腾冲上新统芒棒组地质时代及沉积环境

摘要：腾冲地区新生代地层分布广泛，其中又以芒棒组出露较为完整，由河流相、湖泊相及沼泽相碎屑岩夹火山岩中火山沉积岩组成，含丰富的植物化石和硅藻化石。依据化石研究及用K-Ar、Rh-Sr法测获同位素年龄，芒棒组应属新近纪上新世。植物化石显示腾冲地区上新世时期气候，比现今亚热带炎热干燥气候较温凉而湿润，反映该区从新近纪上新世至第四纪，气候有从凉变暖的演变趋势。     

华夏植物群及其与全球同期植物群的比较

文中研究的焦点是华夏植物群及其与全球同期植物群的比较 ,并论证了石炭纪和二叠纪的古植物地理再造。在石炭纪和二叠纪 ,华夏植物区和欧美植物区皆位于具热带气候的赤道区 ,在类似的气候条件下 ,这两个地区的一些植物具有形态上的相似性。此外 ,华夏植物群含有一些与欧美植物群共有的分子 ;因此 ,这两个植物群的关系比较密切。尽管华夏植物群具有相当数量的分子是与欧美植物群所共有的 ,但是在大羽羊齿类植物中 ,在种级上两者并没有相同的成分。华夏植物群是以热带雨林气候为特征。在二叠纪 ,华夏区的气候比欧美区的气候更为湿润。华夏植物群的分子不同于安加拉植物群的分子 ;此外 ,安加拉植物群代表了温带气候条件。在石炭纪和二叠纪 ,冈瓦纳植物群分布在南半球高纬度地区 ,不同于分布于北半球低纬度的华夏植物群的组成分子 ;因此 ,这两个植物群没有必然联系。在石炭纪和二叠纪 ,在北半球华夏植物群与欧美植物群的一些植物在形态上的相似性以及在南半球 (西藏、沙特阿拉伯、土耳其、新几内亚和伊拉克 )一些华夏型分子的分布可以是起因于类似的气候条件、大陆位置、板块运动、洋流作用、古地理环境等因素的影响。华夏植物群与其同期植物群的差异反映了植物群成分、古气候、古地理位置和陆地生态系在时?     

全球石炭纪-二叠纪植物群的演化和分布特征

在全球范围内，石炭纪和二叠纪植物群可以划分为五个植物群，即早石炭世（杜内期、维宪期和纳缪尔Ａ期）的全球性拟鳞木植物群（Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｐｓｉｓｆｌｏｒａ）和晚石炭世（纳缪尔Ｂ—Ｃ期、威斯发期和斯蒂芬期）至二叠纪的华夏植物群、欧美植物群、安加拉植物群和冈瓦纳植物群。早石炭世拟鳞木植物群广泛分布于世界许多地区，具有全球一致性，以Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｐｓｉｓ，Ｓｕｂ ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ，Ａｒｃｈａｅｏｓｉｇｉｌａｒｉａ，Ａｒｃｈａｅｏｃａｌａｍｉｔｅｓ，Ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ，Ｒｈｏｄｅｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ，Ｒｈａ ｃｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ，Ａｄｉａｎｔｉｔｅｓ，Ｔｒｉｐｈｙｌｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ等为特征。拟鳞木植物群逐渐从泥盆纪植物群分离出来，繁盛于早石炭世早期，绝灭于早石炭世末期。在早石炭世和晚石炭世的转换期，全球性气候变化和构造运动导致早石炭世拟鳞木植物群典型分子的绝灭和晚石炭世植物群先驱分子的出现。因此，华夏植物群、欧美植物群、安加拉植物群和冈瓦纳植物群衍生于早石炭世全球一致性拟鳞木植物群，但它们各自发展在不同的环境中。     

黑龙江伊春红山华夏—安加拉混生植物群

系统研究了黑龙江省伊春红山地区晚二叠世红山组植物群,认为其性质为华夏—安加拉混生植物群。华夏植物区与安加拉植物区的界限,应以内蒙古陆及其东、西延展部分为界。     

贺兰山北段石炭纪和二叠纪植物群

贺兰山北段石炭纪和二叠纪植物化石经鉴定,计有39属104种。讨论了植物群的性质,划分了5个组合,即(1)晚石炭世早期Bothrodendroncirculare—Mesocalamitescistiformis组合;(2)晚石炭世中期Lepidodendronsubrhombicum—Conchophyllumrichthofenii组合;(3)晚石炭世晚期Lepidodendronszeianum—Neuropterisovata组合;(4)早二叠世早期Lepido dendronposthumii—Callipteridiumkoraiense组合和(5)早二叠世晚期Caulopteriswudaensis—Paratingiadatongensis组合。这5个组合的代表岩组分别为红土洼组、羊虎沟组、太原组下部、太原组中上部和山西组。其地质时代大致相当于纳缪尔B—C期、维斯发期、斯蒂芬期、阿赛尔期、萨克马尔期和阿丁斯克期。植物群含有大量的华夏型分子,为典型的华夏植物群。此外还讨论了植物群的演化。     

山西榆社盆地上新世植物群及其环境意义

山西榆社盆地,上新世河湖相地层十分发育,植物化石丰富。上新世早—中期的代表性植物有:Magnolia Liquidambar, Platycarya和Tsuga等,说明当时的榆社地区为北亚热带森林景观,但已有向干冷方向发展的趋势。上新世晚期,榆社地区为暖温带落叶阔叶林景观,同现在华北南部的植被相似。河湖的广泛分布和植被的特征表明,上新世的榆社地区属于季风气候,一年之中季节性的干湿变化和冷暖变化十分明显。     

第三纪青藏高原面高程与古植被变迁

收集了近半个世纪以来、几乎全部有关青藏高原第三纪古植被的研究资料,从整体角度对青藏高原的古植被演化史与高原面高程变化史进行了初步研究。认为青藏高原第三纪古植被经历了由古老、湿热环境下的热带低地森林,脉动式地渐变为热带、亚热带山地森林及灌丛草原。反映高原是阶段性、持续上升的,其间不存在大幅的降低过程。冈底斯山、念青唐古拉山、唐古拉山、昆仑山所围限的藏北高原比喜马拉雅山系隆升早,且在整个第三纪都比喜马拉雅山高,到上新世的中、晚期其高度已达海拔３０００ｍ以上。喜马拉雅山系成为世界屋脊是第四纪以来的事。     

再论“田中线”和“滇西-滇东南生态地理（生物地理）对角线”的真实性和意义

通过对一些代表性地区植物区系的比较研究,探讨了对云南热带-亚热带植物区系生物地理分布格局有作用的"田中线"和"滇西-滇东南生态地理（生物地理）对角线"的真实性和意义。选择了滇西北独龙江植物区系、滇西铜壁关植物区系和滇南西双版纳植物区系及滇东南植物区系,对它们的科、属、种的相似性及其植物区系特征进行了比较。在科、属水平上,4个植物区系彼此间相似性系数分别在93％和60％以上,显示其植物区系有密切的亲缘。其中,滇东南植物区系与独龙江植物区系在科、属水平上的相似性系数最大,分别达98．7％和78．6％,尽管这两个地区地理位置相距最远。植物区系特征的比较也显示滇东南植物区系与独龙江植物区系有较密切联系。这些结果支持了所谓滇西北-滇东南"植物地理对角线"的观点。在种水平上,西双版纳植物区系与铜壁关植物区系最接近,这与它们的地理位置较近和基带均为热带生境是相一致的。也对这些生物地理界线形成的地质历史背景作了讨论。     

青藏高原隆起和高山栎组（壳斗科）分布的关系

高山栎是一类硬叶常绿的栎属植物,集中分布在横断山区,是这一地区群落中的优势种和建群种。高山栎组分布区的形成和喜马拉雅的隆起、横断山的形成有密切关系。讨论了这种相互关系。先清理了高山栎分类学的混乱,将原来的12种高山栎归并为 9种,在此基础上讨论了高山栎的现代分布和系统位置,总结分析了高山栎的地史资料。认为高山栎组植物出现的时间不晚于中新世,在中新世高山栎组已经有了较广的分布,分布在当时的亚热带常绿阔叶林。在上新世,随着喜马拉雅山脉的隆起和抬升,横断山地区的环境发生了巨大的变化,环境变冷、变旱。高山栎组植物由于自身所具有的抗寒耐旱的形态特征,如被较厚的毛被,单位面积气孔数目较少等使之在生物竞争中成为优胜者,而逐步成为横断山地区群落中的优势种和建群种。并以已有地质学、古植物学、形态解剖学、植物地理学和分子生物学的证据论证了这一假说。     

山西宁武煤田大同组植物群特征

山西宁武煤田大同组植物化石笔者鉴定计２１属４１种，以真蕨类，银杏类为主，有节类，柏柏类次之，苏铁类稀少。该植物群可归于北方普遍发育的Ｃｏｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ－Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｃｏｐｓｉｓ植物群，并可与大同煤田的大同组、北京西山门头沟群、鄂尔多斯盆地延安组及表海大煤沟组所含植物各对比，时代属中侏罗世。     

On Late Triassic Floras in China and Principles for Palaeophytogeographic Regionalization

A new scheme of Late Triassic palaeophytogeographic regionalization of China is put forward on the basis of three principles given as follows:1. The palaeophytogeographic regionalization should be based on the characters of the various floras themselves. These characters include the types of the dominant floras, compositional patterns of various communities and existence of dominant genera or those genera and species characteristic of a region.2. The palaeogeographic positions of the floras in geologic time should be considered.3. The distribution of the floras was influenced in three directions——latitudinal, longitudinal and vertical——in geological time.Formerly, a number of Chinese palaeobotanists based the palaeophytogeographic regionalization only on the factor of latitude, and neglected the characters of the floras themselves and the effect of their three-directional zonation. However the discovery of the Tianqiaoling flora(located at latitude 43.5°N in NE China) rich in fossils of Dipteridaceae and Cycadophyta, indicating tropic or subtropic conditions, and a comprehensive consideration of assigning the floras of southern Tibet on the basis of palaeomagnetism, plate tectonics, etc., suggest that the palaeophytogeographic regionalization is a rather complicated subject. As the climatic conditions controlling the growth of vegetation changed in three directions one should consider not only the effect of latitudinal change(which usually causes temperature variations from south to north), but also the effect of longitudinal change(which usually brings about variations in humidity from sea to inland) and moreover the effect of vertical or elevation change(which also leads to variations in temperature and humidity). At the same time, it is also necessary to take into consideration the actual palaeogeographic positions of the floras in geologic time.Therefore, it is suggested that the Late Triassic floras in China should be grouped into three floristic regions, namely.(1) the Northern Floristic Region with the Danaeopsis-Symopteris flora,(2) the Southern Floristic Region with the Dictyophyllum-Clathropteris flora, and(3) the Yaflung Zangbo River Floristic Region. It is inferred here that the floral characters of the 3rd region are similar to those of the Dicroidium-Lepidopleris flora growing on Gondwana land at that time.     

ASPECTS OF THE STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF SUTURE ZONES: THE CAUCASUS

Age of Paleogene deposits of flora and fauna in the southern Siberian Platform (Pg2³ - Pg3¹), determined solely on the basis of palynological data was determined in 1962 in the sporepollen laboratory of the Irkutsk Geologic Board. These data indicate that at the time the sediments were formed the dominant vegetation consisted of typically subtropical, coniferous broad-leaf forests. — IGR Staff.     

云南上新世杜鹃属和松属化石木研究及其古气候意义

研究了云南西部龙陵县上新世的化石木。鉴定出两种木材类型。杜鹃花科杜鹃属的似腋花杜鹃Rhododendron cf. racemosum Franchet，其主要木材特征有散孔材，生长轮略明显，导管具多角形轮廓，螺纹加厚出现在整个导管壁上，梯状穿孔板，射线异形II型。松科华山松Pinus armandii Franchet的主要特征有交叉场纹孔窗格状，具正常轴向和纵向树脂道，且泌脂细胞壁薄，射线管胞内壁平滑或具稀疏的微锯齿。两种类型的化石木在我国均属首次报道。根据化石木结构和现代相应树种和植被的生境范围，当时植物生长于亚热带温凉湿润的山地环境，其海拔大约在1800米左右。     

Plio-Pleistocene climatic transition and the lifting of the Teton Range, Wyoming

Fine-grained lacustrine, riverine and ash-fall sediments of the Shooting Iron Formation, whose late Pliocene age is established by Blancan gastropods and vertebrates, yield a pollen flora that is essentially similar in composition to the modern pollen rain in the Jackson Hole area. The Pliocene assemblage suggests a climate like that of the Jackson valley and foothills today. These spectra also resemble a Pliocene pollen flora from Yellowstone Park dated at ∼ 2.02 Ma. However, the underlying Miocene Teewinot sediments differ by containing pollen of four exotic deciduous hardwoods (Tertiary relicts) that suggest a summer-moist climate, unlike that of today. The Shooting Iron sediments lie with an angular unconformity on and above the Miocene lake sediments of the Teewinot Formation. Both of these deposits probably preceded the main uplift of the Teton Range based on the absence of Precambrian clasts in the Tertiary valley deposits. Because the Pliocene floras were modern in aspect, a Plio-Pleistocene transition would be floristically imperceptible here. The sequence denotes a protracted period of relative stability of climate during Teewinot time, and a shift in vegetational state (summer-wet trees drop out) sometime between the latest Miocene and latest Pliocene. The Pliocene spectra suggest a dry, cooler climate toward the end of Shooting Iron time.     

甘肃窑街植物群的地质时代及古地理区系研究

本文对甘肃窑街组古植物群及古地理进行研究,共发现植物化石31属63种,以银杏类(36.5%)和真蕨类(22.2%)繁盛,松柏类(17.5%)和苏铁类(15.9%)占一定比例,楔叶类(6%)、不明位置的果与穗(1.9%)为特征。在此基础上结合植物群组成分子指示的时代特征,以及与国内外同期其它植物群的对比,认为窑街组植物群的地质时代为中侏罗世早中期(Aalenian-Bajocian)。利用聚类分析法对甘肃窑街及其余11个研究较为细致的中国北方中侏罗世植物群进行对比,探讨甘肃窑街古地理归属,并对中国北方中侏罗世植物区进行初步划分。利用分支生物地理分析法研究甘肃窑街植物群的亲缘关系,结果表明窑街中侏罗世植物群与内蒙古高头窑植物群关系较为亲近;讨论了甘肃窑街新发现的屈囊蕨属在中国的地理分布特征,发现其分布与中国北方中侏罗世的初步区划结果吻合。     

Paleogene events in Central Eurasia: their role in the flora and vegetation cover evolution,migration of phytochore boundaries,and climate changes

The flora and vegetation of Central Eurasia evolved in the Paleogene to a significant extent in line with the scenario similar to the Late Cretaceous one. The position of high-rank phytochores was controlled by the global climatic zonality, while development stages of the flora depended on interaction between the Arctic and Tethyan water masses and direction of atmospheric flows and were determined by principal geological and paleogeographic events in the Paleogene history of Central Eurasia. Five main stages are definable in development of the Paleogene flora: (1) early-middle Danian with the wide distribution of temperate-thermophilic floras in the middle and high latitudes and their westward and southward expansion from the Pacific and Arctic regions of the Boreal realm; (2) Late Paleocene-Early Eocene with the maximal advancement of the Tethyan flora to the high latitudes and northward migration of phytochore boundaries in response to intense water exchange between the Tethys and Atlantic oceans with its trade currents and atmospheric heat transfer directly from the tropical zone in absence of the Alpine-Himalayan orogen; (3) Lutetian with development of subtropical monsoon-type floras under influence of the water mass exchange between the Arctic Basin and Peritethys with the monsoon-induced currents and atmospheric heat transfer from the Peritethys under conditions of the restricted connection between the Central Asia basins and Tethys; (4) (?) late Lutetian-Priabonian reflecting the climate inversion due to isolation of the West Siberian Sea from the Arctic Basin against the background of its continuing connection with the Peritethys; the formation of the semiclosed West Siberian Sea at that time was accompanied by development of a climate with humid winters, hot dry summers, and deficiency of average annual precipitation in the middle latitudes of Central Eurasia, where luxuriant subtropical Quercus-Laurus forests with Castanopsis that prevailed at the preceding stage were replaced by sclerophyllous arboreal-frutescent maquis; (5) Oligocene marked by the formation of the temperate deciduous mesophyllous coniferous-broad-leaved Turgai flora after definitive desiccation of the West Siberian Sea and Turgai Seaway due to global regression induced by glaciation (transition from the “warm” to “cold” biosphere).     

辽宁铁法盆地早白垩世植物群中的真蕨植物新材料及其原位孢子

铁法植物群产于辽宁北部铁法盆地下白垩统小明安碑组含煤地层中。该植物群由45属79种组成。真蕨是其中最繁盛的类别,计15属29种,占植物群种数的36.7％,并且有较高的分异度,覆盖了9个科别,在我国同期植物群中很有特色。本文在形态对比和原位孢子囊、孢子研究的基础上建立了Coniopteris longpinnate sp.nov.,Dryopterites triangularis sp.nov.,Asplenivm tiefanvm sp.nov.3个新种,还对保存了生殖羽片的其它8种真蕨作了原位孢子分析,大大提高了这些属种的研究程度。     

The Carboniferous coal swamp floras of England: a window on an ancient tropical ecosystem

England has an exceptional range of Westphalian—Stephanian (late Bashkirian—Moscovian) fossil floras spanning some 10 million years. They represent vegetation growing in part of a swamp that covered large areas of tropical Euramerica and which was responsible for the removal of vast quantities of carbon from the atmosphere. This coincided with significant global climatic cooling—the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age. The cratonic Pennine Basin in central and northern England has some of the best preserved fossil floras of this age anywhere in the world, especially notable being those of the Barnsley Thick Seam in Yorkshire and Derbyshire, the Bensham Seam in Northumberland and Durham, and the Coseley Ten Foot Ironstone in the West Midlands. The floras in southern England are mostly not as well preserved but include the historically important Radstock flora of Somerset. The taxonomic diversity dynamics of the fossil floras of the Pennine Basin are rather different from those seen in South Wales, probably due to differences in landscape and habitat, which in turn probably reflect the different tectonic settings. However, evidence of a significant change from lycophyte- to fern-dominated vegetation in latest Westphalian times, recognisable across Euramerica, can be seen in the English floras.     

Pliocene—pleistocene boundary in the Kleszczów Graben at Belchatów,central Poland

The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, defined using pollen analysis, has been recorded in sections at the Belchatów outcrop, Kleszczów Graben, central Poland. The boundary is located at the top of the green clay subunit of the Tertiary Clayey-sandy unit. A pollen flora of Reuverian C type, dominated by pine, 10–20% of ‘Reuverian elements’ and scarce thermophilous Tertiary trees, was found directly below this subunit. Cold stage floras of Praetiglian type were, in turn, recorded in the ?ekińsko Formation, lying directly on the green clays. The Pliocene—Pleistocene transition at Belchatów demonstrates the characteristic features of this boundary in western Europe, that is, the disappearance of Tertiary thermophilous tree pollen taxa, followed by a cooling to open-forest or forest-steppe conditions. Both pollen analysis and geological data suggest continuous sedimentation at least from the Upper Pliocene to the Prae-Tiglian, with no change of sediment sources and no marked hiatuses. The fluvial deposits of the Praetiglian ?ekińsko Formation, although Pleistocene in age, mark a final period in the Tertiary evolution of the Kleszczów Graben. Later, there is a hiatus to the deposition of the first glacigenic sediments in the region possibly of Elsterian age.