Evolution of central massifs

In spite of the abundance of definitions of central massifs, there is no integration of data Khain and Sheynmann (1960) define the central massifs as a residual province of older cycles within a progressive folding system. They note such provinces tend to be remodeled by the younger movements, yet retain their basic “setup” while exerting influence on the surrounding rocks. Central massifs may be classified into: 1) blocks of ancient Precambrian platforms, 2) blocks of Paleozoic or Mesozoic folded structures within younger geosynclinal system and 3) provinces of early consolidation which serve as “growth centers” within a geosynclinal system. Despite the differences in origin and age of central massifs, they have many common features. All are within geosynclinal belts and serve to divide them into segments; they are polygonal to diamond-shaped and are bounded by deep rifts with “flows” of ultrabasic to basic magma. As a rule, there are three periods of development of a massif with a single tectonic cycle: 1) continental regimen with denudation 2) minor marine trangression, block deformations, volcanism and granite intrusion and 3) transition to intermontane low with associated volcanic activity. Central massifs show,a mosaic of variously trending faults caused largely by vertical movements. Some students attribute the much thinner crust within the central massifs, based on geophysical studies, to a redistribution of deep-seated substance from the massif toward the geosyncline. — W. D. Lowry.     

我国东部地区产于碳酸盐岩中层控铅锌矿床的区域地质特点

产于碳酸盐岩中的层控铅锌矿床是世界上铅锌金属的主要来源。我国东部地区碳酸盐岩中层控铅锌矿床的赋存层位很多,从元古界到中生界均有发现。但较为重要的矿化层位为数并不太多,它们在空间上的分布与区域地质构造演化有十分密切的关系。     

DIWA STRUCTURES IN THE WORLD

(Following Vol. 25, No.1-2) 　　In 1992, the Russian geoscientist E. E. Milanovsky in the paper entitled “Importance of Studies and Theoretical Ideas in China Geology for Soviet Science Development“ emphasized the influence of studies and theoretical ideas in China‘ s geology, especially in tectonics and stratigraphy, on the development of Russian science. He looked upon tectono-magmatic activization as one of the four China‘s geological achievements that have deeply influenced geological thinking in Russia. He wrote: “In China the peculiar feature of Mesozoic fold deformations and magmatic manifestations conjugate to them was their extremely wide distribution within the China-Korea and South China platforms. These phenomena were recorded also in the south-eastern part of the Siberian platform (within the Aldan-Stanovoi shield) and in the eastern segments of the Urals-Mongolian mobile belt (in the northeastern part of China, in the eastern part of Mongolia and the Transbaikal-Priamur region of Russia), where the Hercynian folding completing their geosynclinal development was followedin the early or middle Mesozoic by either partial regeneration of geosynclinal regime or, according to other researchers, tectonomagmatic activization.“……     

Petroleum Habitat of East Siberia,Russia

East Siberia comprises three petroleum provinces—Lena-Tunguska, Lena-Vilyuy, and Yenisey-Anabar—that occupy the area of the Siberian craton. Petroleum has been generated and has accumulated in Precambrian rifts beneath the sedimentary basins and, more importantly, within the section of the basin itself. The platformal deposits of the basins extend beneath overthrusts on the east and south and are covered by sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian overthrusts on the east and south and are covered by sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian province on the west. Permafrost and gas hydrate deposits are present throughout most of East Siberia.

In the Lena-Tunguska province, rifts that developed during Riphean time are filled by thick sedimentary rocks, in which petroleum deposits have formed. In Early Cambrian time a barrier reef extended across the East Siberian craton from southeast to northwest. A lagoon to the west of this reef was the site of thick rhythmic salt deposits, which are the main seal for petroleum in the province. The sedimentary section of the platform cover ranges in age from Late Proterozoic to Permian. More than 25 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the province, all in Riphean through Lower Cambrian rocks.

The Lena-Vilyuy province includes the Vilyuy basin and the Cis-Verkhoyansk foredeep. During Middle Devonian time, a rift formed along the axis of what was to become the Vilyuy basin. This rift is filled by Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous basalt, elastics, carbonates, and evaporites. During this rift stage the region that was to become the Cis-Verkhoyansk foredeep was an open geosynclinal sea. The sedimentary cover consists of Permian, coal-bearing sedimentary rocks as well as elastics from the Lower Triassic, Lower Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous, the latter only in the Vilyuy basin. In the Lena-Vilyuy petroleum province as many as nine gas and gas-condensate fields have been discovered.

The Yenisey-Anabar province is largely an extension of the West Siberian petroleum province. Permian sedimentary rocks are present only in the east, where they consist of elastics and some salt. The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous each are represented by thick clastic deposits. Total thickness of the sedimentary cover is up to 15 km on the west and 8 km on the east. Twelve gas and gas-condensate fields have been discovered in the western part of the province.     

中朝陆台北侧褶皱带构造发展的几个问题

中朝与西伯利亚陆台之间的乌拉尔—蒙古—鄂霍茨克褶皱系是古亚洲洋演化的结果。其发展分为两个大的阶段:早期阶段从中元古代起在北部形成蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋,到寒武纪初封闭,形成兴凯褶皱带;晚期阶段从震旦—寒武纪初起在南部形成乌拉尔—蒙古洋,到泥盆纪大洋封闭,形成早及中古生代褶皱带。这就是中朝与西伯利亚陆台边缘褶皱带发育不对称的原因。 乌拉尔—蒙古洋最后封闭的缝合带在内蒙古中部形成中古生代褶皱带。它包括贺根山蛇绿岩带,二道井—查干诺尔混杂体带和它们之间的锡林浩特花岗岩—变质岩带。后者是造山碰撞的中心,上泥盆统法门阶的磨拉石堆积主要沿此带分布。 石炭—二叠纪时,本区广泛兴起裂谷活动。这些裂谷发育在不同的基底之上,多数发生于不同时期构造带的界线上。它们在新增生的年青陆壳上形成,其特征不同于红海或东非型裂谷;其岩浆活动和变形、变质作用使年青陆壳增厚并更加稳固。     

Structural geometry of subvolcanic ring complexes as related to pre-Cenozoic motions of continental plates

Applications of plate tectonic concepts to problems of continental geology are hampered by the lack of direct evidence from the sea floor of pre-Cretaceous plate motions, since oceanic crust is continually destroyed by subduction in trenches. Studies on the structural geometry of Jurassic ring-dike provinces in Africa and North America, however, reveal patterns closely correlated with predicted plate motions. These ring complexes are commonly discordant to major crustal structures and show many features indicative of deep-seated origin. Ring-dike provinces probably form when continents drift over fixed plumes (hot-spots) in the asthenosphere and thereby provide unique tracks of pre-Cenozoic continental plate motions.     

TECTONIC ZONING AND REGULARITIES OF DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES WITHIN KOREA

The Korean peninsula is an unusual metallogenic province, intermediate between platform and geosynclinal, situated on the edge of the northeastern termination of the Chinese Platform. The distribution of ore deposits and mineralization is controlled by either sedimentary platform cover in troughs or strips of intensively metamorphosed sediments of geosynclinal type or by a series of a arcuate faults in the basement which have governed the distribution of the intrusion with which the postmagmatic mineralization is associated. Maps showing the various structural provinces, distribution of intrusives, and ore deposits are included.--C. E. Sears.     

MAGMATISM OF THE EASTERN SAYAN

New geological and petrological data on the range of magmatic complexes and formations of the Eastern Sayan show two primary magmas: basic and granitoid. These magmas were formed through melting hard deep-seated layers of the earth crust: basaltic and sialic. During the geosynclinal stage the development of magmas belonging to the Archean, Proterozoic, and Salair [Cambrian] volcanic cycles proceeded consecutively from ultrabasic and basic formations formed in a pre-orogenic or earlier-orogenic geosynclinal development stage to granitoids set up in a synorogenic or later-synorogenic development stage. During the platform stage middle Paleozoic (Lower Devonian) and Mesozoic-Cenozoic cycles of magmatism proceeded directly, without the geosynclinal preparatory stage. Their development, accompanied by faulting, proceeded in reverse order from acidic and alkalic intrusions to predominantly basic eruptives. A further development of deep-seated basic and granitoid magmas was determined first by magmatic differentiation and later by assimilation phenomena which took place during the magma's passage into upper structural layers. The granitoids of geosynclinal magmatic complexes correspond petrochemically to the intermediate types of calc-alkalic rocks of the Pacific Ocean belt. The granitoids and alkalic rocks of the Lower Devonian platform magmatic complex resemble those of the Cenozoic East-Asia alkalic province. The composition of the granitoid magma belonging to the volcanic cycle is conditioned initially chiefly by the sial environment and geosynclinal strata. Magmatic complexes and formations are characterized by definite endogenic mineralizations. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, platinum, diamond, asbestos and other deposits are genetically connected with Proterozoic basic and ultrabasic rocks; gold, muscovite and tin-rare metal pegmatite with upper Proterozoic granitoids. Copper, galenaite and gold-ore occurrences are related to the postmagmatic manifestations of Salair granitoids. Deposits of pyrochlore carbonatites, molybdenite, graphite and others belong to Lower Devonian acidic and alkalic granitoids. — Auth. English summ.     

The regional structure of the turanian platform and its development

The major features of regional structure and development of the Turanian platform are the result of the interaction of basement block movements with surrounding mobile belts. Some specific features, typical of the geosynclinal stage, can also be observed in the intermediate and platform stages. These features include subdivision of region by linear and smooth brachyform structures and the more pronounced irregularity in development of the former compared with the latter.The position of the most mobile elements of the Turanian platform are observed to migrate. As the intensity of movements in South Tien Shan—Kysylkum Hercynian branch (in the basement) decreased and activity of the Alpine geosyncline and postplatform orogene increased, the most mobile zone moved from the central and southeastern parts of the platform towards the southern and eastern periphery.Changes in the rates of sedimentation and growth of the majority of regional structures of the Turanian platform have a tendency to occur in opposite senses. The time of general subsidence in the Cretaceous corresponds to a decrease of growth rate of many structures. General platform upheaval during the recent phase coincides with an increase of structural growth. In peripheral and central aulocogen parts of the platform, stabilized or activated during the Jurassic, similar variations of sedimentation and growth rates are observed.The minor mobility of the biggest uplifts in comparison with the downwarps (except for the recent phase) indicates the predominance of continuous, general extension of the Turanian platform with an increase in the role of compression in Oligocene—Quaternary time.An almost equal number of regional structures of the Turanian platform occur with respectively conformable and unconformable relationship between the tectonics of the basin floor and that of the Moho. Beneath the structures developed in the southwestern mobile part of the platform deep crustal tectonics is a result of a long period of deformation during platform and intermediate stages. In the stable northeastern part of the platform crustal deformation during the platform stage was insignificant. The crustal tectonics here is probably a relic of Paleozoic pre-platform development.     

Evolution of earth crust in course of tectogenesis

Recent and detailed seismic studies in the U.S.S.R. have provided much information on the structure and revolution of the earth's crust. A review of this information indicates the following postulates: a) the thickness and constitution oft he crystalline layers (”basalt“ and ”granite“) change comparatively rapidly in Alpine provinces of pronounced tectonic movements (geosynclinal provinces and mobile zones), with but a slight lag behind these movements. b) Under platform areas, the crystalline complexes rebuild slowly with a lag of a few geologic periods behind the emergence of the structural elements. c) In both geosynclinal and platform areas the downwarping of the major segments is accompanied by an upward movement of the Mohorovi?i? surface. d) Block uplifts in geosynclinal provinces of mobile zones have absolute values, while in platform areas the uplifts usually represent blocks lagging behind their neighbors. e) Changes in thickness and composition of deeper layers within the crust usually lag behind the formation of corresponding structural elements. — J. R. Hayes     

Episodes of development of some major structural elements of Eurasia in connection with distribution of oil-gas provinces (basins) and their resources

The area of Eurasia and the shelves of the marginal and internal seas have been sufficiently investigated by geological, geophysical, and drilling means to formulate a number of regional conclusions about the association between various types of tectonic structures and distribution of the petroliferous provinces (basins). This problem has been considered against the background of platforms of different age, the ancient pre-Riphean (East European and Siberian) and the epi-Paleozoic types (West Siberian and West European, and also the South Caspian intrageosynclinal basin). There are significant differences in their geological evolution, which exerted a direct effect on the distribution of the petroliferous complexes. Within the Siberian Platform, the fundamental stages in downwarping were associated with the deposition of Vendian and lower Paleozoic sediments. The principal stages in the formation of the sedimentary cover of the East European Platform were associated with the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods.

For all types of structural zones under consideration, an association has heen established between distribution of oil and gas reserves and episodes of development of major structural elements. They define the overall stratigraphic range of the petroleum occurrences within the young and old platform and the fold regions, and also the concentration of the reserves of hydrocarbons in the complexes corresponding to the principal stages of downwarping of the basins.—Authors     

海南岛地壳演化的基本特征

本文系采用历史分析法对海南岛的沉积建造、岩浆建造、变质作用、构造型相进行分析.可将其地壳演化划分为前地槽、地槽、烛台、地洼四个发展阶段;采用动力分析法把具有成生联系的构造成分归为一起。作者认为海南岛存在着古北东,古东西、北北东、南北构造系和环状构造系:用历史和动力综合分析法全面探讨海南岛地壳演化与构造格局变迁特点。可得出结论:其前地槽发展阶段受北东古构造系控制,于地槽发展阶段叠加了东西古构造系:地洼初动期北北东构造系又疊加在东西古构造系之上并产生复合;地洼激烈期北北东向构造系与东西构造系产生联合环状构造系:地洼余动期的东西构造系和南北构造系又先后叠加在环状构造系之上.海南岛地壳在长期复杂多阶段的演化过程中,曾几经左,右旋交替的剪切作用,最终导致形成海南岛环形块体.     

Development of main structures of the siberian platform: history and dynamics

The location of the regions with maximum subsidence within the Siberian platform and the age volumes of the structural stages have been determined in relation to the location and periods of development of the adjacent geosynclines. The western and eastern parts of the platform differ in the character of the structures and magmatism, in the volume and age of the structural stages, as well as in the asynchronism of the main tectonic stages, which is connected with the boundary location of the platform between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean segments of the earth's crust. The Siberian platform sharply differs from other ancient platforms of the northern hemisphere by the intensity of magmatism and style of tectonic deformation in the Meso-Cenozoic, and it is similar in this respect to the southern ancient platforms. The subcrustal processes in the adjacent geosynclines have played a leading role in the development of the platform structure; but the release of the stresses during the epochs of the magmatism and rift formation took place directly on the platform itself.     

ZONE OF MAJOR PLATFORM FAULTS IN THE SOUTHERN U.S.S.R. AND CENTRAL ASIA

As a result of deep drilling and complex geophysical investigations conducted on a large scale the existence of a deeply fractured graben zone has been established in the basement of a pre-Paleozoic and epi-Hercynian platform. This zone stretches from the northwest to southeast over a distance of more than 4,000 km. In the northwest it is traced through the pre-Paleozoic Russian platform and includes the Pripyat, the Dnieper-Donets depressions and the Donets basin Hercynian folding zone. In the Fore-Caucasian territory it passes along the Russian and the epi-Hercynian platforms boundary within the buried range forming an extension of the Donets Basin. Further on, within the territory of Central Asia it is traced in the Mangyshlak mountain structure and the Bukhara- Khiva fracture zone. The activity of this tectonic zone during the post-Cambrian was displayed at different times. There is observed, therefore, a gradual NW-SE rejuvenation of sedimentary deposits filling up a graben system associated with the tectonic zone: Devonian deposits - in the Dnieper- Donets and Pripyat depression; Middle and Upper Carboniferous deposits-in the Donets Basin and within the area of the buried range; Permian-Triassic deposits - in the Mangyshlak mountain structure; and Jurassic deposits - in the Bukhara-Khiva zone. This shows that the renewal of tectonic activity along ancient fractures first began in the western part of the platform most elevated during the Paleozoic. During the Hercynian stage of tectogenesis tectonic processes of different characters took place in separate links of the entire zone: platform development - in the Dnieper-Donets depression; geosynclinal - in the Donets Basin, the buried range in the Bukhara-Khiva zone; geosynclinal and intermediary stage of intermontane depressions - in the Mangyshlak mountain structure.—Auth. English summ.     

中国北方震旦-寒武纪磷块岩的地质特征

在地质历史中有几个主要成磷时期,而各个时期的磷块岩矿床又具有一定的分布规律。在晚白垩世到早第三纪时期,形成了巨大的工业磷矿床,其储量居世界首位,主要分布在地中海沿岸国家和南美哥伦比亚。其次是二叠纪时期,磷矿主要分布在美国西部。第三是震旦—寒武纪时期,磷矿主要分布在亚洲和澳洲,并多集中在我国,形成了我国最重要的磷块岩矿床。它不仅储量大、类型多、而且分布广。这对研究磷酸盐的沉积机理、成矿条件以及     

从地壳上地幔构造看大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解

本篇讨论大陆岩石圈拆沉、伸展与裂解作用过程。由于大陆岩石圈厚度大而且很不均匀,产生裂谷的机制比较复杂。大陆碰撞远程效应的触发,岩石圈拆沉,以及板块运动的不规则性和地球应力场方向转折,都可能产生岩石圈断裂和大陆裂谷。岩石圈拆沉为在重力作用下"去陆根"的作用过程,演化过程可分为大陆根拆离、地壳伸展和岩石圈地幔整体破裂三个阶段。大陆碰撞带、俯冲的大陆和大洋板块、克拉通区域岩石圈,都可能产生岩石圈拆沉。大陆岩石圈调查表明,拉张区可见地壳伸展、岩石圈拆离、软流圈上拱和热沉降;它们是大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解早期的主要表现。从初始拉张的盆岭省到成熟的张裂省,拆离后地壳伸展成复式地堑,下地壳幔源玄武岩浆侵位,断裂带贯通并切穿整个岩石圈,表明地壳伸展进入成熟阶段。中国东北松辽盆地和西欧北海盆地曾处于成熟的张裂省。岩石圈破裂为岩浆侵位提供了阻力很小的通道网。岩浆侵位作用伴随岩石圈破裂和热流体上涌,成熟的张裂省可发展成大陆裂谷。多数的大陆裂谷带并没有发展成威尔逊裂谷带和洋中脊,普通的大陆裂谷要演化为威尔逊裂谷带,必须有来自软流圈的长期和持续的热流和玄武质岩浆的供应。威尔逊裂谷带岩石圈地幔和软流圈为地震低速带,其根源可能与来自地幔底部的地幔热羽流有关。     

On relationships between the Baikal rift and ancient structures

The formation of young geological structures in Pribaikalye has frequently been controlled by structural anisotropy of the basement. Orientation of the stress field associated with rifting favoured a parallelism of rift structures with ancient dislocations, primarily of northeastern trend, but sometimes submeridional or sublatitudinal. The initiation of the Baikal rift along the boundary between the Siberian platform and the Sayan—Baikal fold belt was likely associated with recurrent renewal of activity of a deep-seated energy source under East Siberia.     

三峡水库引水工程（方案）秦巴段地壳稳定性评价研究

三峡水库引水工程（方案）是南水北调的重要补充工程,具有重要的战略意义和经济意义。本文在分析现今构造应力场、地壳结构、构造格架、活动断裂、地震活动、工程地质岩组等影响地壳稳定性主要因素的基础上,利用模糊数学综合评价模型分构造稳定性和岩土体稳定性两个层次评价工程场地的稳定性。评价结果表明,三峡引水工程场地地壳稳定性较高,适合兴建大型引水工程。同时,运用地壳稳定性评价结果对三条规划线路进行了优化比选,结果表明以中线为最好。     

中国南方晚古生代深水碳酸盐岩及控油气性

晚古生代华南陆块西南部位于被动陆缘和陆内,早泥盆世开始,裂离和裂陷运动最终使之形成连陆台地、孤立台地和台缘斜坡-台间海槽相间排布的古地理格局,晚石炭世至早三叠世,槽、台格局分布区收缩,仅限于滇东、桂西、桂中和黔南地区。已总结出裂陷区碳酸盐岩综合沉积模式。台缘中、下斜坡沉积厚度大,最有利烃源岩发育,台间海槽亦有烃源岩形成。跌积边缘型中斜坡剖面大量原生与次孔隙中有丰富的沥青充填。沉积边缘型剖面某些层段粒间、亮晶间亦见沥青充填。故应对深水碳酸盐岩中的油气勘探予以重视。     

Principal types of magma-controlling structures and magmatic formations

Connections between magmatism and tectonics show plainly only in large structures, such as activated cratons (basitic magmatism) or domed blocks (characteristic assortment of moderately acidic volcano-plutonic formations), as shown by analysis of relationships between principal types of structures and the character of magmatism. Eugeosynclines behave like activated cratons, during downwarping of the geosynclinal “bathtub,” when conditions in geosynclinal uplifts resemble those in the domed blocks. The peculiarly geosynclinal magmatic formations develop only during the closure stage, under tangential compressions and linear folding. It was also found that with few exceptions the monotype magmatic formations may enter combinations with crustal structures of different types. This is explainable by the fact that magmatic formations are always epigenetic with respect to the sedimentary ones, whereas the connection between magmatism and tectonics of the crust is merely paragenetic. The moments of activation of magmatic processes are determined primarily by processes in and evolution of the substance in the upper mantle. Even so, expressions of magmatism are modified somewhat by composition and structure of the crust. — Author.