岩浆-热液系统中铟的成矿作用

铟作为支撑新兴高科技产业发展的关键金属,主要应用于电子工业、半导体、焊料合金及航空航天等领域,对国家安全和经济发展至关重要.当前铟的重要来源是与花岗质岩浆有关的锡多金属矿床,其中铟的富集程度远超其他类型矿床.文章在简要概括铟矿床类型的基础上,探讨了铟在岩浆-热液系统各演化阶段的富集过程以及锡、铟同步富集的原因.在岩浆演...     

关键矿产资源铟:主要成矿类型及关键科学问题

关键矿产资源(Critical Minerals)是国家经济繁荣、国防安全和技术飞跃的重要保障,是支撑我国战略性新兴产业(例如:洁净能源产业、光伏太阳能产业、新一代信息技术产业、航空航天装备等)快速稳定发展的重要金属原材料。世界主要经济发达体(如:美国、日本、欧盟、澳大利亚等)均开展了关键矿产资源的评价,制定了相应的关键矿产资源发展战略,其评价方式也由一维向多维发展,并且把环境因素和资源的循环回收利用列入关键的评价指标。铟作为关键矿产资源之一,是太阳能光伏产业和ITO靶材主要的金属材料。它一般易于在岩浆结晶的晚期富集,但近年来发现它在一些镁铁质岩石中也有高度富集的现象,显示出铟地球化学性质的两面性,因此,全面评价不同地质体中铟的富集规律是解决未来铟资源安全稳定供给的主要途径。预料未来若干年SEDEX和VMS矿床有可能成为铟资源的主要来源,火山岩中的铟异常富集也应当引起足够的重视。铟的主要载体矿物是硫化物。在不同类型的矿床中,铟的富集对矿物有选择性。铟的选择性超常富集(如铟窗、铟爆)机制将是未来一段时间铟成矿作用研究中的重要领域,而铟的原位定量分析技术的突破是解决这一关键科学问题的关键。     

秦岭—祁连造山带印支-燕山期构造与大型-超大型矿床的形成关系

印支－燕山期构造－岩浆热液活动，对秦岭－祁连造山带的区域成矿控制与影响作用十分显著，主要表现在该期北东向构造－岩浆活动不仅控制了金等矿产的形成，而且使先期形成的铜，铅锌等矿产发生了较强烈的改造和富集作用，该期北东向构造带与先期的北西、近东西向构造或含矿层交汇叠加部位，是形成大型－超大型矿床的重要条件。文章对秦岭－祁连造山带印支－燕山期构造－岩浆活动带的发育特征及其对大型－超大型矿床的控制与影响等进行了初步分析与探讨，提出了本区新一轮矿产勘查研究对策与思路。     

Minor elements in sphalerite and galena from Binnatal

The trace element contents of 23 sphalerites and galenas from Binnatal, Switzerland, have been determined. Most of these samples have been previously studied in respect to lead and sulphur isotope abundances. Coloration of sphalerites — varying from yellow to black for nearly identical iron contents — seems to be strongly influenced by the manganese content. A linear relationship between sulphur isotope composition and copper content in sphalerites was found. Trace elements in galenas show a significant inverse relationship between silver and copper. With the determination of the bismuth content, it is possible to distinguish several galena types; a similar grouping has been found by lead isotope determinations. The results of the trace analyses are discussed in connection with the occurrence of a large number of very rare and special Pb-As-sulphosalt minerals in the Binnatal dolomites.     

Resource Evaluation of Indium in the Dajing Tin-Polymetallic Deposits, Inner Mongolia, China

Individual ores of 37 specimens and five mill concentrates were analyzed chemically, and anomalous indium contents were detected in the tin‐polymetallic veins of the Dajing mine. The indium contents are heterogenously distributed (0.5–296 ppm In), and are low generally in the ores of the East Block. Indium is mainly correlated with copper, partly with zinc in the Dajing deposits, implying that the element is substituted in copper and zinc sulfides and sulfosalts. The total indium content is expected as >768 tons, which is lower than a previous estimation of this mine. The whole tonnage of the southern part of the Da Hinggang Mountains is >1200 tons In, which is the second largest in China after the tin‐polymetallic deposits in the southern China.     

Resource Evaluation and Some Genetic Aspects of Indium in the Japanese Ore Deposits

Abstract. There have been two primary sources for industrial indium; one from massive sulfides, while the other is dissemination-veins and skarns, related to felsic igneous rocks. The latter group of the In-bearing deposits is abundant in the Japanese Islands. Indium occurs as In-minerals such as sakuraiite, roquesite, laforetite and many unidentified minerals, but the majority is contained as an impurity in sphalerite, and tin and copper sulfides. Average grades of the ores from which indium has been extracted vary from a few ppm (e.g., Kosaka mine) to more than 300 ppm (Toyoha mine). The amount of indium in all the major basemetal deposits is estimated by analyzing representative samples. The main indium deposits are subvolcanic and tin-poly-metallic vein types. The largest one is Toyoha mine (4,700 tons hi) and the Ashio mine (ca. 1,200 tons In) was found to be the second largest. Many small occurrences, were recognized in the Miocene magnetite-series belt, besides the classic occurrences in the ilmenite-series granitic terrains of SW Japan, including the Ikuno and Akenobe tin(-tungsten) polymetallic veins, located in the northern margin of the late Cretaceous Sanyo ilmenite-series province. Magnetite-series magmas with deep source are necessary to concentrate sulfur in the magma chamber but sedimentary source rocks and their reducing agents are needed to collect and to precipitate indium. The Japanese islands are essentially accretionary terrains intruded by various deep oxidized magmas; thus forming magnetite/ilmenite-series paired belts, which are sometimes mixed. This unique geologic setting may be the most fundamental reason why indium is rich in vein-type deposits of the Japanese Island arcs.     

Polytypism of natural sphalerite and its typomorphic significance

Structural modifications of natural and synthetic sulfides of zinc and conditions of their origination are examined. Data on polytypism of sphalerites from deposits in different ore-bearing formations in eastern Zabaykal'ye are reported. Effect of isomorphous iron on polytypism of natural sphalerites is investigated. — Authors     

一种亟待重新认识的铜矿床——滇中土状铜矿

滇中土铜矿长期被认为是一种不可利用的铜矿床,新的湿法冶金技术应用使之成为了效益型铜资源。滇中土状铜矿产于中元古界昆阳群落雪组的土状风化壳内,分为面型和线型两种矿床类型。主要铜矿物为孔雀石、硅孔雀石、微粒状赤铜矿和黑铜矿、少量残余含铜硫化物。其矿石平均品位同于原生硫化矿。与原生矿石相比,土状氧化铜矿石ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｆｗ２Ｏ３、Ｍｎｏ明显富集,ＣａＯ与ＭｇＯ大量淋失,由碱性矿石变成了可酸浸的非     

Composition, mineral assemblages, and genesis of titanite and malayaite in skarns

The composition of minerals of the titanite-malayaite series and their mineral assemblages and genesis were examined at the Bol’shoi Kan’on deposit in Magadan oblast and at other deposits. These minerals were demonstrated to be typomorphic Sn-bearing silicates in postmagmatic bimetasomatic hypabyssal calc skarns and skarnoids in tin-bearing provinces. The series of these minerals with similar crystal structures has a miscibility gap, and the minerals are characterized by notably different Sn concentrations. Moreover, titanite may contain Al, Fe, F, and OH, whose concentrations decrease in the Sn-bearing members of the series (malayaite). These silicates were formed at many deposits after the successive transforms of skarn mineral assemblages. The early assemblages include wollastonite in calcic carbonate rocks and diopside and salite in skarnoids. The latter minerals are replaced first by hedenbergite with subordinate amounts of vesuvianite and garnet first of grossular and then andradite composition. This process was syngenetic with the formation of borosilicates (danburite, axinite, and tourmaline). Ti thereby may be accommodated in grossular and Sn in Fe-bearing silicates, mostly, in andradite. Skarns often contain both titanite and malayaite, which were produced in these rocks earlier than cassiterite. The isomorphic series of these minerals has a miscibility gap. The oreforming processes ended with the crystallization of quartz, fluorite, and rare sulfides, including stannite. The late Sn-bearing minerals at some deposits are stokesite and Mg, Fe, and Ca stannates, which crystallized during malayaite replacement by newly formed calcite-quartz aggregates. The Sn-bearing sulfides are replaced by varlamoffite during supergene processes.     

元素的类质同象置换简表

类质同象普遍存在于矿物中，将发生类质同象置换的元素列于元素周期表中，就是作者所编制的元素的类同象置换简表，表中同时列出了主要载体矿物及参考工业指标。     

论“东川式铜矿”的成因

云南东川地区,元古界昆阳群落雪白云岩中规模巨大的层状铜矿,1941年由谢家荣命名为“东川式铜矿”^[1],用以代表与闪长岩有关的岩浆热液矿床。李洪谟、王尚文(1941年)、孟宪民等(1948年)^[3]对这一成因观点都有详细的论述。1960年后,孟宪民指出,东川铜矿可能为沉积成因。笔者在东川白锡腊、因民、落雪、汤丹等地,发现铜矿床中保留了很多沉积成岩的标志,同时根据脉状铜矿是变质脉、岩浆岩的同位素年龄小于层状铜矿等特征,从而提出了沉积变质的成因认识。1975年,桂林冶金地质研究所提出此类矿床应更名为火山—沉积—浅变质矿床^[4]。近年来,通过对含矿层的岩相和岩石学的研究、铜矿与藻类叠层石关系的研究,笔者认为,“东川式铜矿”的成因不是单一的,是沉积成岩、蒸发成岩、变质改造等多成因、多阶段形成的一种复合矿床,本文就此进行了探讨。     

Geochemical enrichment and mineralization of indium

Indium occurs in a very dispersed manner in nature with enrichment of economic interest rarely known. The highly dispersed nature of indium, among several other elements, has for a long time retarded our understanding of the regularities that control their mineralization, which in turn has hindered exploitation and application of these elements. Recent studies of ours show that no significant enrichment of indium can be recognized in various types of Pb-Zn sulphide deposits as well as in deposits of copper, iron and manganese. Indium concentrations in ores of these deposits are generally below 10 × 10^-6. In contrast, however, indium is found to be enriched to a significant extent in cassiterite-sulphide deposits and some tin-rich Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits. The average content of indium in these deposits can be over 100 × 10^-6, and more than 90% of it is concentrated in sphalerite. Generally, these deposits may be considered as large paragenic deposits for indium and, therefore, there must be some regularities that govern the geochemical enrichment of the so-called “dispersed element” indium. This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49633110).     

吉尔吉斯斯坦天山优势矿种地质特征及找矿潜力

吉尔吉斯斯坦天山有着良好的金属矿产成矿条件,已发现众多的金属矿床,其优势矿种为铁、金、铜、锡、汞、锑、铅、锌8种矿产。在分析该国地质矿产资料的基础上,对吉尔吉斯斯坦造山带北中南天山优势矿产的时空分布和典型矿床进行研究,总结其区域成矿特征,研究了各成矿期的相应优势矿产岩浆作用、火山作用与矿产的关系、区域内成矿规律和区内成矿条件,探讨吉尔吉斯斯坦的找矿潜力。认为吉尔吉斯斯坦找矿还有很大潜力,金矿应在吉尔吉斯全境寻找,铁、铜、铅锌应在北、中天山加大探矿力度,钨、锡、汞、锑在南天山还有大的找矿远景。     

广西云开地区成矿带成矿特征及勘查远景

广西云开地区是广西境内铅锌金银多金属矿产的重要成矿区之一,长期以来一直是地质工作重点对象。在分析区域成矿地质背景、研究成矿地质特征、总结成矿地质规律的基础上,结合元素富集特征、典型矿床特征和找矿新发现,探讨该区域成矿远景,提出了地质找矿主要目标。结果显示,本区以构造复杂、岩浆活动强烈、基底变质程度深、成矿作用多样为特征,形成了以铅锌为优势矿种,银金为重要矿种,铜、钨锡钼等有良好资源前景的矿产地,考虑成矿地质环境因素和已知矿产分布情况,优选9个集中区,作为找矿地质工作部署的依据。     

铜矿自然重砂矿物组合规律及其对铜矿成因类型的指示

根据铜矿床的成因类型,对全国177个铜矿床的自然重砂矿物进行统计分析。结果显示,自然重砂矿物对于铜矿床成因类型具有较好的指示意义。不同成因类型铜矿床的自然重砂矿物组合不同,尤其是岩浆型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、火山岩型铜矿床均具有特征自然重砂指示矿物。除了铜矿物、铅锌矿物、黄铁矿、白钨矿等各类型铜矿床共有自然重砂矿物外,铬铁矿、镍黄铁矿、辉石、橄榄石等为岩浆型铜矿床的特征指示矿物,自然金、辉钼矿、磷灰石、磷钇矿等可以指示斑岩型铜矿床;锆石、锡石和石榴子石是矽卡岩型铜矿床的特征指示矿物;火山岩型铜矿床则以雄黄、雌黄作为特征指示矿物。这些研究对于建立不同成因类型铜矿的自然重砂找矿模型具有重要意义。     

白牛厂银多金属矿床银的赋存形式及银矿物特征

矿床产在燕山期花岗岩外接触带，受北西向层间滑动构造破碎带控制。含矿热液沿构造破碎带充填，形成规模很大的、连续性极好的、银锡铅锌均分别达到大型的复合矿体。成矿具多成因、多期、多阶段的特点。银主要呈银矿物形式存在，银矿物又主要是多阶段的银锑－银铜锑－银铅锑等硫盐矿物。银矿物粒度很细，多呈包嵌形式存在，与方铅矿关系特别密切。经矿相配合能谱系统研究，辅以部分单矿物分析，初步查明其分布、富集、相互关系及矿物物性特征。     

西藏蛇绿岩地幔中的主要自然金属矿物

在西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎蛇绿岩块的豆荚状铬铁矿床中 ,揭示出一个由 70～ 80种矿物组成的地幔矿物群 ,包括自然金属、合金、硫 (砷 )化物、氧化物和硅酸盐等。这些矿物呈包裹体或脉石产于铬铁矿石中 ,经人工重砂分析 ,自然元素矿物有自然硅、自然铁、自然锌、自然铅、自然铝、自然铬、自然锡、自然镍、自然钨、自然钛、自然锇、自然铱、自然钌、自然钯、石墨、金刚石、自然金和自然银等。文中选择一些自然元素矿物 ,探索这些地幔矿物特点以及蛇绿岩和铬铁矿的形成机制。根据共生矿物群以及罗布莎地幔橄榄岩为新鲜的未蛇纹石化的岩石 ,认为罗布莎自然元素矿物与蛇纹石化作用无关。它们可能是在地核形成时期滞留于地幔中的成核物质 ,抑或是核幔之间化学反应的产物 ,后来被铬铁矿矿浆捕获 ,并同铬铁矿一起由地幔柱作用和板块作用侵位于浅部并仰冲出露于地表。     

In, Sn, Pb and Zn Contents and Their Relationships in Ore-forming Fluids from Some In-rich and In-poor Deposits in China

All the indium-rich deposits with indium contents in ores more than 100×10- 6 seems to be of cassiterite-sulfide deposits or Sn-bearing Pb-Zn deposits, e.g., in the Dachang Sn deposit in Guangxi, the Dulong Sn-Zn deposit in Yunnan, and the Meng'entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Inner Mongolia, the indium contents in ores range from 98×10-6 to 236×10-6 and show a good positive correlation with contents of zinc and tin, and their correlation coefficients are 0.8781 and 0.7430, respectively. The indium contents from such Sn-poor deposits as the Fozichong Pb-Zn deposit in Guangxi and the Huanren Pb-Zn deposit in Liaoning are generally lower than 10×10-6, i.e., whether tin is present or not in a deposit implies the enrichment extent of indium in ores. Whether the In enrichment itself in the ore -forming fluids or the ore-forming conditions has actually caused the enrichment/depletion of indium in the deposits? After studying the fluid inclusions in quartz crystallized at the main stage of mineralization of several In-rich and In-poor deposits in China, this paper analyzed the contents and studied the variation trend of In, Sn, Pb and Zn in the ore-forming fluids. The results show that the contents of lead and zinc in the ore-forming fluids of In-rich and -poor deposits are at the same level, and the lead contents range from 22×10-6 to 81×10-6 and zinc from 164×10-6 to 309×10-6, while the contents of indium and tin in the ore-forming fluids of In-rich deposits are far higher than those of In-poor deposits, with a difference of 1-2 orders of magnitude. Indium and tin contents in ore-forming fluid of In-rich deposits are 1.9×10-6-4.1×10-6 and 7×100-6-55×10-6, and there is a very good positive correlation between the two elements, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9552. Indium and tin contents in ore-forming fluid of In-poor deposits are 0.03×10-6-0.09×10-6 and 0.4×10-6--2.0×10-6, respectively, and there is no apparent correlation between them. This indicates, on one hand, that In-rich ore-forming fluids are the material basis for the formation of In-rich deposits, and, on the other hand, tin probably played a very important role in the transport and enrichment of indium.     

超镁铁岩建造中的非金属矿床组合及其形成条件的研究

超镁铁岩建造中赋存着以镁质非金属矿物为主的多种非金属矿产和丰富多样的矿床共生组合。本文讨论了我国三种主要类型超镁铁岩建造或杂岩(蛇绿岩套中的超镁铁岩建造、碱性超镁铁杂岩、碱性玄武岩及其深源超镁铁岩包体)中产出的非金属矿床及其组合与特征,以及它们的形成条件等,提出了进一步从不同层次深入探讨非金属矿床共生组合的有关问题。     

中东部非洲地质构造单元与成矿区带划分

本文通过总结前人研究资料,认为中东部非洲主要由太古宙克拉通及其周缘的元古代活动带和显生宙沉积组成,并将中东部非洲划分为16个地质构造单元。中东部非洲矿产资源丰富,不同的地质构造单元的矿产资源种类亦不相同。其优势矿种主要有金、铜、钴、钨、锡、铌、钽、镍和宝石矿;金分布在克拉通内的新太古宙花岗绿岩带;铜钴产于新元古代卢菲利安弧层状沉积变质岩内;钨锡铌钽主要产于中元古代基巴拉带造山期后的锡石花岗岩内,多为伟晶岩或石英脉型;镍产于基巴拉带早期的镁铁-超镁铁质岩中;宝石矿多产于高级变质岩内;能源矿产主要位于显生宙陆内盆地及滨海盆地内。