土壤碳及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的意义

本文回顾了近１０年来国内外对土壤碳研究的主要进展,分析了土壤碳的移动性及其影响因素,着重针对陆地系统碳汇饱和问题介绍了土壤碳对大气CO²源汇效应的碳转移过程及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的作用,指出应加强对土壤碳转移及其对全球变化的响应、土壤碳固存对大气CO²调控的机制和动态的研究,以便为缓解陆地系统碳汇饱和提供科学依据。     

宇宙射线通量和气候变迁与地球磁场强度变化的关系

通过分析近30000年以来地球磁场强度和大气中¹⁴C 含量变化,讨论了¹⁴C年龄偏离实际值的原因,提出以地球磁场强度随时间的变化率校正¹⁴C 年龄T_c 偏离实际年龄T_t 的公式,即T_t=T_c-b(T_c-T_?|_F（1）ΔF/ΔT。用这一公式校正了¹⁴C 测年技术给出的新仙女木事件发生的时限,并获得了与树轮年龄和U-Th 年龄一致的结果。本文还对12000年以来地球磁场强度变化与气候变迁的相关性做了探讨。     

煤田自燃区上磁异常的成因

通过对内蒙古平庄西露天煤矿顶板砂岩的磁性研究,指出这些煤矿顶板的上侏罗统灰色砂岩在天然状况下是弱磁性的,天然剩磁在n×10^-3A/m级次,磁化率在10^-4（SI）级次。但经高温热处理（＞600℃）后,磁性迅速增高,剩磁增大五个级次,磁化率增大四个级次。通过多种岩矿分析方法进一步搞清楚,这些砂岩的胶结物成分是弱磁性的碳酸铁（FeCO₃）,经高温处理后,成为强磁性的磁铁矿（Fe₃O₄）。这种变化是我国北方地区许多侏罗纪煤田自燃区上出现磁异常的主要原因。文中还给出了黄铁矿热处理前后的磁性变化情况。最后利用测得的岩石磁性,设计了多种理论模型,正演计算了所产生的磁异常值。结果表明,利用高精度磁法勘探来区分这类煤田的自燃区与非自燃区是完全可能的。     

三叠纪海的硫同位素

前言自Ault和Kulp(1959)发表第一批海相硫酸盐岩的硫同位素分析数据以来,海相硫酸盐岩(石膏、硬石膏)的硫同位素研究工作已进行了二十余年。     

Thermal equations of state of dioctahedral micas on the join muscovite–paragonite

 Powder diffraction measurements at simultaneous high pressure and temperature on samples of 2M1 polytype of muscovite (Ms) and paragonite (Pg) were performed at the beamline ID30 of ESRF (Grenoble), using the Paris-Edinburgh cell. The bulk moduli of Ms, calculated from the least-squares fitting of V–P data on each isotherm using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan EoS, were: 57.0(6), 55.1(7), 51.1(7) and 48.9(5) GPa on the isotherms at 298, 573, 723 and 873 K, respectively. The value of (∂K _T /∂T) was −0.0146(2) GPa K⁻¹. The thermal expansion coefficient α varied from 35.7(3) × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ at P ambient to 20.1(3) × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ at P = 4 GPa [(∂α/∂P) _T = −3.9(1) × 10⁻⁶ GPa⁻¹ K⁻¹]. The corresponding values for Pg on the isotherms at 298, 723 and 823 K were: bulk moduli 59.9(5), 55.7(6) and 53.8(7) GPa, (∂K _T /∂T) −0.0109(1) GPa K⁻¹. The thermal expansion coefficient α varied from 44.1(2) × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ at P ambient to 32.5(2) × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ at P = 4 GPa [(∂α/∂P) _T = −2.9(1) × 10⁻⁶ GPa⁻¹ K⁻¹]. Thermoelastic coefficients showed that Pg is stiffer than Ms; Ms softens more rapidly than Pg upon heating; thermal expansion is greater and its variation with pressure is smaller in Pg than in Ms. Received: 28 January 2002 / Accepted: 5 April 2002     

Geochemical and isotopic characterization of trace fossil infillings: New insights on tracemaker activity after the K/Pg impact event

Geochemical and isotopic analyses of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary deposits were conducted at the Caravaca section (External Subbetic, southeast of Spain) in order to evaluate the recovery of the macrobenthic tracemaker community and the bioturbational disturbance. Samples from the infilling material of several lower Danian dark-colored trace fossils (Chondrites, Planolites, Thalassinoides and Zoophycos) located in the uppermost 8-cm of the light upper Maastrichtian strata, as well as samples from the host sedimentary rock of these trace fossils, were analyzed and compared with data from the lower Danian deposits. The values of element ratios indicative of extraterrestrial contamination (Cr/Al, Co/Al and Ni/Al) are higher in the infilling trace fossil material than in the upper Maastrichtian and lower Danian deposits, which suggests a contribution of the ejecta layer. Regarding the isotope composition, the δ¹³C values are lower in the infilling material than in the Maastrichtian host sedimentary rocks surrounding the traces, while the δ¹⁸O are higher in the infilling material. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the infilling material evidence the unconsolidated character of the sediment, including the red boundary layer. Softground conditions confirm a relatively rapid recovery by the macrobenthic tracemaker community, starting a few millimeters above the K/Pg boundary layer. The mixture of the infilling material of the trace fossils moreover reveals a significant macrobenthic tracemaker activity affecting K–Pg boundary transition sediments that may have significantly altered original signatures.     

Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean?

Annually integrated air-water CO₂ flux data in 44 coastal environments were compiled from literature. Data were gathered in 8 major ecosystems (inner estuaries, outer estuaries, whole estuarine systems, mangroves, salt marshes, coral reefs, upwelling systems, and open continental shelves), and up-scaled in the first attempt to integrate air-water CO₂ fluxes over the coastal ocean (26×10⁶ km²), taking into account its geographical and ecological diversity. Air-water CO₂ fluxes were then up-scaled in global ocean (362×10⁶ km²) using the present estimates for the coastal ocean and those from Takahashi et al. (2002) for the open ocean (336×10⁶ km²). If estuaries and salt marshes are not taken into consideration in the up-scaling, the coastal ocean behaves as a sink for atmospheric CO₂(−1.17 mol C m⁻² yr⁻¹) and the uptake of atmospheric CO₂ by the global ocean increases by 24% (−1.93 versus −1.56 Pg C yr⁻¹). The inclusion of the coastal ocean increases the estimates of CO₂ uptake by the global ocean by 57% for high latitude areas (−0.44 versus −0.28 Pg C yr⁻¹) and by 15% for temperate latitude areas (−2.36 versus −2.06 Pg C yr⁻¹) At subtropical and tropical latitudes, the contribution from the coastal ocean increases the CO₂ emission to the atmosphere from the global oceam by 13% (0.87 versus 0.77 Pg C yr⁻¹). If estuaries and salt marshes are taken into consideration in the upscaling, the coastal ocean behaves as a source for atmospheric CO₂ (0.38 mol C m⁻² yr⁻¹) and the uptake of atmospheric CO₂ from the global ocean decreases by 12% (−1.44 versus −1.56 Pg C yr⁻¹) At high and subtropical and tropical latitudes, the coastal ocean behaves as a source for atmospheric CO₂ but at temperate latitudes, it still behaves as a moderate CO₂ sink. A rigorous up-scaling of air-water CO₂ fluxes in the coastal ocean is hampered by the poorly constrained estimate of the surface area of inner estuaries. The present estimates clearly indicate the significance of this biogeochemically, highly active region of the biosphere in the global CO₂ cycle.     

渤海西部海域新生代盖层特征及对油气的控制作用

渤海西部海域新生代盖层发育情况与油气富集密切相关。利用渤西地区丰富的钻井资料、测井资料、取心分析化验资料等对研究区新生代盖层发育特征、封闭性及其对油气成藏的控制作用开展了研究。研究结果表明,该区主要发育东二段下部、明下段下部及明下段上部3套区域泥质岩盖层,东二段下部区域泥岩盖层相比于明下段两套区域泥岩盖层具有单层泥岩厚度大、色暗、质纯、高泥地比、横向分布稳定及更高成岩阶段等特点,东二段下部泥岩盖层封闭性好于明下段泥岩盖层;东二段下部区域泥岩盖层控制了油气在凹陷区域深部沙河街组、东营组的聚集成藏并决定了油气朝沙垒田古隆起上倾方向运移,明化镇组下段区域"终极盖层"与断裂共同作用控制了整个渤西地区新近系的油气富集程度;提出了"周边凹陷东二下区域泥岩盖层底面构造脊输导体系"、"凸起斜坡及内部明下段泥岩盖层、断裂‘耦合’油气输导体系"两种区域盖层控制下的油气输导模式。      

金在黄铁矿表面沉淀机理的实验研究

为了研究金在黄铁矿表面沉淀的机理,于室温、常压,在氯化物溶液中进行了黄铁矿粉末吸附金的实验。在不同pH的溶液中,黄铁矿均可吸附金,而且pH值明显地影响吸附速率。扫描电镜观察表明,反应后黄铁矿粒表面有金晶体形成。XPS研究得知,黄铁矿光片与含金氯化物溶液反应后表面有A⁰存在;硫在反应初期为S⁰、S₂O₃^2-,随后转变为SO₄^2-,而铁成为Fe³⁺.黄铁矿中的Fe²⁺和S₂^2-是溶液中金的还原剂。金在黄铁矿表面沉淀可能涉及吸附、还原和晶体生长等过程。     

利用套管井补偿中子时间推移测井识别气层及侵入

根据泥浆侵入气层前后补偿中子测井响应值的变化,设计了套管井内补偿中子时间推移测井试验。结果表明,该方法对识别渗透率在(1～3)×10^-3μm²以上的砂岩气层有明显效果,为鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界低渗透砂岩可疑气层、低阻气层、泥浆污染气层的识别和老井资料复查提供了一种新的手段。     

洛阳北窑遗址年代再研究

文章重新研究了洛阳北窑遗址的地层序列,并测定了黄土-古土壤序列的磁化率曲线,认为洛阳北窑遗址的年代从MIS 7延续到MIS 2,光释光法测年和 ¹⁴ C 测年得出的数据也与这一结果吻合。其中1998年发掘的层位的年龄从MIS 7延续到MIS 4的早期,而不是先前所认为的从MIS 5延续到MIS 3。     

加载速度对强度和破坏机制的影响

岩体力学实验中,加载速度对岩体力学性质的影响是很重要的。许多岩体力学工作者,利用岩块和模型材料,进行了大量有关室内加载速度对岩体力学性质影响的研究,为室内岩块力学试验和野外原位岩体力学试验选取合理加载速度提供了依据。目前,基本上从应变速率和应力速率两方面去研究加载速度对岩体力学性能的影响。这两方面的研究都认为随着应变速率和应力速率的增加,岩块和岩体的强度、变形模量也相应增加,不同的是峰值强度以后的破坏后效不同。     

Organic carbon stocks and erosion in the soils of Guangdong,South China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and erosion in South China at the regional scale in the past decades remains far from being understood. This paper calculated the SOC density, storage and erosion in 14 soil classes in Guangdong Province, South China, based on statistical data from the soil survey and soil erosion survey of Guangdong, which was performed in the 1990s. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationships between soil classes and SOC erosion at the regional scale. The results indicated that the SOC density in the soils of Guangdong varied from 12.7 to 144.9 Mg ha^?1 over the entire profile and from 12.6 to 68.4 Mg ha^?1 in the top 20-cm soil layer. The average area-weighted SOC density in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and the entire profile was 32 ± 3 and 86 ± 4 Mg ha^?1, respectively. The total SOC storage was 1.27 ± 0.06 Pg, with 35.6 % (0.46 ± 0.04 Pg) located in the topsoil. The average area-weighted strength of the SOC erosion in the 1990s was 20.6 ± 0.8 Mg km^?2 year^?1. The results indicated that SOC erosion was strongly related to soil class.     

天然气水合物成因探讨

天然气水合物是未来的能源资源。其分布于极地地区、深海地区及深水湖泊中。在海洋里,天然气水合物主要分布于外大陆边缘和洋岛的周围,其分布与近代火山的分布范围具有一致性。同位素组成表明天然气水合物甲烷主要是由自养产甲烷菌还原CO₂形成的。典型的大陆边缘沉积物有机碳含量低（＜0．5％～1．0％）,不足以产生天然气水合物带高含量的甲烷。赋存天然气水合物的沉积物时代主要为晚中新世-晚上新世,具有一定的时限性,并且天然气水合物与火山灰或火山砂共存,表明其形成与火山-热液体系有一定联系。火山与天然气水合物空间上的一致性表明,天然气水合物甲烷的底物可能主要是由洋底火山喷发带来的CO2。由前人研究结果推断 HCO^－₃在脱去两个O原子的同时,可能发生了亲核重排,羟基 H原子迁移到 C原子上,形成了甲酰基（HCO^－）,使甲烷的第一个 H原子来源于水。探讨了甲烷及其水合物的形成机制,提出了天然气水合物成因模型。     

临安一次沙尘暴过程影响气溶胶物理化学特性演变的初步分析

文章利用2002年3月29日～4月4日在浙江临安大气本底污染监测站观测的气溶胶粒子质量谱、离子与元素成分的数据,结合TOMS卫星的气溶胶指数资料和轨迹模式,重点分析在北方沙尘暴输送影响期间临安气溶胶质量浓度尺度分布的演变特点以及气溶胶化学成分与不同空气来源的关系。初步分析结果显示,受北方沙尘暴天气影响,临安气溶胶质量浓度、离子、元素浓度有明显的尺度分布演变。这种演变与污染物来源和大气污染物的气粒转化有关。沙尘影响前和结束后临安地区气溶胶主要以细粒子为主(<2.1μm),峰值粒径0.65～2.1μm,而受北方地区的沙尘暴影响,峰值粒径偏移到2.1～3.3μm,且在7～11μm间出现另一个峰值,同时临安气溶胶粗粒子中矿物元素显著增加。从离子成分看,在整个观测期间SO^2-₄与NH⁺₄在细粒子段有很好的一致性,而SO^2-₄,NO^-₃与Ca²⁺在粗粒子段有很好的相关,尤其是沙尘影响期间NO^-₃与Ca²⁺有很好的对应关系,表现出较明显的表面非均相反应特征     

陕西秦岭翠华山泉水化学成分研究

为了研究泉水化学成分特点和在一年内的变化,文章利用pH-电导率自动记录仪对陕西秦岭翠华山地区两处泉水化学成分进行了每月2次的观测,并进行了水化学分析。翠华山泉水中HCO-3含量在76.27～152.55mg/L之间,Ca_²⁺含量在14.48～26.92mg/L之间,Mg²⁺含量在4.46～4.89mg/L之间,K⁺含量在0.60～2.75mg/L之间,Na⁺含量在0.93～1.09mg/L之间,这些成分的特点是含量低。泉水pH值在6.98～5.69之间,夏秋季低于该区雨水的pH值,具酸性特征,这是该区地层主要由片麻岩构成决定的。从1月到11月,水秋池村泉水pH值和电导率呈现由大到小再到大的变化规律,引起这种变化的主要原因是夏秋季土壤CO₂含量比冬春季高,泉水在夏秋季流动过程中吸收了较多的CO₂。翠华湖西泉水pH值和Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺,Na⁺离子含量比水秋池泉水高,从1月到11月Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺,Na⁺离子含量变化与水秋池泉水变化相反,这应当是两个泉水的来源不同或在流动过程中遇到了酸碱性不同的土层和地层造成的。翠华山地区泉水化学成分变化是易于观测到的规律性很强的变化。     

二十二万年以来东亚夏季风的千年尺度变化及其在不同时期的差异

本文采用游离铁和全铁的比值,建立了0．220MaB．P．以来长武黄土-古土壤序列的高分辨率古风化强度序列,揭示出0．220MaB．P．以来黄土高原古环境发生了一系列千年尺度的变化,且多数在同一剖面的磁化率记录上没有明显反映或反映较弱。由于该地区冬季土壤温度低于0℃,化学风化的强度主要受控于夏季的温度和降水。据此我们认为,这种千年尺度的波动是东亚古夏季风强度变化的信号。此指标与格陵兰GRIP冰芯δ¹⁸O记录对比发现,二者在末次冰期有较好的吻合性,而夏季风在末次间冰期(深海氧同位素阶段5e)及以前的变化要平缓得多。因此,本文的结果显示出：0．220MaB．P．以来,东亚夏季风在千年尺度上的大幅度变化在末次冰期最为显著,此前则表现为一种较为稳定的模式。     

THE HISTORY OF TETHYS IN THE LATE PALEOZOIC-EARLY MESOZOIC AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PANGEA

The Terra Nova ultrapotassic igneous rocks of northeastern Brazil consist of two dike swarms (alkali-feldspar syenites to quartz syenites and alkali-feldspar granites) and one elongated E-W syenitic body (the Serra do Livramento pluton), which intruded metasediments of the Cachoeirinha-Salgueiro fold belt from 580 to 514 Ma. Mafic ultrapotassic syenite enclaves are recorded in the Serra do Livramento and Terra Nova shoshonitic plutons, both of which are cut by the dike swarms.

Mineralogically, Terra Nova ultrapotassic hypabyssal rocks resemble shoshonitic lamprophyres. Pyroxene is present in all facies; the clinopyroxenes are zoned, SiO₂ saturated, and Al₂O₃ poor (0.12 to 1.15%), and range from earlier diopside to late acmite. Amphiboles are characterized by high SiO₂ and low Al₂O₃ (0.20 to 2.00%) and TiO₂ (0.0 to 1.76%) contents; their compositions range from calcic to alkaline. The late amphiboles are riebeckite-arfvedsonites instead of K-richterites, as expected in ultrapotassic rocks, reflecting the early crystallization of K-feldspar.

The syenitic-facies rocks are mostly peralkaline, whereas the granites are metaluminous. The syenites have high concentrations of incompatible elements (Ba, Sr, and Rb) and light-rare-earth-element (LREE) concentrations lower than for typical ultrapotassic rocks, with chondrite-normalized Ce/Yb ratios of 10 to 20 and wide variation in the La/Ta ratios (40 to 250). The granites have lower incompatible-element contents and La/Ta ratios (20 to 60) than do the syenites.

Syenites from the dike swarm exhibit high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7106), whereas εNd, values for the ultrapotassic mafic enclaves range from -1.1 to -3.7, suggesting that the enclaves and the syenites have different sources.

Field evidence, combined with geochemical data, shows that the granites and the syenites alternate in space and time, suggesting that syenites and granites cannot be associated by either fractional crystallization or partial melting of the same source. The syenites probably represent partial melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, modified by subduction-zone fluids and crustal metasediments during the early stages of a Brasiliano (Pan-African) collisional event. Low-degree partial melting of a metasomatized lower crust appears to be the source of the granites.     

北京城区和远郊区大气气溶胶的相似性研究

文章通过对北京城区和远郊区采集的气溶胶样品物理化学性质的分析,考察了两地气溶胶性质的相似性。 样品于2001年9月7～16日,11月3～27日,2002年1月30日～2月6日和2003年1月28日～5月21日分别在北 京舞蹈学院(城区)和昌平昭陵(远郊区)进行采集。根据元素富集因子(EF)的分析,几大类元素的源相似,自然源和 人为源对其均有重要的贡献。当然,在两地的大气气溶胶浓度是不同的。秋季总悬浮颗粒物平均浓度城区为177.1 g/m3,远郊区为117.4g/m3。城区气溶胶细粒子Pm².5质量浓度冬季为153g/m3,秋季为124.3g/m3。城区和 远郊区的大气气溶胶中各类元素占所测元素的百分数相近。两地主要元素百分数序列均为(Fe,Ca,Al)>(K,Na, Mg,Cl)>(S,Sb,As)>(Br,Ba,V,Pb),前3项之和超过94%。城、远郊区大气气溶胶质量浓度和元素浓度的粒径分 布也很相似。用Andersen9级采样器采集的气溶胶质量浓度PM10占其总质量浓度PM(A总)的95%以上,Pm².1/ PM10>62%。可见,气溶胶中可吸入颗粒物占绝对优势,而可吸入颗粒物又以细粒子为主。细粒子中以人为污染元 素S,As,Pb,Br和Zn为主,其Pm².1/PM10>60%,最高可达90%。气溶胶细粒子Pm².5的污染是区域性的。在城 区北京舞蹈学院单点监测的Pm².5,一定程度上可反应出北京市区Pm².