Finds of Ediacaran-type fossils in Vendian deposits of the Yudoma Group,Eastern Siberia

It has been established that terrigenous units of mainly carbonate deposits of the Yudoma Group in the Uchur–Maya Region of the Siberian Platform contain an assemblage of Late Vendian Ediacaran-type macrofossils. The assemblage contains species such as Aspidella terranovica, Beltanelliformis brunsae, Nenoxites curvus, and Palaeopascichnus sp., which had widespread geographic distribution. Finds of Ediacaran fossils in fossil-rich deposits of the Yudoma Group have expanded the possibilities of using the classic biostratigraphic approach applied for subdivision and global correlation of carbonate deposits in Late Precambrian paleobasins.     

新疆东天山地区土屋和延东铜矿床斑岩叠加改造成矿作用

土屋和延东铜矿床位于东天山大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带南部,是中亚成矿带的重要组成部分。文章根据脉次穿插关系、蚀变矿物组合及矿物共生关系,将土屋和延东铜矿床均划分为斑岩成矿期、叠加改造期和表生期3个期次。土屋铜矿床的铜矿化形成于斑岩成矿期和叠加改造期,而延东铜矿床的铜矿化主要形成于叠加改造期;土屋和延东铜矿床伴生的钼矿化主要形成于叠加改造期。因此,笔者认为前人获得的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄(326.2~322.7 Ma)代表叠加改造期的成矿年龄,该期矿化与石英钠长斑岩((323.6±2.5)Ma)的侵入相关,而斑岩成矿期的矿化与斜长花岗斑岩(339~332 Ma)相关,成矿年龄为341.2~333.9 Ma。叠加改造期的存在,使得斑岩成矿期的蚀变分带可能受到了叠加和破坏。     

PGE mineralization and melt composition of chromitites in Proterozoic ophiolite complexes of Eastern Sayan,Southern Siberia

The Ospino-Kitoi and Kharanur ultrabasic massifs represent the northern and southern ophiolite branches respectively of the Upper Onot ophiolitic nappe and they are located in the southeastern part of the Eastern Sayan(SEPES ophiolites).Podiform chromitites with PGE mineralization occur as lensoid pods within dunites and rarely in harzburgites or serpentinized peridotites.The chromitites are classified into type I and type Ⅱ based on their Cr~#.Type I(Cr~# = 59-85) occurs in both northern and southern branches,whereas type Ⅱ(Cr~# = 76-90) occurs only in the northern branch.PGE contents range from ∑PGE 88-1189 ppb,Pt/Ir0.04-0.42 to ∑PGE 250-1700 ppb,Pt/Ir 0.03-0.25 for type I chromitites of the northern and southern branches respectively.The type Ⅱ chromitites of the northern branch have ∑PGE contents higher than that of type Ⅰ(468-8617 ppb,Pt/Ir 0.1-0.33).Parental melt compositions,in equilibrium with podiform chromitites,are in the range of boninitic melts and vary in Al_2O_3,TiO_2 and FeO/MgO contents from those of type I and type Ⅱ chromitites.Calculated melt compositions for type Ⅰ chromitites are(Al_2O_3)_(melt) = 10.6—13.5 wt.%,(TiO_2)_(melt) = 0.01-0.44 wt.%,(Fe/Mg)_(melt) = 0.42-1.81;those for type Ⅱ chromitites are:(Al_2O_3)_(melt) = 7.8-10.5 wt.%,(TiO_2)_(melt) = 0.01-0.25 wt.%,(Fe/Mg)_(melt) = 0.5-2.4.Chromitites are further divided into Os-Ir-Ru(Ⅰ) and Pt-Pd(Ⅱ) based on their PGE patterns.The type Ⅰ chromitites show only the Os-Ir-Ru pattern whereas type Ⅱ shows both Os-Ir-Ru and Pt-Pd patterns.PGE mineralization in type Ⅰ chromitites is represented by the Os-Ir-Ru system,whereas in type Ⅱ it is represented by the Os-Ir-Ru-Rh-Pt system.These results indicate that chromitites and PGE mineralization in the northern branch formed in a suprasubduction setting from a fluid-rich boninitic melt during active subduction.However,the chromitites and PGE mineralization of the southern branch could have formed in a spreading zone environment.Mantle peridotites have been exposed in the area with remnants of mantle-derived reduced fluids,as indicated by the occurrence of widespread highly carbonaceous graphitized ultrabasic rocks and serpentinites with up to 9.75 wt.%.Fluid inclusions in highly carbonaceous graphitized ultrabasic rocks contain CO,CO_2,CH4,N_2 and the δ~(13)C isotopic composition(-7.4 to-14.5‰) broadly corresponds to mantle carbon.     

Compositional characteristics of wolframite in tin deposits,Dupangling, Guangxi

Statistical data on major, trace and rare-earth elements in wolframite from the quartz vein-and greisen-type tin deposits in the Dupangling orefield reveal: (1) The components in wolframite can be divided into two relatively independent groups: the WO₃-Nb-Ta-Sc-REE group, in which WO₃ is negatively correlated with the others and the FeO-MnO-Sn group, in which MnO is negatively correlated with the other two; (2) In general, REE fractionation is not significant, reflected mainly by the separation of Eu from other REE’s. LREE and HREE increase or decrease simultaneously, with HREE being more variable; (3) Nb, Ta, Sc, REE substitute for W, and Sn may enter into wolframite lattice accompanied by Fe-Mn substitution; (4) In contrast to wolframite in quartz veins, which is poor in REE, Nb, Ta and Sc and has highδ Eu values and LREE / HREE and Nb/Ta ratios, wolframite in greisen is rich in REE, Nb, Ta, Sc and has lowδ Eu values and LREE/HREE and Nb/Ta ratios; and (5) The contents and ratios of trace elements and REE partitioning parameters of wolframite can be used as guide for prospecting.     

Gold-porphyric mineralization of the Kara ore knot in eastern Transbaikal as a new type of auriferous mineralization in East Siberia

Doklady Earth Sciences - On the basis of new data, the authors substantiate the occurrence of gold-porphyric large-volume mineralization, atypical for Transbaikal, within the Sretensk-Kara ore...     

The tin zone: sediment-hosted hydrothermal tin mineralization at Rooiberg,South Africa

The Rooiberg tin field, also known as the Rooiberg Fragment, is located within the western lobe of the Bushveld Complex. The fragment is triangular-shaped, consists of early Proterozoic Transvaal Sequence volcano-sedimentary rocks, and is surrounded by granitoid intrusives of the Lebowa Granite Suite. Practically all the significant tin deposits are hosted by arkoses, located towards the transition with shaly arkoses at the stratigraphic top of the Boschoffsberg Quartzite Member. This stratabound distribution of individual deposits gave rise to the concept of a regionally developed continuous stanniferous zone. On regional scale, the individual deposits are broadly similar and are collectively classified as replacement and open space-filling type. Particular styles of mineralization such as tourmaline pockets/orbicules, disseminated cassiterite, steep and flat dipping sulphidic fractures and hydrothermal carbonate breccias appear to dominate each mine. Petrological and geochemical investigations of four mineralized centres, indicated the presence of a 500–600 m thick stratified zone of pervasively altered clastic sedimentary rocks of possible arkosic precursor composition. Alteration displays a distinct zonal distribution consisting of a grey-green sodic (albitized) foot wall, an approximately 80 m transitional sericitized-tourmalinized sulphidic tin zone and red hematitic potassic hanging wall. The observed zonal pattern and localization of economically significant cassiterite, is explained by the evolutionary path of magmatic stanniferous hydrothermal fluids genetically related to the surrounding acid phase of the Bushveld Complex. Areas of high fracture density, the tectonic focal points, acted as conduits for the ascending reactive fluids. Factors such as fluid-lithostatic pressure equilibration, limited fracture evolution and/or impermeable shaly arkose retarded this ascent. As a result accumulation, lateral spreading of fluid and pervasive alteration occurred over a broad stratified front. Lateral overlapping of these fronts creates the impression of a continuous tin zone. Abundance of geochemical common denominators between the various focal points (mines) supports a shared composition and source for these contemporaneous fluids.     

广东长埔—吉水门锡矿带某些成矿规律和矿床成因

广东长埔—吉水门锡矿带内的锡矿床(点)几乎毫无例外地赋存于下侏罗统金鸡群第二亚群中,锡矿带的展布格局和矿体的形态、产状等特征说明,锡矿受地层层位控制。锡矿带受莲花山断裂带的次一级断裂制约,矿床、矿体主要产于NE-NEE向层间滑动断裂及其派生裂隙中,锡矿具有构造定位的特征。矿床一般经历了早、晚两个成矿期,第一成矿期发生于晚侏罗世火山作用之前,第二成矿期形成于晚侏罗世末期至早白垩世。成矿物质是多来源的,但主要来自地层。金鸡群地层富含锡等成矿组分,是重要的矿源层。成矿溶液以变质水为主,并有大气降水混入。锡矿床属沉积-变成层控矿床。     

Two zoning patterns in tin deposits

Two zoning patterns in tin deposits are proposed according to geochemical environments.

1. Acidic zoning pattern is characteristic of tin deposits associated with sialic rocks and tin-bearing veins in carbonate rocks. Six zones may be recognized from the granite mass outwards: (1) Nb?Ta?(Li?Be?Mo), (2) Sn, (3) W?(Sn), (4) Cu?Pb?Zn?(Bi), (5) Sb?Hg, and (6) Au?Ag. This kind of zoning is related with the temperature difference involved in the deposition of various ore minerals in an acidic (or neutral) geochemical enviroment. From the granite outwards, the temperature decreases gradually with increasing distance from the heat source.
2. Alkaline zoning pattern is typical of tin deposits occurring in calcareous and magnesian carbonate rocks. Three zones can be recognized from the granite mass outwards: (1) Cu?Zn?Bi, (2) Sn, and (3) Fe?Pb?Zn?Cu. A calcium-and magnesium-rich alkaline environment is responsible for this zoning pattern. In this case the normal sequence of mineral formation will be greatly changed owing to neutralization when an acidic ore-forming solution enters the alkaline environment.

Zoning structure in tin deposits is very complex and highly variable, depending on: (1) the geochemical environment in which the deposits are formed, (2) the type of shield beds, and (3) the character of ore-forming solutions. However, there are some known examples showing similar zoning patterns for the deposits that are similar in these three aspects.     

Palynostratigraphy of Oligocene-Miocene continental deposits in Southwestern Siberia

Data on spores, pollen, and dinoflagellate cysts studied in composite section of Oligocene-Miocene deposits in southern part of West Siberia are presented. Eleven biostratigraphic units distinguished in the section are ranked as palynozones and beds with palynological assemblages. Palynological data substantiate age of deposits and specify ranges and boundaries of palynozones. Based on dinocyst assemblages first studied in sediments of the Zhuravka and Abrosimovo horizons (upper Oligocene, lower Miocene), the Pseudokomewuia Beds are included into local stratigraphic scheme. According to results of comparative analysis, similar and distinctive features of Oligocene-Miocene dinocyst assemblages from West Siberia, China and North America are elucidated. Based on palynological data, the local stratigraphic scheme of higher resolution is suggested for subdivision of Oligocene and Miocene deposits in southern part of West Siberia (Baraba and Kulunda lithofacies regions).     

Formation of the strata-bound Kellhuani tin deposits,Bolivia

A magmatic-hydrothermal model of tin ore formation can best explain the geological, petrographical and geochemical data on the strata-bound Kellhuani tin district. The tin specialization of the magmatic system of the Chacaltaya porphyry stock, centered in the Kellhuani mining area, is the result of advanced fractional crystallization. The regional tin background of the least fractionated members of the Cordillera Real granite series and of their sedimentary country rocks corresponds to average crustal tin contents.Dedicated to Prof. H.-J. Schneider on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Lower Jurassic palynostratigraphy of Eastern Siberia

This paper presents the results of a palynological study of the natural outcrops of the Lower and Middle Jurassic on the Kelimyar River (Outcrops 5, 6, 7, 14, and 16) and two boreholes, Middle-Nakynskaya and Ygyata-Tyungskaya 1, in Eastern Siberia. The Ukugut, Tyung, Motorchuna, Suntar, Kyrin, and Kelimyar formations were studied. Six biostrata with dinocysts were established for the Upper Sinemurian–Toarcian. The analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of dinocysts in the sections allowed the identification of the stratigraphic ranges for important genera of dinocysts, which enabled the updating of the geochronology of some biostrata. Three main stages of the evolution of dinocysts in the Early Jurassic in the Siberian Paleobasin were characterized by the appearance, diversification, and disappearance of some orders of dinocysts at certain times. Seven biostrata (beds with characteristic palynoassemblages) were established for the upper Sinemurian–Toarcian on the basis of the study of the taxonomic composition of spores and pollen of land plants and successive changes in the composition of the palynospectra.     

Morphotectonics of the Baikal rift valley,Eastern Siberia,USSR

The Baikal rift valley, the central segment of the Baikal rift zone located in southern East Siberia, consists of two large depressions separated by an interdepressional uplift. The thickness of the Neogene-Quaternary sediments filling in the depression amounts to 5 km (Logatchev and Florensov 1978). The interdepressional uplift consists of subsiding residual steps and active tilted horsts.The NW slope of the Baikal rift is controlled by a system of faults diverging to the N. This system comprises tectonic scarps (faceted ridge spurs), an inclined piedmont surface and a summit slope. The facets indicate the position of the main dip slip faults behind which longitudinal strike slip faults are distributed. Between the branching faults, the so-called intermediate steps are situated. Their subsidence and destruction result in expansion of the rift valley. Transformation of normal faults into listric faults is manifested in the tectonic topography in the areas of the residual and intermediate steps. The large dimensions of the Baikal rift valley are evidently due to its being confined to the faults striking NE-SW.     

Lithogeochemistry as an indicator of uranium and tin mineralization, South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada

Uranium and tin occurrences in the South Mountain Batholith are preferentially found in or near a para-intrusive rock suite which is characterized by strong granophile element enrichments. Furthermore, bodies which show a Th-enrichment trend with increasing differentiation appear to be more favorable exploration targets than spatially associated bodies in which Th is depleted.     

松辽盆地宝龙山铀矿床中铀酰碳酸盐矿物的发现与砂岩型铀矿成矿的新途径

1 研究目的(Objective) 国内中新生代沉积盆地(伊犁、吐哈、鄂尔多斯、二连、松辽)中砂岩型铀矿中铀矿物类型以沥青铀矿或铀石为主,也可见少量的次生铀矿物,如水硅铀矿,与铀石可以相互转化.笔者在研究松辽盆地宝龙山铀矿床铀赋存状态过程中发现少量的铀酰碳酸盐矿物,本文运用扫描电镜、能谱与红外吸收光谱分析等方法对铀酰碳...     

Joints as fingerprints of stress in the quaternary carbonate deposits along coastal Saurashtra,Western India

Coastal cliffs and shore platforms are important geomorphic features of coastal areas of Saurashtra. These features are composed of medium to coarse grained carbonate sand and are designated as “Miliolitic limestones” that range in age from Middle to Late Pleistocene. Significant jointing has been observed in the Middle Pleistocene Miliolite Formation as well as in the younger shell limestone that comprises Chaya Formation of Late Pleistocene. Along with NE-SW trend which is the direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress [S_Hmax] for Indian sub-continent, other trends recorded are NNE-SSW, N-S, NW-SE and E-W. When compared with other regional studies, neotectonic episode in Saurashtra peninsula appears to be younger than at least 125ky. The present study on joint sets also indicates that they are important to understand stresses associated with anticlockwise rotation of the Indian plate.     

湖南前寒武系锑金矿床成矿的独特性

在湖南前寒武系不同矿物组合的金矿床中 ,锑金矿床是常见的一类。矿床主要赋存于前寒武系一套厚大的、富含火山物质的浅变质岩系中。成矿严格受断裂破碎带或脆 韧性剪切带控制。辉锑矿是Au的主要载体矿物之一 ,含Au 0 17× 10 - 6～ 110× 10 - 6,Au的分布率为 15 1%～38 2 %或更高。锑金矿化具有明显的时间连续性和空间分带性。富Au辉锑矿以早期细粒、富含As以及Se、Te等杂质和具有轻S同位素组成为特征。成矿流体的∑S浓度、成矿温度及围岩的介质条件是控制锑金矿床成矿的主要因素     

Tin-bearing minerals at the Furong tin deposit,South China: Implications for tin mineralization

It remains poorly constrained whether remobilization of Sn from granites and prograde skarns plays an essential role in forming economic (skarn-type) tin mineralization. Using both electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry methods, in-situ Sn contents, as well as major elements, were analyzed for numerous silicates and magnetite from fresh granite, altered granite, and skarn at the large Furong Sn deposit (530,000 t Sn @ 0.8% Sn) in the Nanling Range, South China. Hornblende and biotite in fresh granite are the main Sn-bearing phases (Sn = 44–321 ppm), while plagioclase and K-feldspar are poor in Sn (< 5 ppm). In altered granite, tin is hosted mainly by hydrothermal muscovite (299–583 ppm) replacing plagioclase, but rarely by chlorite (mostly <10 ppm) replacing hornblende and biotite. In contrast, most silicates (garnet, diopside, vesuvianite, pargasite and epidote) and magnetite from tin skarn are Sn-rich (47–44,241 ppm), except for Sn-poor phlogopite and scapolite (< 10 ppm). In particular, garnet, pargasite, and epidote reach tin concentrations in the percent range. Tin generally enters the stannous silicates and magnetite through substitutions for octahedral Al^vi and Fe³⁺. Comparisons of Sn contents between magmatic and hydrothermal minerals in granite, prograde and retrograde minerals related to tin skarn indicate that remobilization of Sn from granite and prograde skarn is not a pre-requisite to form tin mineralization.     

锡的地球化学性质与华南晚白垩世锡矿成因

锡在地质过程中表现出亲氧、亲硫和亲铁三重特性。在地幔岩浆过程中,锡是一种中等不相容的金属元素。锡成矿主要与酸性岩浆活动有关,其地球化学性质决定了其成矿主要受源区性质、氧逸度以及挥发分含量、岩浆结晶分异等因素控制。高度结晶分异可使锡在岩浆中进一步富集,是锡成矿相关花岗岩的普遍特征;锡为变价元素,岩浆体系氧逸度影响源区中锡的迁移能力和分离结晶过程中锡的元素行为,还原性岩浆体系有利于锡富集成矿。富含F、Cl和B等挥发组分对锡元素的迁移和富集起积极的作用。全球锡矿床分布与俯冲带关系密切,特提斯和环太平洋构造域是主要蕴藏区。重要的锡成矿事件表现出区域性和阶段性的特征。结合锡的地球化学特性以及锡矿分布特征,我们认为最有利锡成矿的动力学机制是俯冲板片后撤机制。俯冲板片后撤引发深部软流圈地幔上涌,导致强烈的壳幔相互作用,形成低氧逸度、富F、Cl和B等花岗岩,有利于锡成矿。对于华南晚白垩世锡成矿事件,新特提斯洋俯冲板片发生后撤是其成矿地球动力学背景。