Relative Efficiency of Single-Outlier Discordancy Tests for Processing Geochemical Data on Reference Materials and Application to Instrumental Calibrations by a Weighted Least-Squares Linear Regression Model

Numerous studies report geochemical data on reference materials (RMs) processed by outlier-based methods that use univariate discordancy tests. However, the relative efficiency of the discordancy tests is not precisely known. We used an extensive geochemical database for thirty-five RMs from four countries (Canada, Japan, South Africa and USA) to empirically evaluate the performance of nine single-outlier tests with thirteen test variants. It appears that the kurtosis test (N15) is the most powerful test for detecting discordant outliers in such geochemical RM databases and is closely followed by the Grubbs type tests (N1 and N4) and the skewness test (N14). The Dixon-type tests (N7, N8, N9 and N10) as well as the Grubbs type test (N2) depicted smaller global relative efficiency criterion values for the detection of outlying observations in this extensive database. Upper discordant outliers were more common than the lower discordant outliers, implying that positively skewed inter-laboratory geochemical datasets are more frequent than negatively skewed ones and that the median, a robust central tendency indicator, is likely to be biased especially for small-sized samples. Our outlier-based procedure should be useful for objectively identifying discordant outliers in many fields of science and engineering and for interpreting them accordingly. After processing these databases by single-outlier discordancy tests and obtaining reliable estimates of central tendency and dispersion parameters of the geochemical data for the RMs in our database, we used these statistical data to apply a weighted least-squares linear regression (WLR) model for the major element determinations by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and compared the WLR results with an ordinary least-squares linear regression model. An advantage in using our outlier procedure and the new concentration values and uncertainty estimates for these RMs was clearly established.     

Discriminating four tectonic settings: Five new geochemical diagrams for basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks based on log — ratio transformation of major-element data

We present five new discriminant function diagrams based on an extensive database representative of basic and ultrabasic rocks from four tectonic settings of island arc, continental rift, ocean-island, and mid-ocean ridge. These diagrams were obtained after log_e-transformation of concentration ratios of major-elements — a technique recommended for a correct statistical treatment of compositional data. Higher % success rates (overall values from ∼ 83 to 97%) were obtained for proposing these new diagrams as compared to those (∼82 to 94%) obtained from the discriminant analysis of the raw major-element concentration data (i.e., without the log_e-transformation and without taking ratios of the compositional data, but using exactly the same database to provide an unbiased comparison), suggesting that such a data transformation constitutes a statistically correct and recommended technique. The new diagrams also resulted in less mis-classification of basic and ultrabasic rocks from known tectonic settings than the diagrams obtained from the raw data. The use of these highly successful new discriminant function diagrams is illustrated using Miocene to Recent basic and ultrabasic rocks from three areas of Mexico with complex or controversial tectonic settings (Mexican Volcanic Belt, Los Tuxtlas volcanic field, and Eastern Alkaline Province), as well as older rocks from three areas (Deccan, Malani, and Bastar) of India. Additionally, the major-element data from two ‘known’ continental arc settings are used to show that they are similar to those from the island arc setting. Continental rift setting is inferred for all Mexican cases and for one cratonic area of India (Malani) and an IAB setting for the Bastar craton. The Deccan flood basalt province of India is used to warn against an indiscriminate use of those discrimination diagrams that do not explicitly include the likely setting of the area under evaluation. An Excel template is also provided for an easy application of these new diagrams for discriminating the four settings considered in this work.     

Statistical evaluation of tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams for granitic rocks and proposal of new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid rocks

The four tectonic discrimination diagrams of Pearce et al. [Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956–983] for granitic rocks were first evaluated using the literature cited by these authors as well as from our new database. The first diagram (Y?Nb) cannot discriminate volcanic-arc and collision settings. Both Y?Nb and Yb?Ta diagrams have an overlapping field for within-plate and ocean-ridge granitoids. The remaining two diagrams (Y?+?Nb?Rb and Yb?+?Ta?Rb) use a mobile element (Rb) in their y-axis. Although these diagrams successfully discriminate volcanic-arc and within-plate granites, they perform less well for collision tectonics. Besides, felsic or acid rocks are scarce in ocean-ridge settings, which limits the usefulness of these diagrams for this geological environment. Therefore, using an extensive database, we proposed a set of five new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid magmas from four tectonic settings (island arc, continental arc, continental rift, and collision). The very similar tectonic settings of island and continental arcs are discriminated for the first time. These diagrams are based on correct statistical treatment of compositional data, because they use natural logarithm transformation of major-element ratios and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The use of discordant outlier-free samples prior to LDA improved the success rates by about 3–5%. Success rates of these diagrams as inferred from a testing set were between 76% and 88% for island arc, 60% and 92% for continental arc, and 72% and 84% for both continental rift and collision settings. Finally, application of these new diagrams to case studies not compiled in our initial database used for constructing these diagrams provided the following results: a collision setting for the Himalayas at about 30 Ma; an island arc setting for Quaternary acid rocks from geothermal boreholes in El Salvador; an island- or continental-arc setting for northern Italy at 35–52 Ma; a continental-arc setting for the Italy–Austria border at about 30 Ma; either a rift or a collision setting for northern Nigeria at about 164 Ma; a collision setting for central Nigeria at about 144 Ma and for the Cretaceous Masirah ophiolites of Oman; and an island arc setting for the Cretaceous Semail ophiolites of Oman. In spite of the relative mobility of major elements, these applications suggest utility of the new discrimination diagrams for all four tectonic settings.     

Quality control in geochemistry from a comparison of four central tendency and five dispersion estimators and example of a geochemical reference material

Data quality control in geochemistry constitutes a fundamental problem that is still to be solved from the application of statistics and computation. We used refined Monte Carlo simulations of 10,000 replications and 190 independent experiments for sample sizes of 5 to 100. Statistical contaminations of 1 to 4 observations were used to compare 9 statistical parameters (4 central tendency—mean, median, trimean, and Gastwirth mean, and 5 dispersion estimates—standard deviation, median absolute deviation, S _n , Q _n , and \( {\widehat{\sigma}}_n \)). The presence of discordant observations in the data arrays rendered the outlier-based and robust parameters to disagree with each other. However, when the mean and standard deviation (outlier-based parameters) were estimated from censored data arrays obtained after the identification and separation of outlying observations, they generally provided a better estimate of the population than the robust estimates obtained from the original data arrays. This inference is contrary to the general belief, and therefore, reasons for the better performance of the outlier-based methods as compared to the robust methods are suggested. However, when all parameters were estimated from censored arrays and appropriate precise and accurate correction factors put forth in this work were applied, all of them became fully consistent, i.e., the mean agreed with the median, trimean and Gastwirth mean, and the standard deviation with the median absolute deviation, S _n , Q _n , and \( {\widehat{\sigma}}_n \). An example of inter-laboratory chemical data for a Hawaiian reference material BHVO-1 included sample sizes from 5 to 100, which showed that small samples of up to 20 provide inconsistent estimates, whereas larger samples of 20–100, especially >40, were more appropriate for estimating statistical parameters through robust or outlier-based methods. Although all statistical estimators provided consistent results, our simulation study shows that it is better to use the censored sample mean and population standard deviation as the best estimates.     

Evaluation of two multidimensional discrimination diagrams from beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico and their application to Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks

Two discriminant-function-based multidimensional major-element diagrams for the tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments were recently published from a coherent statistical methodology of log_e-ratio transformation and linear discriminant analysis. These diagrams were constructed based on worldwide examples of Neogene–Quaternary siliciclastic sediments from known tectonic settings. In this work, these two tectonic discrimination diagrams were first successfully tested from Holocene (<0.0117–0 Ma) beach and deep-sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. These diagrams were used to decipher tectonic settings of 11 case studies of the Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks (~512–2800 Ma) from Argentina, USA, Ghana, Spain, Norway, India, China, and Australia. The test and application results obtained from these discrimination diagrams were generally consistent with the geology of the Precambrian source areas. Therefore, the two multidimensional diagrams can be considered as a useful tool for successfully discriminating the tectonic setting of older sedimentary basins, which may consist of one or more tectonic assemblages. Comparison of results of this study with the previously published tectonic discrimination diagrams is illustrated and the probable reasons for some inconsistent inferences were also discussed.     

Constraints on phase diagram topology for the system CaO−MgO−SiO2−CO2−H2O

Published phase diagrams for the siliceous carbonate system CaO–MgO–SiO₂–CO₂–H₂O are contradictory because of different estimates of the relative stability of magnesite. Experimental data on magnesite are too ambiguous to determine the validity of these estimates. Therefore, field evidence is used to select the correct phase diagram topology for siliceous carbonate and carbonate ultramafic rocks at pressures of about 2–5 kbar. The primary selection criterion is provided by the existence of the stable assemblage talc+dolomite+forsterite+tremolite+antigorite, which occurs in the Bergell contact aureole and Swiss Central Alps. Field evidence also is used to argue that the reaction magnesite+quartz=enstatite must occur at lower temperature than the reaction dolomite+quartz=diopside. T-X _{CO 2} and P _{CO 2}-T phase diagrams consistent with these observations are calculated from experimental and thermo-dynamic data. For antigorite ophicarbonate rocks, remarkable agreement is obtained between the spatial distribution of low variance mineral assemblages and the calculated diagrams.     

Discordant ultramafic pegmatoidal pipes in the Bushveld Complex

Discordant ultramafic pipes cut most of the layered sequence of the Bushveld Complex. We have studied one pipe in detail, the Tweefontein pipe, which cuts the Critical Zone, eastern Bushveld Complex, because it is well-exposed in a new road cutting. Field relations suggest that these pipes were emplaced while the layered rocks were extremely hot and incapable of brittle failure. The existence of displaced chromitite and anorthosite fragments in this discordant body is suggestive of an intrusive magmatic, rather than metasomatic, mode of emplacement. Initial Sr isotopic ratios of plagioclase from the pipe are in the range 0.7073 to 0.7079, which contrast with typical ratios of 0.7055 to 0.7065 for the Critical Zone, and >0.708 for Main Zone. These data preclude an origin for the pipe as residual magmas from the adjacent layered rocks. The compositions of, and extensive exsolution in, pyroxenes in the pipe indicate temperatures of formation comparable to those of the layered sequence itself, and that they underwent slow cooling comparable to the surrounding layered rocks, such that they both have similar closure temperatures. Preferential replacement of leuconoritic layers suggests a temperature of emplacement in excess of the plagioclase–pyroxene cotectic temperature. The per mil δ¹⁸O difference between plagioclase and pyroxene (Δ_plag–px) for samples from within the pipes ranges from 0.4 to 1.0, and averages 0.7 (for nine pairs), compared to Δ_plag–px of 0.4 to 0.6 for host rocks, again consistent with magmatic temperatures of formation. Oxygen isotope ratios for plagioclase and pyroxene in the pipes and layered host rocks are comparable, and preclude a significant fluid contribution from metamorphosed sediments in the floor of the Bushveld Complex in the formation of the primary mineralogy. The presence of hornblende, and occasional higher Δ_plag–px values than in the normal layered sequence rocks suggest lower temperature equilibration in the pipe, probably in the presence of a fluid. Higher absolute δ¹⁸O values for both minerals in a few of the pipe and host samples suggest reaction with a later fluid. These discordant ultramafic pipes are considered to form by emplacement of magma batches, which are Sr-isotopically distinct from those which produced the adjacent layered rocks of the Bushveld Complex, but were nevertheless extremely closely related in time to the main intrusive events. Dissolution of host rocks, rather than purely mechanical dilation, provided the space for pipe emplacement. However, the pipe may have acted ultimately as a channelway for low-temperature hydrothermal fluids related to later faulting in the immediate vicinity. Received: 10 October 1998 / Accepted: 22 May 2000     

Reducing the dimensionality of compositional data sets

The high-dimensionality of many compositional data sets has caused geologists to look for insights into the observed patterns of variability through two dimension-reducing procedures: (i)the selection of a few subcompositions for particular study, and (ii)principal component analysis. After a brief critical review of the unsatisfactory state of current statistical methodology for these two procedures, this paper takes as a starting point for the resolution of persisting difficulties a recent approach to principal component analysis through a new definition of the covariance structure of a composition. This approach is first applied for expository purposes to a small illustrative compositional data set and then to a number of larger published geochemical data sets. The new approach then leads naturally to a method of measuring the extent to which a subcomposition retains the pattern of variability of the whole composition and so provides a criterion for the selection of suitable subcompositions. Such a selection process is illustrated by application to geochemical data sets.     

Strontium isotopic and chemical variations of the granitic rocks in the Tsukuba district,Japan

Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, major and trace element compositions have been determined for the Paleogene granitic rocks in the Tsukuba district, Japan. Isotopic ages strongly suggest that the granitic rocks (seven units) were continuously emplaced and solidified during a short time interval. Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios for seven granitic units vary from 0.7082 to 0.7132, while sedimentary and metasedimentary country rocks have ratios at the time of granitic magma emplacement ranging from 0.7149 to 0.7298. Continuous linear arrays for the granitic rocks in the diagrams of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios versus some chemical parameters can be explained by either of following two processes. One is the assimilation — fractional crystallization (AFC) process between the parental magma (SiO₂ of 68% and initial ratio of 0.7078) and sedimentary country rocks, and the other is magma mixing process between above parental magma and sediment derived acidic magma (melt) (SiO₂ of 75%). The high initial ratios (0.7078–0.7098) for basic rocks such as gabbro or diorite in the Tsukuba district and the similar characteristics observed in the rocks of Ryoke belt (SW Japan) suggest that the parental magma had the same source region as the basic rocks, probably the lower crustal source.     

磷灰石Eu/Y-Ce:基于大数据的源区类型判别新图解SCIEI北大核心CSCD

磷灰石广泛分布于火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩中,是一种常见的、包含丰富微量元素的副矿物。磷灰石晶格可容纳丰富的微量元素,且因其形成的物理化学条件不同会表现出差异明显的微量元素特征。利用磷灰石微量元素特征可以追踪物质来源和演化。现在常用的方法是利用磷灰石的微量元素绘制二元判别图解,经典判别图解包括Sr-Y、Sr-Mn、Y-(Eu/Eu^(*))和(Ce/Yb)_(N)-REE图解。随着微区测试技术发展,磷灰石微量元素数据日渐丰富,同时由于磷灰石化学成分的复杂性,传统图解已逐渐无法有效利用这些数据所携带的信息,进而无法准确判别其生成环境。建立能准确判别磷灰石物源的新型判别图解故而迫切。近年来,磷灰石微量元素数据的大量积累,为运用以大数据为依托,准确判别磷灰石物源奠定了数据基础。本研究将大数据技术与地球化学数据相结合,共收集整理了1925个代表性磷灰石测试点的微量元素数据,对富碱性火成岩、超镁铁质岩石、镁铁质火成岩、长英质花岗岩、中-低级变质岩、高级变质岩六种类型中磷灰石微量元素数据进行穷举端元处理,共获得7140个磷灰石物源判别图解端元组合,在轮廓系数限定下,进一步有效筛选并提取出能判别磷灰石物源类型的最优图解端元。本文构建了Eu/Y-Ce磷灰石判别新图解,相较于之前的磷灰石判别图解,其涵盖了更全面的物源类型,可以更准确地判别源区类型。     

A Petrochemical Approach to Discrimination between Ortho—and Para—metamorphites

There are a variety of approaches to the restoration of the primary rocks,but various discrimina-tion diagrams or functional formulae have a limit on their application and discrimination accuracy.On the basis of statistical analyses in conjunction with the advantages of various discrimination dia-grams,this paper presents a new functional discriminant:Dy=-2lgA 1gE-0.5lgF-2lgM 3lgC 5.5lgN 1.5lgK-Z.The above discriminant can be rewritten as :Dy=lg EC^3N^5.5K^1.5/A^2F^0.5M^2-Z This discriminant is not applicable to sedimentary rocks,particularly those enriched in Ca, and Mg rich ultrabasic rocks.In this study 1640 typical rock samples and 126 sedimentary (metasedimentary )rock samples and 126 volcanogenic iron ore samples were tested with the above described discriminant .The results obtained are satisfactory with the exception of feldspar sandstone.The discrimination rates for various types of rocks are in the range of 85-95% or more with a total discrimination rate of 91.7%.This paper analyzes the factors leading to wrong discrimination and also points out that coarse detrital rocks,weathered volcanic rocks,volcanic fine detrital rocks of two different material sources and Ca-rich sedimentary rocks are easy to suffer wrong discrimination.     

Complex magma sources of late Mesozoic granites along the southern margin of the North China Craton: constraints from geochemistry and geochronology of the massive Heyu and Lantian plutons

ABSTRACT

Mesozoic granitoid rocks in the eastern Qinling terrane along the southern margin of the North China Craton are significant for understanding geodynamics processes related to lithospheric delamination in the Late Mesozoic. In addition, these rocks have close genetic association with the largest Mo-(Au-Ag) polymetallic mineralization belt in China. In the present study, zircon U-Pb ages and elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry are reported for two representative granite plutons (Heyu and Lantian) exposed in the eastern Qinling terrane. Granitoid rocks from both plutons are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and are classified as I-type granite with formation ages of 145 ~ 135 Ma and 150 Ma, respectively. These rocks are characterized by adakite-like affinity without significant Eu anomalies. Both plutons have relatively high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging between 0.7063 and 0.7109 and variable ε_Nd(t) values of – 29.2 to – 6.5. Their Pb isotopic compositions are comparable to those of old high-grade metamorphic basement rocks from the North China Craton but are different from those of country rocks from the Xiong’er and Taihua groups. These features indicate genesis via reworking of the lower crust beneath North China and partial involvement of juvenile crustal material to different extents. Occurrences of ca. 1000-Ma-old inherited zircon in the Lantian granites imply the contribution of the Qinling Group in North Qinling to the magma source(s). This magmatism occurred intensively in a transitional setting from compression to extension and was likely induced by lithosphere thinning and asthenosphere upwelling beneath eastern China during the Cretaceous.     

Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence for the genesis of the Late Cainozoic Almopia volcanic rocks (Central Macedonia, Greece)

Summary ?Major and trace element contents and Sr–Nd isotope ratios of selected volcanics of Pliocene age from the Almopia area, central Macedonia, Greece, have been determined. These rocks are mainly distinguished as two groups based on geographical, petrological and isotopic data: a) the east–central western group (E–CW) and b) the south western group (SW). The absence of contemporaneous basic volcanics in the Almopia area coupled with the considerable scatter of elements in variation diagrams rule out fractional crystallization as the dominant differentiation process. Instead, disequilibrium textures along with the positive correlation of Sr-isotope ratios with differentiation suggest mixing between a basic and an acid component combined with assimilation and fractionation. The spider diagrams of the most silica-poor volcanics show evidence of subduction-related processes, indicating that the parental magmas may have been derived from partial melting of mantle wedge enriched in LILE and LREE by subducted slab-derived fluids. Previous data on the oxygen isotope composition of the same volcanics are consistent with this genetic hypothesis. Lastly, the relatively high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios (0.7080 and 0.512370, respectively) of the volcanic sample inferred to be compositionally the closest one to the parental magma of Almopia rocks suggest that the incompatible element enrichment of the mantle source is old, probably of Proterozoic age. Received December 12, 2001; revised version accepted June 20, 2002 Published online November 29, 2002     

Distinction between Permian and post-Permian igneous rocks in the southern Sydney Basin, New South Wales, on the basis of major-element geochemistry

Permian and post-Permian igneous rocks of the southern Sydney Basin of New South Wales can be distinguished on the basis of major-element geochemistry. A data base of 102 analyses of these igneous rocks has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various discriminants based on univariate and multivariate analysis. Inspection of histograms of compositional frequency for each major-element oxide is an efficient method of univariate analysis and assigns up to 92.2% of the rocks to the correct age group. Discriminant function analysis using up to 10 variables does not produce a more efficient discriminant than the simple binary plot of SiO ₂ versus TiO ₂,which assigns 95.1% of the rocks to the correct age group. No other binary or ternary diagram commonly used in petrology produces such an efficient discriminator.     

Petrogenetic evolution of the Early Miocene Ala?amda? volcano-plutonic complex, northwestern Turkey: implications for the geodynamic framework of the Aegean region

Extensional-tectonic processes have generated extensive magmatic activity that produced volcanic/plutonic rocks along an E-W-trending belt across north-western Turkey; this belt includes granites and coeval volcanic rocks of the Ala?amdağ volcano-plutonic complex. The petrogenesis of the Early Miocene Ala?amdağ granitic and volcanic rocks are here investigated by means of whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic data along with field, petrographic and whole-rock geochemical studies. Geological and geochemical data indicate two distinct granite facies having similar mineral assemblages, their major distinguishing characteristic being the presence or absence of porphyritic texture as defined by K-feldspar megacrysts. I-type Ala?amdağ granitic stocks have monzogranitic-granodioritic compositions and contain a number of mafic microgranular enclaves of monzonitic, monzodioritic/monzogabbroic composition. Volcanic rocks occur as intrusions, domes, lava flows, dykes and volcanogenic sedimentary rocks having (first episode) andesitic and dacitic-trachyandesitic, and (second episode) dacitic, rhyolitic and trachytic-trachydacitic compositions. These granitic and volcanic rocks are metaluminous, high-K, and calc-alkaline in character. Chondrite-normalised rare earth element patterns vary only slightly such that all of the igneous rocks of the Ala?amdağ have similar REE patterns. Primitive-mantle-normalised multi-element diagrams show that these granitic and volcanic rocks are strongly enriched in LILE and LREE pattern, high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and low ε _Nd(t) ratios suggesting Ala?amdağ volcano-plutonic rocks to have been derived from hybrid magma that originated mixing of co-eval lower crustal-derived more felsic magma and enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle-derived more mafic magmas during extensional processes, and the crustal material was more dominant than the mantle contribution. The Ala?amdağ volcano-plutonic complex rocks may form by retreat of the Hellenic/Aegean subduction zone, coinciding with the early stages of back-arc extension that led to extensive metamorphic core-complex formation.     

Poisson's ratios of the upper and lower crust and the sub-Moho mantle beneath central Honshu, Japan

Poisson's ratios of the upper and lower crust and the sub-Moho mantle beneath central Honshu, Japan, are investigated using three independent methods that are based on S to P ratios of apparent velocities, the Wadati diagrams and an inversion of P and S arrivals. Shallow earthquakes at distances of 200—500 km from the Nagoya University Telemeter Network are used for the apparent velocity ratio method. Crustal and subcrustal earth-quakes under the network are used for the other two methods. The network consists of wide-band seismometers with three components which are particularly suitable for detecting S waves. The three different methods give a consistent result for Poisson's ratio σ, that is, (1) σ = 0.23 ± 0.01 in the upper crust, (2) σ = 0.26−0.28 in both the lower crust and in the sub-Moho mantle. The result indicates a sharp contrast in σ between the upper and the lower crust rather than at the Moho. The low σ in the upper crust can only be explained by the presence of a substantial amount of free quartz, indicating granitic rocks. A higher σ in the lower crust suggests that this portion is presumably less saturated in silica and may be even undersaturated, pointing to intermediate to mafic rocks. The sub-Moho σ is almost equal to the σ averaged over the entire upper mantle that has been estimated from the Wadati diagrams of deep shocks beneath Japan but is higher than those calculated from Pn and Sn velocities in oceanic and stable continental regions.     

Progressive ordering of cristobalitic silica in the early stage of diagenesis

Examination of hydrothermally transformed silica from controlled experiments reveals that amorphous silica changes to quartz through an intermediate phase of opal-CT and that the d(101) spacing of cristobalite progressively decreases from 4.10 Å to 4.05 Å. The rate of spacing decrease is definitely dependent on the reaction temperature, being faster at higher temperatures. This spacing change represents ordering of opal-CT crystals with the passage of time.The relationship between thermal history and degree of ordering suggests that stratigraphic boundaries are usually parallel to isopleths of d (101) spacings, but do not always coincide with them. The isopleths should be more or less discordant to the stratigraphic boundaries where the strata have been folded. This discordancy can be ascribed to the difference of ordering, chiefly controlled by the thermal history during the burial and folding process.     

羌塘盆地沃若山地区上三叠统土门格拉组烃源岩沉积环境分析

岩石学、沉积相、元素地球化学的综合分析结果表明,羌塘盆地沃若山地区上三叠统土门格拉组(T_3t)地层为三角洲沉积;整体富含水解性元素、Fe族元素以及上部砂岩Fe元素富集(高Fe/Mn比值)的特征表明古水体环境为较浅的河口-滨岸环境;CIA值(63.8~79)、ICV值(0.52~1.4)和Ga/Rb-K2O/Al2O3关系图解分析结果显示当时为风化强度中等、较温暖的半干旱—半湿润气候;Sr/Ba比值全部小于1(0.09~0.27),表明沉积水体为盐度较低的陆相淡水;根据V、U、Mo的含量比值,判断其为氧化-弱氧化的富氧水体环境。较为温湿的气候有利于生物的繁殖,但氧化-弱氧化的环境不利于有机质的富集,限制了该地区烃源岩发育:土门格拉组烃源岩的TOC含量为0.76%~1.46%(均值为1.04%),属中等品质的烃源岩。     

Partial melting of subducted Southern Qiangtang crust in northern Tibet: evidence from the geochemistry and geochronology of the Riwanchaka granodiorite porphyry in Central Qiangtang

ABSTRACT

This article presents new zircon U–Pb geochronology, Hf isotopic, and whole-rock major- and trace-element geochemical data that provide insights into the petrogenesis and tectonic history of the Riwanchaka granodiorite porphyries of Central Qiangtang, Tibet. Zircon U–Pb ages of 236–230 Ma indicate an early Late Triassic age of emplacement of the porphyries, and zircon Hf isotopic data yield εHf(t) values of – 7.0 to – 1.5 and ancient zircon Hf crustal model ages (T_DM^C) of 1524–1220 Ma. The granodiorite porphyries are characterized by low K₂O contents, high Mg# values, and relatively high Cr and Ni contents. They are classified as I-type calc-alkaline granite and are considered to have formed through the anatexis of ancient mafic crustal rocks with contributions from mantle-derived components. The geochemistry and isotopic compositions of all samples are similar to those of magmatic rocks that originated in the South Qiangtang crust. However, field observations indicate that the pluton intrudes the North Qiangtang crust, and we propose that the granodiorite porphyries were derived by partial melting of subducted continental crust of the South Qiangtang terrane. These new data have been integrated with data from previous studies to construct a new model of slab rollback during northward subduction of the Southern Qiangtang continental crust at ca. 245–226 Ma, thereby improving our understanding of magmatic processes involved in continental subduction in collision settings.