Evaluation of the solute geothermometry of thermal springs and drilled wells of La Primavera (Cerritos Colorados) geothermal field,Mexico: A geochemometrics approach

A detailed study on the solute geothermometry of thermal water (18 springs and 8 drilled wells) of La Primavera geothermal field (LPGF) in Mexico has been carried out by employing a geochemical database compiled from the literature and by applying all the available solute geothermometers. The performance of these geothermometers in predicting the reservoir temperatures has been evaluated by applying a geochemometrics (geochemical and statistical) method. The springs of the LPGF are of bicarbonate type and the majority have attained partial-equilibrium chemical conditions and the remaining have shown non-equilibrium conditions. In the case of geothermal wells, water is dominantly of chloride-type and, among the studied eight geothermal wells, four have shown full-equilibrium chemical conditions and another four have indicated partial-equilibrium conditions. All springs of HCO₃^−​ type water have provided unreliable reservoir temperatures, whereas the only one available spring of SO₄²⁻ type water has provided the reservoir temperature nearer to the average BHT of the wells. Contrary to the general expected behavior, spring water of non-equilibrium and geothermal well water of partial-equilibrium chemical conditions have indicated more reliable reservoir temperatures than those of partially-equilibrated and fully-equilibrated water, respectively. Among the chemical concentration data, Li and SiO₂ of two springs, SO₄²⁻ and Mg of four springs, and HCO₃ and Na concentrations of two geothermal wells were identified as outliers and this has been reflected in very low reservoir temperatures predicted by the geothermometers associated with them (Li–Mg, Na–Li, Na–K–Mg, SiO₂ etc.). Identification of the outlier data points may be useful in differentiating the chemical characteristics, lithology and the physico-chemical and geological processes at the sample locations of the study area.In general, the solute geothermometry of the spring waters of LPGF indicated a dominantly (94%) of underestimated deep reservoir temperatures, whereas in the case of the geothermal wells, many temperatures (54%) are underestimated, some are (43%) overestimated and a very small number (3%) are similar to an average bottom-hole temperatures (BHT) of the wells. 28 out of the total applied 29 geothermometers for spring waters have predicted the deep reservoir temperatures that are characterized by statistically significant large differences compared to the average BHTs of the geothermal wells. In the case of waters of the geothermal wells, 23 out of the total applied 28 geothermometers have predicted the reservoir temperatures similar (statistically no significant differences) to the BHTs of the corresponding geothermal wells.     

砂岩孔隙热储地温场水化学场特征及地热水富集机理——鲁北馆陶组热储典型案例

鲁北平原不同构造单元,具有不同温度、矿化度、特殊化学成分、富水性的地热资源。其中馆陶组热储是区内资源最丰富、开采利用程度最高、规模最大,为最具经济开采价值的热储。正确认识其地温场、水化学场特征及地热水富集机理,成为目前人们最为关心的问题。本文根据对馆陶组热储盖层地温梯度、热储温度变化特征的分析,结合地质构造条件,揭示了地温场温度受断裂构造影响,高温区主要分布在武城-高唐-陵县、宁津-庆云、沾化-孤岛、高青-博兴等凸起区与断裂交汇部位。区内馆陶组地热水化学类型以Cl-Na为主,其次为Cl·SO_4-Na及SO_4·Cl-Na型,矿化度4.07～18.52g/L,pH值7.14～8.1,地热水中含有大量人体健康所需的微量元素。分析认为,区内馆陶组地热水成因为大气降水,蒙脱石向绿泥石转变是地热水中贫钾、贫镁原因,馆陶组热储地热水总体流向为西南流向东北,在各县市城区地热水由四周向城区漏斗中心运移。本文根据地热钻探揭露馆陶组底砾岩深度、厚度及地热井水位、单井涌水量等大量数据的分析,揭示了鲁北平原馆陶组地热水古沉积相环境,并划分出两个大的古河道带:即临清—武城—德州—陵县一线古河道带和沾化—河口—仙河一线古河道带。前者后期受南部高唐凸起和东部埕子口-宁津潜断隆控制,在德州—陵县一带形成了范围较大、岩性颗粒较粗、厚度较大的冲洪积扇区;后者主要受西北部刁口潜凸起、义和庄潜凸起与南部无棣潜凸起控制,在河口—孤岛—仙河一带形成了较大范围岩性颗粒较粗、厚度较大的冲洪积扇区。在下游受陈庄凸起、青坨凸起影响,将古河道带分叉为两部分,南部古河道带分布在利津—东营一带。地热水富水规律与古河道带一致,富水区主要分布在两个古河道带区域,单井涌水量一般大于85m~3/h,且距古河道带越近,含水层砂砾岩埋藏越深,颗粒越粗,富水条件越好;反之,富水条件越差。在古河道带冲洪积扇部位富水条件最好。     

Oxygen isotope composition and geothermometry of granulite to greenschist facies metamorphic rocks: a study from the Neoproterozoic collision-related nappe system, south of São Francisco Craton, SE Brazil

Oxygen isotope studies were carried out across units of a Neoproterozoic nappe system, south of São Francisco Craton. A temperature decrease toward the base of the system is found, consistent with a previously recognized inverted metamorphic pattern. The tectonic contact of the basal unit and the reworked southern São Francisco craton show a steep temperature gradient, suggesting that low temperature thrusting acted as the dominant tectonic process. The contrasts between the δ¹⁸O values of the Três Pontas-Varginha and Carmo da Cachoeira nappes and the differences among the samples and minerals are consistent with the preservation of sedimentary isotopic composition during metamorphism. The small differences in the δ¹⁸O values between the undeformed and the deformed calc-silicate samples (1.6‰) suggest that the δ¹⁸O value of mylonitization fluids was close to that which equilibrated with the metamorphic assemblage. The distinct δ¹⁸O values of metapelitic and calc-silicate samples and the great temperature difference from one type to the other indicate that no large-scale fluid interaction processes occurred during metamorphism. Oxygen isotopic estimations of both Três Pontas-Varginha undeformed rocks and Carmo da Cachoeira unaltered equivalents indicate δ¹⁸O values of up to 18‰. Comparison between these values and those from the ‘basement’ orthogneisses (8.3–8.5‰) indicates the latter are not sources for the metapelites.     

火山岩气藏储层岩相特征及其对储层物性的影响——以徐深气田徐东地区白垩系营城组一段火山岩为例

为了有效预测和开发火山岩气藏储层,以徐深气田徐东地区营城组一段为例,对火山岩岩相特征及其对储层物性的影响进行了分析。在火山岩岩石类型划分基础上,结合地质、测井和地震资料综合分析,识别火山岩体。在火山体内通过单井、剖面和平面地震相、火山岩相特征分析,将研究区火山岩相划分为爆发相、溢流相等5种类型和溅落亚相等16种亚相类型。结果表明,火山岩岩性及其组合是划分火山岩岩相的基础,而火山岩相的空间展布又控制着火山岩气藏有利储层的分布。溢流相顶部、上部和下部亚相、爆发相溅落亚相和空落亚相、侵出相中带、外带亚相和火山通道相的火山颈亚相等为优质储集体发育部位。     

Hydrogeochemical study in the Main Ethiopian Rift: new insights to the source and enrichment mechanism of fluoride

The central Main Ethiopian Rift suffers a severe water quality problem, characterized by an anomalously high fluoride (F) content that causes an endemic fluorosis disease. The current study, conducted in the Ziway–Shala lakes basin, indicates that the F content exceeds the permissible limit for drinking prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO; 1.5 mg/l) in many important wells (up to 20 mg/l), with even more extreme F concentration in hot springs and alkaline lakes (up to 97 and 384 mg/l respectively). The groundwater and surface water from the highlands, typically characterized by low total dissolved solids (TDS) and Ca (Mg)–HCO₃ hydrochemical facies, do not show high F content. The subsequent interaction of these waters with the various rocks of the rift valley induces a general increase of the TDS, and a variation of the chemical signature towards Na–HCO₃ compositions, with a parallel enrichment of F. The interacting matrixes are mainly rhyolites consisting of volcanic glass and only rare F-bearing accessory minerals (such as alkali amphibole). Comparing the abundance and the composition of the glassy groundmass with other mineral phases, it appears that the former stores most of the total F budget. This glassy material is extremely reactive, and its weathering products (i.e. fluvio/volcano-lacustrine sediments) further concentrate the fluoride. The interaction of these “weathered/reworked” volcanic products with water and carbon dioxide at high pH causes the release of fluoride into the interacting water. This mainly occurs by a process of base-exchange softening with the neo-formed clay minerals (i.e. Ca–Mg uptake by the aquifer matrix, with release of Na into the groundwater). This is plausibly the main enrichment mechanism that explains the high F content of the local groundwater, as evidenced by positive correlation between F, pH, and Na, and inverse correlation between F and Ca (Mg). Saturation indices (SI) have been calculated (using PHREEQC-2) for the different water groups, highlighting that the studied waters are undersaturated in fluorite. In these conditions, fluoride cannot precipitate as CaF₂, and so mobilizes freely without forming other complexes. These results have important implications for the development of new exploitation strategies and accurate planning of new drilling sites. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

矿物成分、特征地球化学组分对水在滑带形成中作用的指示意义:以三峡库区大型滑坡为例

弄清滑坡滑带抗剪强度降低的根本原因是滑坡形成机理研究和滑坡活动趋势预测的主要内容之一。水是滑带形成过程中导致其抗剪强度衰减的最活跃因素之一。三峡库区两个大型滑坡实例分析显示,滑带及其周围岩土矿物成分、地球化学成分的变化特征指示滑带形成与水-岩(土)物理、化学作用的方式及作用程度,从而证实矿物学、地球化学研究方法和理论是揭示滑带抗剪强度降低内在机理的有效途径之一。三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江I#崩滑体和泄滩滑坡滑带土及其周围岩土矿物学、主量化学元素的含量变化特征指示:前者滑带形成过程中,滑带部位地下水因大气降水补给、地下水的氧化作用活跃,导致滑带土抗剪强度减低,其主要原因是其中泥灰岩碎屑的水解泥化作用、方解石溶解作用和伊利石向伊-蒙混层矿物的转化作用;后者滑带形成过程中,滑带部位地下水与外界水力联系较差、地下水的还原作用强烈,滑带部位长石化学风化、次生粘土矿物增多,可知由伊利石转化的伊-蒙混层矿物增多是导致滑带土抗剪强度衰减的主要原因。