塔里木盆地晚第三纪-第四纪沉积特征、构造变形与石油地质意义

通过对塔里木盆地晚第三纪-第四纪沉积环境、沉积中心分布特征、构造变形特征及其动力学成因的分析,认为塔里木盆地晚第三纪-第四纪的沉积和构造变形过程明显受控于阿合奇-西昆仑-阿尔金左行剪切挤压构造。它加速了生油岩的成熟过程,形成新的背斜和断层圈闭构造,而且还控制了新生代油气的运移和聚集。非构造圈闭和断层遮挡圈闭所形成的次生油气藏是巴楚断隆的有利勘探目标。     

广西全州地区晚泥盆世牙形石和腕足类生物地层

广西东北部泥盆系发育良好,化石丰富,对研究中国华南地区泥盆纪生物地层具有重要意义。对广西全州地区东山剖面上泥盆统佘田桥组、锡矿山组和孟公坳组进行了系统的化石采集及室内分析,共获得104枚牙形石化石和34件腕足类化石。经鉴定,牙形石共21属19种,腕足类化石共6属9种。根据化石种属在东山剖面上的分布,自下而上可划分出8个牙形石带:Icriodus brecis带,Schmidtognathus hermanni-Polygnathus cristatus带,Schmidtognatus wittekindtii带,Palmatolepis linguiformis带,Palmatolepis triangularis带,Palmatolepis rhomboidea带,Icriodus cornutus带和Palmatolepis gracilis manca-Rhodalepis polylophodontiformis带,指示研究区内佘田桥组、锡矿山组、孟公坳组分别对应国际年代地层单位的弗拉斯阶上部、法门阶下部和法门阶中上部,并通过Palmatolepis triangularis的首现确立了该地区弗拉斯阶和法门阶(F-F)的界线;在东山剖面共划分出2个腕足类组合带:弓石燕(Cyrtospirifer)组合带和云南贝(Yunnanella)-帐幕石燕(Tenticosififer)组合带,它们分别与东山剖面中牙形石Palmatolepis falsiovalis-Palmatolepis linguiformis带、Palmatolepis rhomboidea-Palmatolepis marginifera带对应。     

Geological investigation and optical dating of Quaternary siliciclastic sediments near Apalachicola,North‐west Florida,USA

Ground penetrating radar and single‐aliquot regenerative‐dose optically stimulated luminescence were used to determine the depositional environments and age of unconsolidated siliciclastic sediments near Apalachicola, Florida. Five direct‐push cores, five vibracores and 28 optically stimulated luminescence samples were collected, as well as 7 km of ground penetrating radar data. A new model of cosmic dose rate calculation, which removes the effect of a much younger aeolian cap, was utilized to calculate more representative optically stimulated luminescence ages. Five radar facies were identified based on reflector amplitude and orientation. The resulting data indicate that the Tertiary/Quaternary Shelly Sediments were deposited before marine isotope stage 6, the Quaternary Alluvium was deposited during marine isotope stage 6 and the Quaternary Beach Ridge and Dune was deposited during the marine isotope stage 5e sea‐level highstand, which peaked at approximately 2·5 m above present sea‐level in this area.     

Geological implications of new biostratigraphic data from East and West Kalimantan, Indonesia

This paper presents palaeontological ages based on new nannofossil and foraminiferal studies from a range of sedimentary rocks from the provinces of West and East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The age of sedimentary rocks in Kalimantan, away from the main hydrocarbon exploration areas of the coastal regions, represents a major gap in our basic knowledge of the island of Borneo. The implications of these new results and existing and new correlations are reviewed and suggested. In particular, the base of the Tertiary section in the Kutai Basin is shown to be upper Middle Eocene in age, rather than Late Eocene as originally thought. The limestones of the Batu Belah member of the Ujoh Bilang Formation are dated as NP24–25, Late Oligocene, rather than Early Oligocene as earlier work had suggested. In the western part of the Mangkalihat Peninsula area the base of the Tertiary section is determined to be Late Oligocene. Various basement units from both East and West Kalimantan contained Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous microfossils.     

ESR,U-series and paleomagnetic dating of Gigantopithecus fauna from Chuifeng Cave,Guangxi, southern China

Several Gigantopithecus faunas associated with taxonomically undetermined hominoid fossils and/or stone artifacts are known from southern China. These faunas are particularly important for the study of the evolution of humans and other mammals in Asia. However, the geochronology of the Gigantopithecus faunas remains uncertain. In order to solve this problem, a program of geochronological studies of Gigantopithecus faunas in Guangxi Province was recently initiated. Chuifeng Cave is the first studied site, which yielded 92 Gigantopithecus blacki teeth associated with numerous other mammalian fossils. We carried out combined ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth and sediment paleomagnetic studies. Our ESR results suggest that the lower layers at this cave can be dated to 1.92 ± 0.14 Ma and the upper layers can be dated to older than 1.38 ± 0.17 Ma. Correlation of the recognized magnetozones to the geomagnetic polarity timescale was achieved by combining magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and ESR data. The combined chronologies establish an Olduvai subchron (1.945–1.778 Ma) for the lowermost Chuifeng Cave sediments. We also analyzed the enamel δ¹³C values of the Gigantopithecus faunas. Our results show that southern China was dominated by C₃ plants during the early Pleistocene and that the Gigantopithecus faunas lived in a woodland-forest ecosystem.     

ESR测年技术在第四纪冰川年代学中的研究综述

近些年,宇宙成因核素暴露年代、光释光和放射性碳埋藏年代等方法在第四纪冰碛物的年代测定中已经取得显著进展.但对于第四纪冰川沉积物10万年甚至百万年以上的冰碛物样品的埋藏年代和暴露年代,由于方法自身问题或沉积物后期地质地貌过程的改造,使上述方法存在定年方面的挑战.而电子自旋共振（ESR）广泛的测年范围,使其在第四纪样品的测年中发挥着不可替代的作用.目前,石英ESR信号的衰退特征已有许多研究进展,但是对于冰碛物中的ESR信号的研究还很少.ESR测年方法由于缺乏测年机理的研究,西方学者和国内一些测年学者对这种方法的定年存有疑虑.因此,我们在典型冰川区开展对冰碛物中石英砂ESR信号变化的机理研究,得到人工研磨可以使ESR信号强度下降到原来值的53%~69%,但并不能使ESR信号完全归零.如果在以后的研究中能够找出这些残留信号值大小,并予以扣除,将会大大提高ESR冰碛物测年精度.在今后的研究中应探求其测年机理,提高测试样品的石英纯度,增强ESR测年信号的精度,使这种方法成为冰碛物交叉测年中独立可信的测年方法之一,为第四纪冰川研究中的老冰碛物的定年提供准确的年代依据.     

江西新余第四纪冲积物石英的电子自旋共振年龄测定结果

新余市南英地区第四纪冲积物发育齐全,属侵蚀阶地保存（图１）,由老到新划分为赣县组、进贤组、莲塘组和联圩组。最近对各组底部砾石层填隙物分别进行了石英粉砂的电子自旋共振（ＥＳＲ）年龄测定。１岩石地层单位简介（１）赣县组（Ｑｐｇ）：原称赣县砾石层,系陈国达、刘辉泗于１９３９年创立的,创名地是赣县江口镇三团。本组下部为灰白色砾石层;中部为桔红色含砾粉砂;上部为桔黄色粘土。下与老第图１新余市南英袁河Ⅰ至Ⅳ级阶地地貌剖面图Ｆｉｇ．１ＧｅｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｏｆｔｅｒｒａｃｅｓＩｔｏＩＶ…     

库车坳陷中部新近系-第四系砾岩层的沉积特征及分布规律

为了解决库车坳陷新近系-第四系砾岩层引起的速度变化和工程决策问题,利用砾岩层野外露头和钻井岩屑等资料,对砾岩层的沉积特征及分布规律进行了系统研究。分别对野外砾岩层和钻井岩屑的厚度、岩性、结构构造及砾石成分进行统计分析,在区域上对各层系的砾岩层进行划分和对比。认为库车坳陷新近系-第四系砾岩层可以划分为四期,具有冲积扇、扇三角洲及冲积平原三种沉积成因,它们的规模、水动力条件及沉积构造等具有较大差异。以冲积扇砾岩层规模大,发育四大物源体系,各物源体系的砾石成分分区明显,砾石粒径随相带分异。库车坳陷砾岩层整体具有纵向上多期次连续发育、相带差异明显,横向上相变快、集中分布的特点,新生代构造演化、构造样式及南北向断裂是控制砾岩层发育、沉积特点及分布规律的主要因素。     

Tectonic implications of paleomagnetic research into Upper Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania

The paleomagnetism of Upper Cretaceous magmatic rocks from 47 collecting sites (172 samples, 692 specimens) in the Apuseni Mountains was studied. After AF cleaning, characteristic magnetizations were identified for various collecting areas in the study zone, which defined a few spatial and temporal units for which paleomagnetic poles could be derived statistically. At 21 sampling sites the paleomagnetic directions showed a high level of intrasite and intersite consistency, with a mean direction of I_f = −38° and D_f = −100°, with ₉₅ = 6°. The paleomagnetic results show that to reach their present-day position the Apuseni Mountains moved to the north, around 14° with respect to Europe, or around 25° with respect to the geographic poles, between the Campanian and, probably, Late Miocene, while a clockwise rotation, of around 80°, was taking place.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷新近系和第四系沉积特征及演化*

在野外露头观察和岩心描述的基础上,结合测井、地震和三维电法资料分析,认为塔里木盆地库车坳陷新近系和第四系共发育冲积扇、冲积平原、扇三角洲和湖泊4种沉积相类型;每一种沉积相可以进一步划分为若干沉积亚相和微相。新近纪吉迪克期,古近纪形成的湖泊开始向南部退缩,扇三角洲分布在山前地区;新近纪康村期基本继承了吉迪克期的沉积格局,扇三角洲的分布范围较吉迪克期大;新近纪库车期,构造抬升导致湖泊快速萎缩,山体隆升并遭受剥蚀,为冲积扇的形成提供物源,从山前到盆地中心依次为冲积扇、冲积平原和湖泊;第四纪,湖泊完全消失,以冲积扇沉积为主,冲积平原仅分布在西盐水沟-东盐水沟一线南部地区。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷新近系泥岩稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

详细研究渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷新近系馆陶组和明化镇组泥岩的稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明：样品稀土总量为146.2×10^-6～317.1×10^-6,平均值为223.3×10^-6;w(LREE)/w(HREE)为8.1～14.5,平均值为11.5,相对富集LREE;Eu为明显负异常;δCe基本正常。δCe和Ce_anom值的变化反映馆陶组和明化镇组为陆相沉积,水介质条件为富氧环境。稀土元素分布模式、组合特征及其与燕山褶皱带地区不同时代(期)花岗岩和中酸性火山岩稀土元素的对比结果表明：馆陶组和明化镇组地层的物源基本相同,主要来自凹陷北部燕山褶皱带地区于燕山期发育的中酸性火山岩和花岗岩体,少部分来自沉积岩。与不同构造环境杂砂岩的稀土元素特征的对比结果及δCe的特征表明南堡凹陷新近系源区属性为活动大陆边缘背景。     

吉林伊通盆地靠山镇地区第四系地质调查进展

中国地质调查局沈阳地质调查中心承担的"辽东-吉中地区区域地质调查"二级项目之"吉林1:5万景家台等三幅区域地质调查"在吉林省伊通盆地靠山镇地区开展了第四系地质调查工作,主要任务是查明第四系物质组成、地层结构等特征,研究第四纪地质环境演化过程,调查黑土地形成与地质背景的关系,取得了重要的进展.     

The Neogene and Quaternary of England: landscape evolution,tectonics, climate change and their expression in the geological record

During the Neogene and Quaternary, tectonic and climatic processes have had a profound impact upon landscape evolution in England and, perhaps as far back as 0.9 Ma, patterns of early human occupation. Until the Late Miocene, large-scale plate tectonic processes were the principal drivers of landscape evolution causing localised basin inversion and widespread exhumation. This drove, in places, the erosion of several kilometres of Mesozoic cover rocks and the development of a regional unconformity across England and the North Sea Basin. By the Pliocene, the relative influence of tectonics on landscape evolution waned as the background tectonic stress regime evolved and climatic influences became more prominent. Global-scale climate-forcing increased step-wise during the Plio-Pleistocene amplifying erosional and depositional processes that operated within the landscape. These processes caused differential unloading (uplift) and loading (subsidence) of the crust (‘denudational isostasy’) in areas undergoing net erosion (upland areas and slopes) and deposition (basins). Denudational isostasy amplified during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (c.0.9 Ma) as landscapes become progressively synchronised to large-scale 100 ka ‘eccentricity’ climate forcing. Over the past 0.5 Ma, this has led to the establishment of a robust climate record of individual glacial/interglacial cycles enabling comparison to other regional and global records. During the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition and early Holocene (c.16–7 ka), evidence for more abrupt (millennial/centennial) scale climatic events has been discovered. This indicates that superimposed upon the longer-term pattern of landscape evolution is a more dynamic response of the landscape to local and regional drivers.     

Integrated biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic framework for Upper Cretaceous strata of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain, USA

Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-Maastrichtian stages) strata of the eastern US Gulf Coastal Plain represent a relatively complete section of marine to nonmarine mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments. This section includes three depositional sequences which display characteristic systems tracts and distinct physical defining surfaces. The marine lithofacies are rich in calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera which can be used for biostratigraphic zonation. Integration of this zonation with the lithostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of these strata results in a framework that can be used for local and regional intrabasin correlation and potentially for global interbasin correlation. Only the synchronous maximum flooding surfaces of these depositional sequences, however, have chronostratigraphic significance. The sequence boundaries and initial flooding surfaces are diachronous, and their use for correlation can produce conflicting results. The availability of high resolution biostratigraphy is critical for global correlation of depositional sequences.     

Mapping Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary deposits in northeastern Brazil by integrating geophysics,remote sensing and geological field data

Neogene and late Quaternary sedimentary deposits corresponding respectively to the Barreiras Formation and Post-Barreiras Sediments are abundant along the Brazilian coast. Such deposits are valuable for reconstructing sea level fluctuations and recording tectonic reactivation along the passive margin of South America. Despite this relevance, much effort remains to be invested in discriminating these units in their various areas of occurrence. The main objective of this work is to develop and test a new methodology for semi-automated mapping of Neogene and late Quaternary sedimentary deposits in northeastern Brazil integrating geophysical and remote sensing data. The central onshore Paraíba Basin was selected due to the recent availability of a detailed map based on the integration of surface and subsurface geological data. We used airborne gamma-ray spectrometry (i.e., potassium-K and thorium-Th concentration) and morphometric data (i.e., relief–dissection, slope and elevation) extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) generated by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The procedures included: (a) data integration using geographic information systems (GIS); (b) exploratory statistical analyses, including the definition of parameters and thresholds for class discrimination for a set of sample plots; and (c) development and application of a decision-tree classification. Data validation was based on: (i) statistical analysis of geochemical and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data consisting of K and Th concentrations; and (ii) map validation with the support of a confusion matrix, overall accuracy, as well as quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement for accuracy assessment based on field points. The concentration of K successfully separated the sedimentary units of the basin from Precambrian basement rocks. The relief–dissection morphometric variable allowed the discrimination between the Barreiras Formation and the Post-Barreiras Sediments. In addition, two units of the latter (i.e., PB1 and PB2) previously mapped in the field were promptly separated based on Th concentration. A regression analysis indicated that the relationship between geophysical and geochemical values obtained for the PB1, PB2 and Barreiras Formation is significant (R-squared = 0.91; p-value <0.05). Map validation presented a high overall accuracy of 84%, with a coefficient of quantity disagreement of 12% and a coefficient of allocation disagreement of 8%. These results indicate that the methodology applied in the central onshore Paraíba Basin can be successfully used for mapping the Barreiras Formation and Post-Barreiras Sediments in other areas of the Brazilian coast. The ability to rapidly and precisely map these units using such methodology could reveal their geographic distribution along the northeastern coast of Brazil.     

藏西北黑石北湖一带新近纪火山岩的特征及构造意义

青藏高原西北部黑石北湖一带发育的橄榄安粗岩系列火山岩具有由早到晚从基性到中性连续演化的特征，3期火山活动期次分明，以中心式喷发为主，K-Ar年龄分别为9．23Ma、3．19Ma和3Ma。该火山岩的稀土元素、微量元素、同位素组成特征与藏北其他地区的新生代火山岩基本相近。火山活动为新构造活动的响应，受控于青藏高原隆升过程中产生的走滑断裂。