富有机质地质样品Re-Os同位素体系研究进展

Re-Os同位素的研究在过去几十年取得了重要进展。Re、Os能够在各种不同类型的富有机质地质样品中富集,Re-Os同位素体系在各种富有机质样品的研究已成为同位素地球化学研究领域一个新的热点。文章介绍了Re-Os同位素体系研究应用于富有机质地质样品研究的原理及其地质样品种类,从风化淋滤和熟化两方面对Re-Os同位素体系的封闭性进行了说明,并且结合实例论述了Re-Os同位素体系应用于富有机质地质样品的重大意义,还对不同类型富有机质样品的采样和溶样方法进行了归纳。此外,还提出了当前富有机质地质样品Re-Os同位素研究亟待解决的问题,指出富有机质地质样品Re-Os同位素分析将成为解决地质难题一种新的有力工具。     

A new method integrating high-precision U-Pb geochronology with zircon trace element analysis (U-Pb TIMS-TEA)

Increased precision in isotope-dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) U-Pb geochronology has revealed age complexities in zircon populations that require new tools for understanding how the growth of zircon is related to geologic processes. U and Pb are routinely separated from other elements in dated minerals by ion exchange separation prior to TIMS isotope measurement. We develop a method in which trace elements in the exact same volume of zircon are redissolved and analyzed using solution nebulization inductively coupled plasma sector-field mass spectrometry with matrix-matched external liquid calibration. Using <0.5 ml solution, resulting concentrations are between <1 ppt for elements such as Ti, Nb and Ta and tens of ppb for Zr. By analyzing a series of standard solutions, zircons and procedural blanks, we show that accurate measurements are performed on Zr, Hf, Y, Sc, and the HREE while low-concentration elements can be measured accurately to <5 ppt. We performed combined U-Pb ID-TIMS geochronology with trace element analysis (here called U-Pb TIMS-TEA) on zircons from eight volcanic rocks comprising several volcanic systems and one metamorphic sample. Similar to previous in situ trace element analyses, zircon geochemistry is distinct between different samples and records petrogenetic processes such as fractional crystallization, assimilation and/or magma mixing. Unique from in situ analysis, U-Pb TIMS-TEA can trace geochemical evolution in accessory minerals with adequate age precision to resolve magmatic processes in rocks at least 200 million years old. This provides a means to identify auto-, ante- and xenocrystic zircon and lead to more robust age interpretations in ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology. One suite of Cretaceous andesitic zircons shows correlations in geochemistry and absolute time that record evolution of a magmatic system over ∼250 ka prior to eruption. Future work will combine U-Pb TIMS-TEA with solution isotopic analysis of Nd, Sr and Hf and will be applied to a host of datable minerals such as monazite, sphene, apatite, rutile, xenotime, and baddeleyite. These combined tools will provide access to an improved understanding of a wide range of igneous and metamorphic processes as a function of time.     

钙碱性火山岩构造背景的研究进展

通过对钙碱性火山岩的岩石学、地球化学、同位素及其构造背景的研究表明,钙碱性火山岩的形成不一定仅限于板块俯冲过程,在不具备板块俯冲的其它构造环境下也能够形成。     

会泽铅锌矿床Pb、Zn成矿物质来源探讨

长期以来,有关会泽铅锌矿床的Pb、Zn成矿物质来源问题存在较大的争论。作者从成矿金属元素地球化学特征、Sr和Pb同位素组成特征出发,全面阐述了会泽铅锌矿床的Pb、Zn成矿物质来源。指出：成矿金属则是来自多方面的,它不仅来源于从震旦系到二叠系碳酸盐岩地层,而且来源于基底岩石（如昆阳群）和峨眉山玄武岩。因此,成矿物质具有多源性。     

分步淋洗方法研究碧溪岭榴辉岩Pb同位素组成及其演化

根据大量年代学、地球化学和岩石学等方面的研究,前人对碧溪岭榴辉岩的形成及变质历史有了较明确的认识,但这些研究对超高压变质前后过程中元素和同位素的变化涉及较少。通过分步淋洗方法对碧溪岭榴辉岩中石榴石的Pb同位素研究发现,不同淋洗步骤的Pb同位素组成明显不同,但对不同的石榴石样品以及同一样品用不同的淋洗流程,得到的淋洗规律以及Pb同位素组成变化范围基本一致。不同淋洗步骤的Pb同位素组成构成等时线,给出表面年龄为30亿年左右,与前人报道的碧溪岭地区榴辉岩原岩形成及超高压变质的年龄数据有明显差异。结合前人研究可以判断,这些年龄不具有明确的地质意义,属于假等时线。但分步淋洗结果能反映碧溪岭榴辉岩中Pb同位素的来源可能由地幔组分和上地壳组分混合而成,地幔组分的Pb反映了碧溪岭榴辉岩的原岩是地幔成因的,上地壳组分的Pb表明在榴辉岩快速折返过程中,受到具有上地壳Pb同位素组成的含水流体交代     

石榴子石Lu-Hf年代学研究进展

高Lu/Hf比的石榴子石可以用于构筑高精度的Lu-Hf等时线,因而石榴子石Lu-Hf法被广泛地应用于各类岩石的定年研究中。特别是在造山带研究中,石榴子石Lu-Hf法揭示了许多其他定年体系所不能揭示的信息。但是由于石榴子石生长历史复杂,影响石榴子石 Lu-Hf 定年结果的因素多样,合理解释石榴子石Lu-Hf年龄指示的地质意义成为石榴子石Lu-Hf年代学研究的难点。这些因素包括石榴子石的生长模式、石榴子石的成核过程、封闭温度、包裹体、石榴子石生长历史、矿物间元素平衡、几何效应以及样品的预处理方法等。在进行石榴子石 Lu-Hf 定年研究时需要对这些因素进行综合的判定,才能对年龄做出合理的解释。本文初步探讨了这些因素对石榴子石 Lu-Hf 定年结果的影响,并以苏鲁-大别造山带为例介绍了石榴子石Lu-Hf年代学在碰撞造山带研究中的进展,揭示了石榴子石Lu-Hf体系在造山带及超高压变质研究中的巨大潜力。     

从第32届国际地质大会看地球化学的现状与未来

对2004年8月在意大利弗罗伦萨召开的第32届国际地质大会有关生命起源、地质灾害监测、壳幔相互作用、人类采矿与生产活动、水-岩相互作用、地表过程、古气候与古环境等方面的地球化学研究及稳定同位素、地球化学动力学、有机地球化学、地球化学分析技术等方面的内容进行了较为系统的总结,并对地球化学的未来发展进行了展望。     

Lithium Isotopic Geochemistry in Subduction Zones: Retrospects and Prospects

Subduction zones involve many complex geological processes, including the release of slab-derived fluids, fluid/rock interactions, partial melting, isotopic fractionations, elemental transporting, and crust/mantle interactions. Lithium (Li) isotopes (6Li and 7Li) have relative mass difference up to 16%, being the largest among metal elements. Thus, Li isotopes have advantage to interprete trace various geological processes. Most importantly, during crust/mantle interactions in deep subduction zones, surface materials and mantle rocks usually have distinct Li isotopic compositions. Li isotopes can be potential tracer for subduction processes, from the onset of subduction to the release of Li from subducted slabs and interaction with mantle wedge, as well as the fate of Li in slab-derived fluids and residual slabs. Moreover, the Li isotopic composition of subducting output materials can provide useful information for understanding global Li circulation. With developments in measurement and expansion of Li isotopic database, Li isotopic geochemistry will provide more inference and be a powerful tracer for understanding subduction-related processes. This work retrospected the application of Li isotopes in tracing successive subduction processes, and made some prospects for further studies of Li isotopes.     

矿物流体包裹体中稀有气体的保存能力初探

查明流体包裹体中稀有气体的保存能力,对于判断其初始组分特征是否因后生作用而发生改变具有重要意义.文章以Ar为例,从扩散动力学角度对稀有气体地球化学研究中常用的矿物中流体包裹体稀有气体的保存能力进行了定量分析和系统比较,计算了Ar在这些矿物中的封闭温度以及不同温度条件下的保存时间,得出相同条件下各矿物对Ar、He等保存能...     

四姑娘山地区的另类地质遗迹--特别元素背景下的奇异植被

四姑娘山地区的旅游景观主要由第四纪冰川地质遗迹形成，但同时其独特的地质结构形成了异化沙棘、松茸、红石等导向性景观。作者在本文中通过地质地球化学、土壤地球化学研究，认为这些景观均与特殊土壤元素背景有关，是一种特殊意义上的另类地质遗迹。     

Re-Os同位素体系在矿床地球化学中的应用

简述了Re-Os同位素地球化学体系的原理与方法,在此基础上重点介绍了国内外目前在矿床地球化学研究中,应用Re-Os同位素体系进行成矿作用年代学及矿质来源等方面研究的一些最新成果.认为Re-Os同位素体系是对矿床进行定年和示踪研究的有力工具,为成矿作用机制等的深入研究提供了新的思路.尽管Re-Os同位素定年研究中存在矿物适应性等问题,但本世纪初期Re-Os同位素体系的研究将会深刻地推动矿床地球化学的进步和发展.     

地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的指示意义

橄榄石是地幔橄榄岩和辉石岩的主要组成矿物,但也经常以斑晶和捕虏晶的形式出现在玄武质岩石中。结合近年来在地幔橄榄岩的主要元素（如Mg和Fe）组成特征以及Li、Mg和Fe稳定同位素地球化学方面的研究成果,重点对橄榄石的地球化学特征与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔演化过程之间的联系进行了讨论,旨在加深对华北克拉通岩石圈地幔演化过程的理解。现有研究表明：地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的矿物学特征、元素和同位素地球化学组成能够很好地指示岩石圈地幔的特征及其演化过程,因而具有重要的意义。对于克拉通地区的地幔橄榄岩来说,橄榄石的Mg#通常可以指示岩石圈地幔的属性,古老、难熔的地幔橄榄岩中的橄榄石一般具有较高的Mg#（〉92）,而新生的岩石圈地幔橄榄岩中的橄榄石则具有较低的Mg#（〈91）。因此,地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Mg#在一定程度上具有年龄意义。橄榄岩中橄榄石的Li、Mg和Fe同位素组成也可以明确指示岩石圈地幔的属性及其所经历的演化过程,正常地幔的δ7Li、δ26Mg和δ57Fe组成相对均一,如果上述同位素组成偏离正常地幔值,则说明岩石圈地幔经历了熔体/流体的交代作用。华北克拉通地区地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石的Li、Mg和Fe同位素组成研究表明：该区的岩石圈地幔经历了多个阶段、不同来源的熔体/流体的改造过程。     

Synthesis of experimental models for molecular inorganic geochemistry—A review with examples

We are observing an sharp evolution within low-temperature geochemistry away from thermodynamics and deep geologic time toward molecular processes, particularly those at mineral or bacterial surfaces, and disequilibria. This evolution has led to a new cooperation between Earth scientists and inorganic chemists who synthesize aqueous metal-(hydr)oxide clusters as models for enzyme centers and hydrolytic products. If geochemists too can embrace these methods, we can create experimental models to answer some of the key questions posed about minerals and their reactions with aqueous solutions. In this paper we lay out the areas where there is overlap in these two fields using particular examples and emphasize how skills from each subdiscipline can benefit the whole.The central point is that this the fusion is extraordinarily healthy to both fields, as inorganic chemistry expands to embrace natural processes and as geochemists embrace methods of molecular synthesis and new useful, yet unnatural materials, that have traditionally been considered exotic. The motivation for this cooperation is the emphasis on reaction mechanisms between surface functional groups on minerals, or cells, in water. By mechanisms is meant the key atoms and molecular motions that cause the reaction to occur. For aqueous reactions, the key variables are: the number and character of inner-sphere ligands and metals; the Brønsted acidity of key atoms in cleavable bonds and the accessibility of the key atoms to solutes. These variables can be studied systematically in experimental clusters and coupled directly to advances in simulation.     

论大陆岩石圈形成过程中的克拉通化阶段

流体控制着地球系统中质量和能量的传输。流体岩石反应过程在岩石圈中是十分普遍的现象。在流体流动体系中 ,流体在岩石裂隙中通过平流、扩散、水动力弥散和动力学弥散等方式进行输运并与岩石发生同位素交换反应。文章首先对封闭体系、“封闭”体系、开放体系以及缓冲体系中的同位素交换模型进行了简单讨论 ,然后在讨论氧同位素动力学交换机制的基础上 ,建立了平衡交换模型和动力学交换模型。结合流体流动的归一化速率、弥散系数和流体岩石的反应速率等变量 ,对流体岩石交换反应的流体运动方程中的Peclet数和Damk¨ohler数进行了讨论 ,并详细解释了它们在流体岩石交换反应过程中的物理意义和地质用途。     

非传统同位素体系在地幔地球化学研究中的重要性及其前景

非传统同位素体系(如Hf、Os、Li、Fe、Ti、Mg、He、Ar等)是相对于传统同位素体系(如Sr、Nd、Pb、O等)而言的,即新近发展起来的同位素体系。随着同位素测试技术的进步和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)、二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)以及激光剥蚀技术配合MC-ICP-MS(LA-MC-ICP-MS)等测试手段的开发应用,多种同位素体系(包括放射性同位素和稳定同位素体系)的示踪作用在地学研究中得到了日益广泛的应用。在简要介绍传统同位素体系的基础上,旨在总结报道近年来国际上有关非传统同位素体系在地幔地球化学研究中取得的重要成果,展示这些同位素体系在地幔地球化学研究中的重要性及其可能的应用前景,以加速我国在非传统同位素地球化学方面的应用研究。     

Deconvolving the pre-Himalayan Indian margin-Tales of crustal growth and destruction

The metamorphic core of the Himalaya is composed of Indian cratonic rocks with two distinct crustal affinities that are defined by radiogenic isotopic geochemistry and detrital zircon age spectra. One is derived predominantly from the Paleoproterozoic and Archean rocks of the Indian cratonic interior and is either represented as metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence(LHS) or as slices of the distal cratonic margin. The other is the Greater Himalayan Sequence(GHS) whose provenance is less clear and has an enigmatic affinity. Here we present new detrital zircon Hf analyses from LHS and GHS samples spanning over 1000 km along the orogen that respectively show a striking similarity in age spectra and Hf isotope ratios. Within the GHS, the zircon age populations at 2800-2500 Ma,1800 Ma, 1000 Ma and 500 Ma can be ascribed to various Gondwanan source regions; however, a pervasive and dominant Tonianage population(～860-800 Ma) with a variably enriched radiogenic Hf isotope signature(eHf = 10 to-20) has not been identified from Gondwana or peripheral accreted terranes. We suggest this detrital zircon age population was derived from a crustal province that was subsequently removed by tectonic erosion. Substantial geologic evidence exists from previous studies across the Himalaya supporting the Cambro-Ordovician Kurgiakh Orogeny. We propose the tectonic removal of Tonian lithosphere occurred prior to or during this Cambro-Ordovician episode of orogenesis in a similar scenario as is seen in the modern Andean and Indonesian orogenies, wherein tectonic processes have removed significant portions of the continental lithosphere in a relatively short amount of time. This model described herein of the pre-Himalayan northern margin of Greater India highlights the paucity of the geologic record associated with the growth of continental crust. Although the continental crust is the archive of Earth history, it is vital to recognize the ways in which preservation bias and destruction of continental crust informs geologic models.     

北祁连山西段同位素测年概况

作者在广泛收集前人资料的基础上,通过课题研究工作,剔除了一些地点、岩性、测试不详及方法不系统的年龄数据,获得了一组有价值的同位素年代学数据。它们可以代表目前北祁连山西段同位素年代学研究的主要成果与认识,对研究本区盆地-构造-岩浆-热事件提供了重要成因信息。综合评价这一成果,方法较全面,数据有一定系统性,从而有力地支持了对本区各类地质体形成与演化的认识,解决在北祁连山西段科研、地质找矿以及区域地质调查中一些长期争议的地层时代问题,对推动本区成矿时代、热历史等问题研究的深入,有重要意义。     

湘东北涧溪冲变质火山岩的Sm-Nd同位素年龄及其成因

最近的区域地质调查研究发现,湘东北地区原中元古代冷家溪群实际上应划分为4部分,它们均形成于不同的时代和不同的构造环境,将其中分离出的最老的基本无序的变质沉积—火山岩系建立为"涧溪冲岩群"。根据其岩石学、岩石地球化学及同位素年代学等方面的研究认为:"涧溪冲岩群"是变质火山岩夹变质粘土质沉积岩经构造叠置起来的变质岩系,属绿片岩相—高绿片岩相。变质火山岩的Sm Nd全岩等时线年龄为(2594±48)Ma,其形成的地质时代可能是新太古代。变质火山岩的原岩为在大洋拉张环境下形成的以拉斑玄武岩为主、钙碱性玄武岩次之的火山—次火山岩系,其物源为亏损地幔。     

毛堂、蒲塘金矿稳定同位素地球化学及成因探讨

对毛堂、蒲塘金矿S、C、H、O、Si同位素地球化学特征及矿床产出地质环境研究表明,硫主要来自深部岩浆,成矿物质来自同熔岩浆,部分来自变质,基性火山岩基底,热液中水主要为大气降水.大气降水环流萃取花岗斑岩、角砾岩和围岩中的金,在斑岩顶部和隐爆角砾岩中成矿.