长江经济带构造应力场特征及动力学环境分析

综合已有的研究成果,根据长江经济带活动构造块体和构造应力场的分布特征进行了构造应力场分区,总体上划分为华北应力分区、华南应力分区以及青藏高原应力分区,其中华南应力分区是长江经济带的主体应力分区。在此基础上,根据长江经济带的活动断裂及构造块体划分建立了有限元网格模型,利用二维有限元对长江经济带的构造应力场进行模拟,并分析了长江经济带的动力学环境。研究表明,长江经济带构造应力场受印度板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾板块联合作用控制,印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞作用决定了长江经济带总体构造应力场的主要趋势,局部区域受到周边构造环境的影响;东南部处于菲律宾板块向欧亚板块俯冲所诱发的拉张环境,表现为冲绳海槽,西南部受印度板块北移所诱发的缅甸板块的剪切拉张作用,表现为实皆断裂及其西侧的缅甸中央盆地;青藏高原东缘物质横向挤出过程中受到太平洋板块和菲律宾板块的联合俯冲作用,对长江经济带地应力场的分布特征产生重要影响。      

Lachlan Fold Belt in New South Wales

The Lachlan Fold Belt is a Middle Palaeozoic orogenic belt in which terminal tectogenesis occurred during the Early Carboniferous (Kanimblan Orogeny). This fold belt went through a complicated tectonic history and developed from the stratotectonic Lachlan Marginal Mobile Zone (or geosyncline of other authors). The Lachlan Fold Belt can be divided into structural zones which are characterized by varying tectonic styles. Zones of intensive deformation alternate with less deformed zones.The formation of the Lachlan Fold Belt may be viewed in terms of a series of tensional and compressional deformational events with the major compressional or tensional stress maintaining an approximate east—west orientation (relative to the grain of the fold belt) for the life of the Lachlan Marginal Mobile Zone.     

PHANEROZOIC INHOMOGENEOUS REHEATING OF UPPER MANTLE RESPONSIBLE FOR PACIFIC GENESIS

The late Mesozoic two giant events that have synchronously occurred in the Pacific and periphery are the tectono-magmatic activities of the Circum-Pacific mobile belt and the Darwin Rise.Their dynamics analysis indicates that the geodynamics responsible for Pacific genesis has been driven by the gravity instability between a Pacific-wide superplume head and its lithospheric overburden under the influence of eastward asthenospheric flow by the Earth spin.The worldwide activation of mafic magmatism was initiated in the Paleozoic and climaxed around the Jurassic.The separated not worldwide distribution of the magmatism on the Earth suggests the inhomogeneous reheating of upper mantle,as represented by the Pacific-wide superplume head. The Phanerozoic reheating thus put forward the Earth history into a new geotectonic stage,i.e.,the diwa stage.     

祁连造山带地球物理场特征和区域控矿

本文利用1：100万区域重力、构造航磁、大地电磁测深和地震测深等地球物理资料,研究了祁连造山带区域构造、深部构造和区域控矿作用;祁连山造山带与周边具有不同地球物理场特征是划分构造单元的依据,在内部基底断裂构造具有南北分带,东西分块的特征。深部构造处在地壳厚度变异带边缘。并要考虑构造演化对成矿控制的阶段性。     

中国东部大陆岩石圈地幔置换作用的内外原因

克拉通大陆通常有古老、巨厚且难熔的岩石圈地幔。这种地幔高度亏损玄武质组分,有密度低、刚性程度高的特点,能长期漂浮于软流圈之上而稳定存在。中国东部大陆主要由华北和华南两个古老地块在古生代—早中生代沿中央造山带拼合形成,在晚中生代时强烈活化,表现为构造变形、盆地形成、岩浆活动、巨量成矿等,其深部原因是什么？在分析东部大陆形成过程和岩石圈地幔属性基础上发现:块体初始规模小且发育薄弱带,后期容易受改造;特别是显生宙以来中国大陆受周边多个构造域夹持,板块俯冲作用会引起软流圈物质扰动和上涌并沿薄弱带侵蚀和改造上覆岩石圈,使之发生有效减薄、明显再富集和最终地幔置换。改造和置换后的岩石圈地幔富含玄武质组分,有较高密度和较低刚性程度,容易发生变形和部分熔融,使克拉通大陆活化。因此,块体规模大小并发育薄弱带以及周边构造环境是大陆稳定性控制重要的内、外在因素;中国东部大陆岩石圈显生宙强烈活化和地幔置换是由于块体规模较小而且周边多体系俯冲作用等内、外在有利因素协同作用下的结果。      

中国大地构造研究之思考——中国地质学家的责任与担当

19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶盛行的地槽-地台学说,起源于西方学者对大西洋半球的欧洲和北美东部地质的研究。20世纪中叶提出的板块构造学说,虽然起源于对现代海洋的地质、地球物理调查,但用板块学说解释大陆构造的尝试,也是从解剖北美和欧洲大西洋两岸的古生代造山带开始的。二者均缺少太平洋半球的亚洲,特别是中国及邻区的资料基础,因此,其立论基础是不全面的。这就给亚洲,特别是给中国学者提供了很大的发展空间。通过1∶500万国际亚洲地质图的编制和全球构造的对比研究,笔者发现,处于亚洲核心地带的中国及邻区不仅是亚洲也是全球显生宙地质结构和发展历史最复杂的地区。古亚洲洋构造域的乌拉尔—蒙古—兴安巨型造山带是全球规模最大、发育历史最长、地质结构最复杂的古生代造山带;中国西南部,特别是青藏高原是全球特提斯巨型造山带出露宽度最大、地质纪录保存最完整的地段;中国东部的太平洋构造域,既有亚洲东缘的巨型中生代造山带和新生代的沟弧盆体系,又有宽阔的滨太平洋陆缘活化带。这就使中国及邻区成为研究全球显生宙构造不可缺少的重要地段。我们一定要抓住中国在全球构造研究中的区位优势,以地球系统多层圈构造观为指导,用地质、地球物理、地球化学多学科结合的方法,立足实际,抓住特色,构建中国大地构造的新理论、新模型,为国际地球科学,为发展、完善现代大地构造学理论做出应有的贡献!     

Seismotectonic Reactions to the Arc-continent Convergence in Central Philippines

Abstract. High seismic activity in the Philippines originates from tectonic convergence related to surface and subsurface seismotectonic features. Based on earthquake data, the archipelago can be divided into the seismically-active Philippine Mobile Belt and the aseismic North Palawan Block. The latter represents a rifted continental fragment of the Eurasian margin that juxtaposed with the rest of island arc units in central Philippines. Earthquake hypocenter plots on planar and in vertical profiles show that the seismic events are associated with known seismotectonic features. In addition, data suggest that the collision zone between the North Palawan Block and the Philippine Mobile Belt is characterized by a decreased amount of hypocenters at > 100 km depths. Although field evidence favors the presence of a subducted slab or slabs beneath western central Philippines, these are difficult to image using the present seismicity distribution dataset.     

中国东部及邻区中新生代构造演化与太平洋板块运动

中新生代以来,我国东部及邻区濒临太平洋区域广泛发育着一个规模宏伟、活动强烈的北东—北北东向构造体系。对此构造体系的性质及其动力来源有着几种不同的看法。本文根据地质构造和地球物理资料分析了本区构造形变和构造应力场特征,认为,北东—北北东向构造的不同性质是不同发展阶段的产物。我国东部构造形变和构造应力场自中生代以来经历了三个重要的演化阶段,各阶段的构造动力与太平洋内各时期板块运动的方向和边界条件有着密切关系。     

West Pacific-type convergent boundaries and their role in the formation of the Central Asian Fold Belt

The type of convergent boundaries forming in the area of mantle plumes is considered. These convergent boundaries (West Pacific type) are characteristic of the western margin of the Pacific. West Pacific-type boundaries are a regular succession of structures from ocean to continent: island arcs, marginal basins, rift basins, and associated OIB-type volcanics at the continental edge. The convergence zones are up to a thousand kilometers wide.Studies of the history of the part of the Central Asian Fold Belt forming the folded periphery of the Siberian continent have shown that the continent drifted above the African plume or corresponding low-velocity mantle province for most of the Phanerozoic (up to the Early Mesozoic inclusive). This fact determined the West Pacific type of convergent boundaries for the accretionary structures of the Central Asian Fold Belt. The drift of Siberia from African to Pacific province in the Late Cenozoic determined the structure and development of the convergent boundary in the western Pacific, including extensive intraplate magmatism in continental Asia in the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic.     

Gold and silver metallogeny of the South China Fold Belt: a consequence of multiple mineralizing events?

The South China Fold Belt is part of the South China Block that is interpreted to be the result of multiple tectonic and magmatic events that formed a collage of accreted Proterozoic and Phanerozoic terranes. The Jurassic to early Cretaceous Yanshanian period (180–90 Ma), a time of major tectono-thermal events that affected much of eastern and southeastern China, is of great metallogenic importance in the fold belt. This period is linked to subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent, and is manifested by voluminous volcano-plutonic activity of predominantly calc-alkaline affinity.The distribution of gold and silver deposits in the South China Fold Belt indicates the presence of two distinct metallogenic provinces. A region of basement uplifts, which are controlled by shear zones and form Neoproterozoic inliers of metamorphosed iron-rich rock types, defines the first province. In this province, orogenic lodes and volcanic-related epithermal deposits represent the more significant precious-metal mineralization. The second province is essentially confined to a belt of Yanshanian felsic–intermediate volcanic and subvolcanic rocks that extends along most of the southeastern China coast in an area known as the Coastal Volcanic Belt. Deposits in the Coastal Volcanic Belt are silver- and/or copper-rich, volcanic-hosted and epithermal in character.The precious-metal metallogeny of the South China Fold Belt is interpreted to have developed in at least three stages: one as a result of collision events, during the Caledonian Orogeny (ca. 400 Ma), the second during the Indosinian Orogeny (ca. 200 Ma) and the third during or soon after the formation of the Yanshanian magmatic belt (Yanshanian Orogeny; 180–90 Ma). The latter was responsible for a hydrothermal event that affected large sections of the belt and its Proterozoic substrate. This may have resulted in the redistribution and enrichment of precious metals from preexisting orogenic gold lodes in Neoproterozoic basement rocks, which are now exposed as windows in zones of tectonic uplift. The Yanshanian hydrothermal activity was particularly widespread in the Coastal Volcanic Belt and resulted in the formation of both low- and high-sulfidation epithermal gold and silver, and locally copper and other base-metal mineralization. It is suggested that the Coastal Volcanic Belt has greater potential for world-class epithermal and porphyry deposits than previously realised.     

中国岩石圈应力场与构造运动区域特征

笔者系统分析了1918—2005年间中国大陆及其周缘发生的3130个中、强地震的震源机制解,根据其特征进行了岩石圈应力场构造分区,首次得到区域应力场的压应力轴和张应力轴空间分布的统计数字结果。在此基础上研究了应力场的区域特征、探讨了其动力学来源以及构造运动特征。总体结果表明,中国大陆及其周缘岩石圈应力场和构造运动可以归结为印度洋板块、太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间相对运动,以及大陆板内区域块体之间的相互作用的结果。印度洋板块向欧亚板块的碰撞挤压运动所产生的强烈的挤压应力,控制了喜马拉雅、青藏高原、中国西部乃至延伸到天山及其以北的广大地区。在青藏高原周缘地区和中国西部的大范围内,压应力P轴水平分量方位位于20～40°,形成了近NE方向的挤压应力场。大量逆断层型强震集中发生在青藏高原的南、北和西部周缘地区,以及天山等地区。而多数正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部高海拔的地区,断层位错的水平分量位于近东西方向。表明青藏高原周缘区域发生南北向强烈挤压短缩的同时,中部高海拔地区存在着明显的近东西向的扩张运动。中国东部的华北地区受到太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压的同时,又受到从贝加尔湖经过大华北直到琉球海沟的广阔地域里存在着的统一的、方位为170°的引张应力场的控制。华北地区大地震的震源机制解均反映出该区地震的发生大体为NEE向挤压应力和NNW向张应力的共同作用结果。台湾纵谷断层是菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间碰撞挤压边界。来自北西向运动的菲律宾海板块构造应力控制了从台湾纵谷、华南块体,直到中国南北地震带南段东部地域的应力场。地震的震源机制结果还表明,将中国大陆分成东、西两部分的中国南北地震带是印度洋板块、菲律宾海板块与太平洋板块在中国大陆内部影响控制范围的分界线。     

太平洋板块中—新生代构造演化及板块重建

太平洋板块是一个中生代以来形成的地球上最大的大洋板块,但其起源机制、结构构造、构造演化等始终不清楚。太平洋板块内部的复杂性更是未受到重视,其内部的大火成岩省、海山链、微洋块、微陆块及其下部更深层地幔的微幔块都非常发育,这些复杂板内或板下构造代表的地球动力学含义亟待解决。文章基于最新的板块重建结果,试图分析其运动学过程,揭示太平洋板块形成与演化机制。研究表明,太平洋板块起源于RRR三节点,但不是一个纯粹的完整大洋板块,其增生演化过程经历了非威尔逊旋回模式,其板缘经历了一些外来微陆块或微洋块的并入,其内部也因各种原因出现了一些新生微洋块,总体表现为一个碎片化的镶嵌式板内格局。太平洋板块记录了与邻区板块相互作用的重要构造事件,大约55 Ma左右开始俯冲到东亚陆缘,导致东亚陆缘短暂的北西-南东向伸展,随后受印度-欧亚碰撞动力系统和太平洋俯冲动力系统联合控制,总体处于右行右阶的拉分背景,形成了一系列盆地群,俯冲后撤等逐渐形成了双俯冲系统。太平洋板块还记录了深浅部耦合过程,下地幔中的太平洋LLSVP通过遥相关对上部岩石圈微板块、大火成岩省分布具有决定性作用;火山链或热点揭示板块运动同时,也反映深浅部物质交换过程,海山群也揭示太平洋板块之下软流圈并非单一对流胞,其对流格局的多样性尚待深入研究。      

Interpretation of gravity profiles across the northern Oaxaca terrane,its boundaries and the Tehuacán Valley,southern Mexico

A gravity study was conducted across the northern Oaxaca terrane and its bounding faults: the Caltepec and Oaxaca Faults to the west and east, respectively. These faults juxtapose the Oaxaca terrane against the Mixteca and Juarez terranes, respectively. The Oaxaca Fault also forms the eastern boundary of the Cenozoic Tehuacán depression. On the west, at depth, the Tehuacán valley is limited by the normal buried Tehuacán Fault. This gravity study reveals that the Oaxaca Fault system gives rise to a series of east tilted basamental blocks (Oaxaca Complex). The tectonic depression is filled with Phanerozoic rocks and has a deeper depocenter to the west. The gravity data also indicate that on the west, the Oaxaca Complex, the Caltepec and Santa Lucia faults continue northwestwards beneath Phanerozoic rocks. A major E–W to NE–SW discontinuity is inferred to exist between profiles 1 and 2.     

Tectonic evolution of the Pacific Ocean since 74 ma

A recent re-evaluation of the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sea-floor spreading data in the eastern Pacific has allowed us to make a new interpretation of the timing and sequence of the tectonic events which produced the present configuration of the plates (Whitman and Harrison, 1981; Whitman, 1981). Rotation parameters specifying the relative motion between all pairs of plates in the ocean basin have been calculated from the best fit of oceanic magnetic anomalies, with additional input from bathymetry and crustal ages of the Deep Sea Drilling Project sites. The rotation parameters for the relative motion between the Pacific and Antarctic plates are taken from Weissel et al. (1977) and the continental rotation parameters are from Barron et al. (1981).Plate motions have been determined back to 74 Ma. This time marks the initiation of spreading at the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge which caused the separation of the Campbell Plateau from Antarctica (Barron et al., 1981). Thus, this time is the earliest fix on the position of the Pacific plate relative to the continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin using sea-floor spreading. Since it is not possible to derive quantitative information about the relative motion between two plates separated by a trench, all rotations for the oceanic plates of the Pacific basin have been calculated relative to the Pacific plate and then relative to North America through the plate circuit: Pacific-Antarctica-Africa-North AmericaSince we also know the relative position of North America with respect to the other continents, we can show the relative position of the Pacific plate and the other oceanic plates with respect to all of the continental plates surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin.     

Tectonic significance of alkaline volcanism in eastern Mexico

The Mexican Volcanic Belt of active, mainly andesite volcanoes extends from the Pacific coast, through central Mexico, to the Caribbean coast. The setting of the Belt is linked with subduction of the oceanic Cocos plate below continental Mexico. The eastern-most volcano in the Belt is part of the Tuxtla volcanic area on the Caribbean coast. Volcanics from this area belong to a picrite basalt—basanitoid-alkali basalt—hawaiite association, in contrast to the calc-alkaline association of the remainder of the Volcanic Belt, and are linked with lithospheric fracturing in the tectonic setting of a destructive-type continental plate margin.     

Intra-continental deformation and tectonic evolution of the West Junggar Orogenic Belt,Central Asia:Evidence from remote sensing and structural geological analyses

The West Junggar Orogenic Belt(WJOB)in northwestern Xinjiang,China,is located in the core of the western part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).It has suffered two stage tectonic evolutions in Phanerozoic,before and after the ocean–continental conversion in Late Paleozoic.The later on intracontinental deformation,characterized by the development of the NE-trending West Junggar sinistral strike-slip fault system(WJFS)since Late Carboniferous and Early Permian,and the NW-trending Chingiz-Junggar dextral strike-slip fault(CJF)in Mesozoic and Cenozoic,has an important significance for the tectonic evolution of the WJOB and the CAOB.In this paper,we conduct geometric and kinematic analyses of the WJOB,based on field geological survey and structural interpretation of remote sensing image data.Using some piercing points such as truncated plutons and anticlines,an average magnitude of^73 km for the left-lateral strike-slip is calculated for the Darabut Fault,a major fault of the WJFS.Some partial of the displacement should be accommodated by strike-slip fault-related folds developed during the strike-slip faulting.Circular and curved faults,asymmetrical folds,and irregular contribution of ultramafic bodies,implies potential opposite vertical rotation of the Miao’ergou and the Akebasitao batholiths,resulted from the sinistral strike-slipping along the Darabut Fault.Due to conjugate shearing set of the sinistral WJFS and the dextral CJF since Early Mesozoic,superimposed folds formed with N–S convergence in southwestern part of the WJOB.     

Delineation of a large ultramafic massif embedded within a major SW Pacific suture using gravity methods

Gravity studies have delineated the largest ultramafic massif in New Zealand, embedded within a buried major SW Pacific crustal suture zone. This suture records terrane collision onto the Gondwana margin during the Mesozoic and separates a forearc terrane from an outboard accretionary prism terrane. It can be traced throughout the length of New Zealand as the Junction Magnetic Anomaly and contains the Permian Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, which in the South Island of New Zealand is characterized by a string of isolated ultramafic massifs in a sheared matrix of serpentinite and sediment. Our analysis reveals a steep gravity gradient at the suture boundary which is attributed to a newly recognised density contrast (0.1 Mg m^− 3) between terranes of the forearc and the accretionary prism. The massif itself is marked by the occurrence of a strong, elongate residual gravity anomaly (+ 120 g.u.) extending 50 km along the suture and coincident with the Junction Magnetic Anomaly. It is modelled, at its southern end, as a dense, 15 km wide source body, extending to at least 6 km in depth. In conjunction with detailed aeromagnetic data, this modeling indicates the presence of a spindle-shaped ultramafic massif, analogous to, but larger than similar bodies found within the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt elsewhere. This fabric of sheared serpentinites enclosing ultramafic massifs therefore extends at least the length of New Zealand and probably beyond. In part it may result from accretion of asperities in the subducting plate, but it is also due to disruption of larger ultramafic bodies during subsequent strike-slip motion, which caused the remarkable linearity of the Dun Mountain Belt. Given the common occurrence of the plate tectonic processes involved, it is likely that such structures can be found in other regions around the world using similar geophysical potential field methods.     

SHRIMP geochronology for the 1450 Ma Lakhna dyke swarm: Its implication for the presence of Eoarchaean crust in the Bastar Craton and 1450–517 Ma depositional age for Purana basin (Khariar), Eastern Indian Peninsula

Zircon U–Pb ages of the Mesoproterozoic dyke swarms (Lakhna dyke swarm) at the interface between the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and Bastar Craton of the Indian Peninsula are reported here to decipher the tectonic evolution of the region. The dyke swarm, which is dominantly N–S in orientation, has intruded the Bastar Craton at ca. 1450 Ma. The dykes vary in composition from dolerite to trachyte and rhyolite and have been emplaced in a continental anorogenic setting. The above age puts a lower time constraint on the sedimentary sequences of the Purana basin (Khariar basin) that have been deposited unconformably over the Bastar Craton. The shale member of the Khariar basin shows evidence of synsedimentary shearing suggesting that the sedimentation probably continued up to 517 Ma, the age of shearing and overthrusting of the granulite nappes of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt on the Craton. Further, the compression accompanying thrusting of the nappes, uplifted the Purana basins during inversion.     

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。     

中国的全球构造位置和地球动力系统

现今之中国位于亚洲大陆东南部,西太平洋活动带中段;在全球板块构造图上,中国位于欧亚板块的东南部,南为印度板块,东为太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块。地质历史上,以中朝、扬子、塔里木等小克拉通为标志的中国主体属于冈瓦纳和西伯利亚两个大陆之间的转换(互换)构造域:古生代时期,位于古亚洲洋之南,属冈瓦纳结构复杂的大陆边缘;中生代阶段,位于特提斯之北,属劳亚大陆的一部分。显生宙中国大地构造演化依次受古亚洲洋、特提斯-古太平洋、太平洋-印度洋三大动力体系之控制,形成古亚洲洋、特提斯和太平洋三大构造域。不论古亚洲洋,还是特提斯,都不是结构简单的大洋盆地,而是由一系列海底裂谷带(小洋盆带)和众多微陆块组合而成的结构复杂的洋盆体系。加之中、新生代的太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域叠加在古生代的古亚洲洋构造域之上,使中国地质构造图像在二维平面上呈现镶嵌构造,在三维空间上呈现立交桥式结构,使中国不仅是亚洲,也是全球构造最复杂的一个区域。不同阶段的地球动力体系在中国的叠加、复合,使多旋回构造-岩浆和成矿作用成为中国地质最突出的特征。因而中国的造山带大多是多旋回复合造山带,成矿(区)带大多是多旋回复合成矿(区)带,大型含油气盆地大多是多旋回叠合盆地。