趋势,可作为塔东南坳陷油气勘探目标区。     

老挝人民民主共和国地质矿产概况

老挝地质矿产调查程度很低,目前对地质构造特征和矿产资源情况只了解其大概.其境内总体上为古生代和中生代褶皱,仅在西北部可见少量前寒武纪变质基底.现已发现了铁、金、铜、铅、锌、锡、钼、锑、钾盐、石膏、煤、高岭土、宝石等20余种矿产,其中经过系统地质勘查的矿床(点)很少,投入工业开发的更少,具有很大的资源开发潜力.     

EVOLUTION OF THE TAYMYR GEOSYNCLINE

The study of Taymyr has been difficult because of the poor accessibility of the region. Eight geotectonic zones have been identified. Six of these, from lower Proterozoic to Upper Paleozoic mark a geosynclinal development; the seventh, Triassic, is a post-inversion transition to the eighth, a Mesozoic-Cenozoic stage of young platform development. The geosynclinal cycle in Severnaya Zemlya was shorter than in Taymyr, with the inversion occurring at the close of the Silurian and the platform conditions initiated with the Devonian. The Taymyr geosyncline migrated southeast, advancing over the sinking margin of the Siberian platform, a distance of about 200 km, between early Proterozoic and the close of the Paleozoic. The post-geosynclinal structural stage is represented by Jurassic to Quaternary deposits, in the Taymyr low and in minor troughs. A Lower Cretaceous coal basin is present in Taymyr. Oil shows are associated with salt domes in the Khatanga and Ust-Yenisey troughs. A series of sulfide ore deposits are associated with traprocks in the Byrranga range. Hydrothermal ores are associated with minor subalkalic intrusions. --Scripta Technica, Inc.