地球中的流体和穿越层圈构造

地球中的流体是当前科学研究的重点。从地球科学的角度来说,流体应包括气体、液体（水和石油）、熔体和地球中受应力作用而移动的物体。在半经为6378 km的固体地球中可分为7个层圈。目前对地球内部流体的了解很少,为探索流体在各层圈中的成分,物理化学性质和分布,以现阶段对地球层圈和流体研究程度来看,其重点应放在地球中穿越层圈的构造部分和地壳。地球中穿越层圈的构造主要有三个:板块构造的俯冲带是由上到下的穿越层圈构造,向下俯冲的大洋岩石圈可以抵达地幔过渡带;大洋中脊的扩张引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使岩石圈和地幔的熔流体从下向上运移;地幔柱引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使地幔的熔流体从下向上迁移。通过对三个穿越层圈构造和地壳中流体的研究,可以得出地壳、岩石圈、上地幔、过渡带、下地幔和核幔边界层流体的种类和成分、流动和演化。这是至今为至能鉴定到地球中深部流体的方法。这四个方面的研究是当前地球中流体科学研究的重点,并对开展深部找矿有实际意义。      

Man-Made earthquakes Ein Weg zum Verständnis natürlicher seismischer Aktivität

The occurrence of earthquakes causing damage in regions, where no seismic activity had been observed previously, has confirmed the suspicion that the construction of high dams and pumped storage hydroelectric plants as well as the pressing of fluid into petroleum reservoirs and of waste water into deep boreholes will trigger the release of tectonic stresses in the earth's crust. A great number of examples indicates that a similar mechanism must be operative in all cases. Comparing the results of laboratory experiments to seismological observations, it is evident that the causes for the “loss of internal balance” must be sought in zones of low velocity and of relatively high energy absorption within the upper part of the earth's crust.     

ROLE OF ISLAND ARCS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH'S STRUCTURE

Convincing geological data show that oceanic structure of the earth's crust is secondary and formed as the result of destruction and basification of the continental crust. This process goes on under conditions of tension, of deep fault formation, and of strong basaltic volcanism.

Analysis of the structure and history of development of island arcs gives evidence enough to distinguish two types. Island arcs of the first type represent arching folded ranges, similar to continental folded arcs. They were formed in geosynclines, but in the process of basification the supporting interior massifs subsides, while the arcs themselves are preserved in the form of curved bands of the continental crust within the oceanized areas (Japan, Indonesia, the Antilles). During a process involving tension of the earth's crust these weakened geosynclinal zones became areas of large fracture formation initiating intensive volcanism.

Arcs belonging to the second type are not related to the previous geosynclinal development. They were formed as a direct result of tension of the earth's crust, in the environment of ocean development. The tension produced deep faults, and the curving of the trajectories of the tensional stresses in the process of fault growth gave rise to the arching of these faults. Being younger, arcs of the second type cross those of the first type.

The asymmetry of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by the fact that on the east the ocean is bordered by the Cordilleras and the Andes, forming a single weak zone, while on the western periphery of the ocean the crust resembles a mosaic with very heterogeneous structure.

Basification of the earth's crust and formation of oceans is the last known stage in the development of the earth, caused by radioactive heating of the earth's interior and subsequent smelting to tilt: surface of the deep material of the mantle. — author's English summary     

河南巩县铝土矿及其含矿岩系的岩石学矿物学特点

河南巩县铝土矿位于华北地台的南部,其基底岩系为前寒武纪的变质岩系,其上有震旦系、寒武系和下、中奥陶统的地层。中奥陶统灰岩层是铝土矿的直接底板,灰岩的顶面凹凸不平,多被铁质浸染呈黄褐色,局部地方有残积的贫铁矿层,中石炭统铝土矿层呈平行不整合覆盖其上。     

二八面体水云母矿物及其热分析

用XRD、DTA、TG、IR等手段,对产于十来个省区的、不同产状的二八面体水云母矿物进行了测试研究。样品分为2M、1Md、1M₁+1M等几种多型。文中列出了它们的XRD数据及图谱、加热前后的IR谱及部分化学成分和化学试,详述了其热学特征。建议以矿物的脱羟温度高低参,照XRD谱的无序程度,在日常鉴定工作中区分出绢云母（脱羟温度>700℃）、水（白）云母（脱羟温度600-700℃）及伊利石（脱羟温度<699℃）。     

湘西震旦—寒武系页岩中粘土矿物和层状变质矿物的研究

湘西震旦—寒武系页岩与沉积改造型铀矿床有关。页岩中的粘土矿物主要为水云母,次为高岭石、多水高岭石、蒙脱石,少量水铝英石。层状变质矿物为绢云母、绿泥石、斜绿泥石、滑石。采用多种方法对这些矿物作了分析,认为水云母是赋铀的重要载体矿物。     

盆地金属矿穿透性地球化学勘查模型与案例

近20年来,越来越多的大型金属矿床在盆地内部及其边缘被发现。传统的勘查地球化学方法对盆地及盆山边缘覆盖区无能为力,深穿透地球化学探测技术为解决盆地及其边缘覆盖区找矿难题提供了一种行之有效的手段。文章通过对沉积砂岩盆地铀矿、火山岩盆地银多金属矿、变质岩盖层铜镍矿和沉积盖层金矿开展探测试验,得出:(1)砂岩型铀矿中活动性铀主要以铀酰络阳离子的形式存在,铀酰络阳离子很容易受地下水运动及蒸发蒸腾作用而发生迁移,迁移通道包括砂岩的孔隙、构造裂隙等,到达地表后,铀酰络阳离子易与土壤中带负电的黏土矿物结合而赋存其中,使用微细粒分离和活动态提取两种方法均能圈定矿致异常;(2)火山岩盆地中,与火山岩近乎同期形成的矿床,矿床形成过程中含矿流体携带成矿元素银、金、铜等沿构造裂隙运移,迁移到地表后被土壤中的黏土矿物所吸附,使用土壤活动态测量和微细粒分离测量均能有效圈定已知矿体,异常直接位于矿体上方;(3)变质岩盆地超基性岩体在侵位过程中,岩体与变质岩接触带将产生大量的构造裂隙,因此当流体通过岩体与围岩接触带时,将携带矿体中铜、镍向上迁移至地表,形成环状异常;(4)洛宁盆地金矿成矿过程中,成矿元素金、银等以络合物、纳米级单质或合金等形式通过流体携带顺着构造破碎带向上迁移,地表岩石风化发生成矿元素解离,后期被黄土覆盖,矿体或岩石解离的化合物或纳米颗粒可以穿过黄土孔隙向上迁移至地表,并赋存于表层黄土的细粒级黏土中,因此采用土壤微细粒分离测量可圈出矿致异常。本文根据深穿透地球化学方法应用效果,异常的形态,并结合盖层的特点,成矿元素的存在形式、迁移方式以及在地表的赋存状态,初步建立了盆地金属矿深穿透地球化学勘查模型,为盆地盖层区地球化学勘查提供了理论与技术支撑。     

Investigation into albedo-controlled energy loss during the last glaciation

In recent years, attention has increasingly been paid to the question of the stability of the earth's climate. It has been observed that changes in climate are usually related to changes in the earth's surface. On this question, Liedtke writes ‘A change in climate can lead to considerable landscape changes’ (Liedtke 1990, p. 38). There seems to be some form of interaction between climate and the condition of the earth's surface. If solar radiation is taken to be the primary energy source for the earth's climate, the question arises as to how insolation affects the character of the earth's surface, and vice versa, how does the character of the earth's surface affect the insolation which occurs? Reconstructions of the last great Pleistocene glaciation 18,000 years ago show that the form of the earth's surface at that time was considerably different to its present form. In view of the interaction mentioned above between climate and earth surface, does this suggest a difference between the earth's radiation budget 18,000 years ago and that of today? If, as is widely believed, the area of the earth's surface covered by ice 18,000 years ago was approximately three times the current area (Liedtke 1990, p. 42), this presumably would have had at least some influence on the earth's radiation budget. The ice-covered areas may have modified the radiation budget by means of their high reflexivity. In other words, an albedo-related loss of radiation may have occurred. The results of this investigations show, that the global radiation budget at 18,000 B.P was about 7- -10% less than that of today.     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF ISOTOPES

The isotopic composition of the earth's crust is never static, due to various radioactive processes. This is especially noticeable on geologic time scales. The isotopic exchange reactions, particularly those involving lighter atoms, are intensive in the outer shell of the earth, notably in the biosphere. The biospheric exchange reactions are primarily responsible for local enrichments and anomalous absences of various isotopes, especially those of oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen. Isotope geochemistry is a tool which will help solve problems of past major and minor geologic events in the genesis of rocks and minerals. It is hoped that isotope geochemistry will introduce two new parameters into geologic investigation of time and temperature of natural processes. --G. E. Denegar.     

鄂尔多斯地块南缘地应力测量研究

利用水压致裂法得到的地应力测试数据对鄂尔多斯地块南缘地壳浅部地应力分布规律及断层活动性进行研究。结果表明:（1）两个水平主应力随深度线性增长,应力梯度分别为0.032和0.021,在测量深度域内水平和垂直应力的关系为S_H > S_h > S_V,该应力状态有利于断层发生逆断层活动,与1556年华山大地震的发震正断层的性质不同;（2）研究区的最大水平主应力方向为北南-北北西向,与区域速度矢量场方向一致,与其他资料解译的区域构造应力方向有一些差异,主要是受鄂尔多斯地块周缘断层活动的影响;（3）利用Mohr-Coulomb准则及Byerlee定律,摩擦系数取0.6~1.0,对研究区的地应力状态进行分析,发现鄂尔多斯地块南缘的测点未达到或超过地壳破裂极限状态,不存在断层失稳或地震等其他形式的地壳活动,处于较稳定地壳应力状态;（4）实测数据为该区补充了新的地应力测量资料,研究结果为该区工程设计及建设、构造应力场数值模拟提供了边界条件,对于该区地质灾害评价、地壳稳定性以及大陆动力学的研究具有重要意义。      

COMPUTATIONAL GEODYNAMICS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN AND PACIFIC MOBILE BELT

An abbreviated variant (condensed and updated by an American specialist) of a research monograph focuses on the gravity field, geoid height, seismicity, rheology, and Phanerozoic tectonic history of the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding Pacific Mobile Belt from a computational geodynamic perspective. The state of stress calculated for the Pacific Mobile Belt incidates that it is a geologically persistent tectonic boundary separating the Pacific hemisphere from the Indo-Afro-Atlantic hemisphere, which contains the bulk of the earth's continental crust. The gravity field of the Pacific Basin has a concentric structure and the region has a counter-clockwise sense of rotation relative to the Pacific Mobile Belt and surrounding hemisphere. The relative displacement is believed to have been approximately periodic through Phanerozoic time.     

基于GEOROC大数据分析地壳厚度地球化学指标

前人研究认为,火山岩中部分地球化学指标与岩浆弧地壳厚度之间存在一定的相关性,并通过统计主量元素K2O、Ca O和Na2O指标及微量元素Ce/Y、Sm/Yb、Dy/Yb、Sr/Y、La/Yb指标与地壳厚度之间关系,约束地质史上某些区域的地壳厚度发展和变化。本文基于GEOROC数据库,以Si O2含量57%和火山岩年龄23Ma为界,将全球火山岩数据分成年轻-壳源( 57%,23Ma)、年轻-幔源(57%,23Ma)、古老-壳源( 57%, 23Ma)和古老-幔源(57%, 23Ma)四个数据集,并通过核函数估计方法获得了各个地球化学指标与地壳厚度的归一化联合概率密度分布图。本文统计结果表明,年轻-幔源火山岩中的K2O含量分布与壳源火山岩呈现指数正相关关系、Ca O含量分布于地壳厚度呈现线性负相关关系,年轻-壳源火山岩中Ce/Y、La/Yb和Sm/Yb与现今地壳厚度有指数正相关关系。由以上5种地化指标建立的回归方程确定系数R2均大于0. 7,可以认为相关关系显著。本文认为幔源岩浆在穿透地壳到达地表过程中,地壳厚度控制了富K壳源物质进入地幔熔体和富Ca矿物结晶分异过程,导致了火山岩中K2O和Ca O含量的相关变化;而下地壳部分熔融形成的壳源岩浆,不同深度压力控制了残留相矿物比例,导致Ce/Y、La/Yb和Sm/Yb体现出与地壳厚度的相关性。本文建立的回归函数是基于大量数据概率密度分布的统计分析得出的,由于离群数据普遍存在,回溯历史地壳厚度变化需要大量数据统计支撑,否则难以获得可靠的结果。     

Dissolution, solution transfer, diffusion versus fluid flow and volume loss during deformation/metamorphism

ABSTRACT Dissolution and solution transfer during deformation/metamorphism are controlled by the partitioning of deformation into progressive shearing and shortening components. Progressive shearing is readily accommodated by slip on the planar crystal structure of phyllosilicates and graphite without accumulating dislocation density gradients across grain boundaries. Progressive shortening is accommodated by the cores of most other minerals (including sulphides). These minerals develop strain, and hence dislocation density gradients, on their rims due to progressive shearing along grain boundaries. These gradients are particularly large when the mineral abuts phyllosilicate or graphite. The resulting chemical potential gradients between the core and rim drive dissolution, causing removal of the highly strained grain margins. Removal of dissolved material by solution transfer is aided by the geometry of shearing of phyllosilicates and graphite around other grains in an active anastomosing foliation. Interlayers and interfaces on boundaries lying at a low angle to the direction of shearing, and oriented relative to the sense of shear such that they can open, gape by small amounts. Water present in these interlayer spaces becomes destructured, considerably enhancing diffusion rates along the foliation. Penetrative volume loss, especially in deforming/metamorphosing pelitic rocks, is large at all metamorphic grades, increasing and becoming more penetrative with depth to at least the transition into granulite and eclogite facies. Transference of material by fluid flow from deep to high levels in the earth's crust is precluded because thousands to tens of thousands of rock volumes of fluid are required, necessitating continual recirculation of fluid from shallow to deep crustal levels in one large or several small sets of cells, unless some extremely large-scale form of fluid channelling is possible. Reassessment of diffusion mechanisms, and hence rates, during deformation and pervasive foliation generation in large volumes of rock where fluid channeling cannot provide enough fluid, indicates that diffusion can proceed with sufficient rapidity that massive recirculation of fluid is no longer required. The amount of fluid can be reduced sufficiently to allow large volume losses by a one-way flow of fluid to the earth's surface, in deforming/metamorphosing environments where the fluid pressure equals or exceeds the hydrostatic pressure. Deformation partitioning-controlled dissolution progressively changes the bulk chemistry of a rock containing phyllosilicates or graphite during deformation/metamorphism because matrix minerals, other than phyllosilicates and graphite, are preferentially removed. The large size of porphyroblasts, if present, tends to preserve them from dissolution. Hence, the bulk chemistry operative during subsequent porphyroblast growth can have changed considerably from that operative when the first porphyroblasts grew, in rocks in which bedding is still well preserved.     

冀东迁安英云闪长质杂岩体的成因与演化

迁安地区英云闪长质杂岩是部分熔融产生的岩浆沿迁西群与单塔子群两个变质地体之间的接触部位上侵形成的,经历了结晶分异作用演化,构造应力场对杂岩体有着重要影响,岩石学,地球化学等方面的特征反映着杂岩体的形成是该区太古代末期地壳活动中的重要地质事件之一.     

Electric conductivity anomaly in the Earth's crust and mantle

Much evidence that reflects anomalous distributions of electrical conductivity within the earth's crust and mantle has been put forward in recent years through geomagnetic and geoelectric observations. This anomaly is called the “CA” (conductivity anomaly), and the study of such heterogeneity has become one of the important topics of present-day geophysics.     

现今全球洋脊系统的定向性与等距性及其形成的动力学机制

现今全球大洋中脊系统的分布具有球面上的定向性与等距性,横向上的波动性,时代上的长期性与对称性及洋中脊位置相对于大洋岩石圈的稳定性等基本特征,洋脊系统的展布与地球自转存在密切相关性。
大洋中脊系统分布的基本特点决定于固体地球内部的动力系统。已有资料表明,地球各圈层均受西向驱动力与重力两大全球性基本构造动力的驱动作用。在西向驱动力、重力与热力的长期作用下,固体地球各圈层均表现出不同程度的流变性。本文通过解流变体的Navier-Stokes动力学方程,求得团体地球岩石圈-软流圈的水平速度分量V_θ与径向速度分量V_r。
据此对全球洋脊系统分布的定向性、等距性、垂向波动性及与地球自转的密切相关性等基本特征及其产生的动力学机制进行初步的解释。      

内蒙古哈达门沟地区黑云母击象及其构造意义

黑云母击象构造是一种快速受力、脆性变形的产物。文章阐述了内蒙古哈达门沟地区新太古界乌拉山群变质岩中的黑云母发育的击象构造特征,认为黑云母击象明显受到退变质作用和混合岩化作用及韧性剪切作用,很可能是形成于新太古代末—古元古代初呼和浩特—包头断裂和临河—集宁断裂产生的地震作用中;新太古代岩石中黑云母击象的存在也证明了华北地块在新太古代末—古元古代初已经具备了较强的刚度,板块构造理论适用范围的最早时限很可能向前推移到新太古代。     

蚀变洋壳玄武岩俯冲过程中含碳矿物相变质演化及脱碳作用的研究

俯冲作用是连接地表系统和地球深部系统的最为关键的地质过程,其对研究地球深部碳循环具有重要的意义。俯冲洋壳岩石圈中的碳主要存储在沉积物、蚀变洋壳玄武岩以及蛇纹岩中。俯冲变质作用过程含碳岩石的变质演化控制着其中含碳矿物相的转变及碳迁移过程。本文选取了蚀变洋壳玄武岩进行相平衡模拟,来研究其含碳矿物相的变质演化过程。计算结果表明,变质玄武岩体系中的碳酸盐矿物之间的转变反应除了受压力控制之外,还受到温度和体系中铁含量的影响。随着压力的升高蚀变玄武岩中碳酸盐矿物会发生方解石/文石-白云石-菱镁矿的转变,但在高压/超高压条件下,温度的升高可以使菱镁矿转变成白云石。碳酸盐矿物中的铁含量受到体系中铁含量的影响,白云石和菱镁矿中的铁含量随着体系中铁含量的增加而增加。在水不饱和条件下,洋壳不管是沿着低温还是高温地热梯度线俯冲到岛弧深度,蚀变玄武岩体系几乎都不发生脱碳作用。然而在水饱和条件下,当洋壳沿着高温以及哥斯达黎加地热梯度线俯冲到岛弧深度时,蚀变玄武岩体系中的碳几乎可以全部脱出去。蚀变玄武岩体系中水含量的增加可以促进体系的脱碳作用。     

识别洋陆转换的岩石学思路——洋内弧与初始俯冲的识别

阐述了洋陆转化形成的洋内弧与初始弧的岩石组合序列及其地球化学特征,提出岩浆弧是由洋陆转化以及底侵的壳幔转化共同作用形成的认识,前弧环境是洋陆转化形成初生大陆的场所,由特征的类似洋中脊的洋内弧前弧玄武岩类构成。大陆的形成过程如下:从地幔中生长出洋壳,从洋壳中的洋陆转化生长出不成熟的弧陆壳,最后从弧陆壳底侵的壳幔转化中长出成熟的陆壳。这样,地壳的生长和形成主要通过岩浆增生作用来实现。     

Lateral structural connections of Baykalides and Early Caledonides in Urals

The role of different sources of ore material in the formation of economic endogenic uranium deposits is discussed. Types of deposits and conditions of their formation have evolved regularly with the general irreversible development of the structures of the earth's crust. —Authors.