Chronology and Geochemistry of the Nadingcuo Volcanic Rocks in the Southern Qiangtang Region of the Tibetan Plateau: Partial Melting of Remnant Ocean Crust along the Bangong-Nujiang Suture

<正>The Nadingcuo high-K calc-alkaline rocks mainly composed of trachyte and trachyandesite are the largest outcrop area of volcanic rocks in southern Qiangtang terrane in the Tibetan plateau. However,their exact source and peterogenesis are still debated.~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar and LAM-ICPMS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating confirm that these rocks erupted in Eocene.In addition,the Nadingcuo volcanic rocks are characterized by high Sr/Y content ratios,similar with the adakite derived from partial melting of oceanic crust.They can be further classified as high Mg~#(Mg~#=48-57) and low Mg~# (Mg~#=33-42) subtypes.The Nadingcuo adakitic rocks have relatively low(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i and highε_(Nd)(t), showing a trend of similarity to the Dongcuo ophiolite present in the Bangong-Nujiang oceanic crust. Simple modeling indicates that the Nadingcuo adakitic rocks are a mix resulting from the basalt of Bangong-Nujiang Ocean with 10%-20%crustal material of Lhasa terrane.On these bases we suggest that the low Mg~# Nadingcuo adakitic rocks are the product of partial melting of remnant oceanic crust with small sediment,and the high Mg~# rocks are the result of reaction between rising melt of remnant oceanic crust with subducted sediment and mantle wedge.Therefore,the origin of Nadingcuo adakitic rocks may be related to intracontinental subduction triggered by collision of India-Asia during Cenozoic.     

Oxygen isotope composition of xenoliths from the oceanic crust and volcanic edifice beneath Gran Canaria (Canary Islands): consequences for crustal contamination of ascending magmas

Xenolith samples of marine terrigenous sediments and altered Jurassic MORB from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) represent samples of sub-island oceanic crust. These samples are postulated to define end-members for crustal contamination of basaltic and felsic ocean island magmas. The meta-igneous rocks show great heterogeneity in oxygen isotope compositions (δ¹⁸O 3.3–8.6‰), broadly correlating with their stratigraphic position in the oceanic crust. Gabbros interpreted as fragments of oceanic crust layer 3 have δ¹⁸O values of 3.3–5.1‰, which is lower than MORB (5.7–6.0‰). Layer 2 lavas and dykes show a broader range of δ¹⁸O of 4.1–8.6‰. Therefore, high-temperature metamorphism seems to have been the dominant process in layer 3, while both high- and low-temperature alteration have variably affected layer 2 rocks. Siliciclastic sediments have high δ¹⁸O values (14.1–16.4‰), indicating diagenesis and low-temperature interaction with seawater. The oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the crust beneath Gran Canaria is typical for old oceanic crust and resembles that in ophiolites. The lithologic boundary between older oceanic crust and the igneous core complex at 8–10 km depth—as postulated from geophysical data—probably coincides with a main magma stagnation level. There, the Miocene shield phase magmas interacted with preexisting oceanic crust. We suggest that the range in δ¹⁸O values (5.2–6.8‰) [Chem. Geol. 135 (1997) 233] found for shield basalts on Gran Canaria, and those in some Miocene felsic units (6.0–8.5‰), are best explained by assimilation of various amounts and combinations of oceanic and island crustal rocks and do not necessarily reflect mantle source characteristics.     

Correlated δ18O and [Ti] in lunar zircons: a terrestrial perspective for magma temperatures and water content on the Moon

Zircon grains were separated from lunar regolith and rocks returned from four Apollo landing sites, and analyzed in situ by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Many regolith zircons preserve magmatic δ¹⁸O and trace element compositions and, although out of petrologic context, represent a relatively unexplored resource for study of the Moon and possibly other bodies in the solar system. The combination of oxygen isotope ratios and [Ti] provides a unique geochemical signature that identifies zircons from the Moon. The oxygen isotope ratios of lunar zircons are remarkably constant and unexpectedly higher in δ¹⁸O (5.61 ± 0.07 ‰ VSMOW) than zircons from Earth’s oceanic crust (5.20 ± 0.03 ‰) even though mare basalt whole-rock samples are nearly the same in δ¹⁸O as oceanic basalts on Earth (~5.6 ‰). Thus, the average fractionation of oxygen isotopes between primitive basalt and zircon is smaller on the Moon [Δ¹⁸O(WR-Zrc) = 0.08 ± 0.09 ‰] than on Earth (0.37 ± 0.04 ‰). The smaller fractionations on the Moon suggest higher temperatures of zircon crystallization in lunar magmas and are consistent with higher [Ti] in lunar zircons. Phase equilibria estimates also indicate high temperatures for lunar magmas, but not specifically for evolved zircon-forming melts. If the solidus temperature of a given magma is a function of its water content, then so is the crystallization temperature of any zircon forming in that melt. The systematic nature of O and Ti data for lunar zircons suggests a model based on the following observations. Many of the analyzed lunar zircons are likely from K, rare earth elements, P (KREEP)-Zr-rich magmas. Zircon does not saturate in normal mafic magmas; igneous zircons in mafic rocks are typically late and formed in the last most evolved portion of melts. Even if initial bulk water content is moderately low, the late zircon-forming melt can concentrate water locally. In general, water lowers crystallization temperatures, in which case late igneous zircon can form at significantly lower temperatures than the solidus inferred for a bulk-rock composition. Although lunar basalts could readily lose H₂ to space during eruption, lowering water fugacity; the morphology, large size, and presence in plutonic rocks suggest that many zircons crystallized at depths that retarded degassing. In this case, the crystallization temperatures of zircons are a sensitive monitor of the water content of the parental magma as well as the evolved zircon-forming melt. If the smaller Δ¹⁸O(zircon–mare basalt) values reported here are characteristic of the Moon, then that would suggest that even highly evolved zircon-forming magmas on the Moon crystallized at higher temperature than similar magmas on Earth and that magmas, though not necessarily water-free, were generally drier on the Moon.     

俯冲带部分熔融

俯冲带是地幔对流环的下沉翼,是地球内部的重要物理与化学系统。俯冲带具有比周围地幔更低的温度,因此,一般认为俯冲板片并不会发生部分熔融,而是脱水导致上覆地幔楔发生部分熔融。但是,也有研究认为,在水化的洋壳俯冲过程中可以发生部分熔融。特别是在下列情况下,俯冲洋壳的部分熔融是俯冲带岩浆作用的重要方式。年轻的大洋岩石圈发生低角度缓慢俯冲时,洋壳物质可以发生饱和水或脱水熔融,基性岩部分熔融形成埃达克岩。太古代的俯冲带很可能具有与年轻大洋岩石圈俯冲带类似的热结构,俯冲的洋壳板片部分熔融可以形成英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩。平俯冲大洋高原中的基性岩可以发生部分熔融产生埃达克岩。扩张洋中脊俯冲可以导致板片窗边缘的洋壳部分熔融形成埃达克岩。与俯冲洋壳相比,俯冲的大陆地壳具有很低的水含量,较难发生部分熔融,但在超高压变质陆壳岩石的折返过程中可以经历广泛的脱水熔融。超高压变质岩在地幔深部熔融形成的熔体与地幔相互作用是碰撞造山带富钾岩浆岩的可能成因机制。碰撞造山带的加厚下地壳可经历长期的高温与高压变质和脱水熔融,形成S型花岗岩和埃达克质岩石。     

Hydrothermal alteration vs. ocean-floor metamorphism. A comparison between two case histories: the TAG hydrothermal mound (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vs. DSDP/ODP Hole 504B (Equatorial East Pacific)

This article presents a review of hydrothermal alteration of the various basaltic rocks forming the oceanic crust, emphasizing especially on the water–rock interaction processes, the petrography and secondary mineralogy of hydrothermally altered rocks from the present-day ocean, hence excluding the ophiolitic complexes. A brief summary of the history of the first studies of hydrothermally altered oceanic rocks leads to a comparison between Miyashiro's concept of ‘ocean-floor metamorphism’ and that of hydrothermal alteration that warrant caution when applying Eskola's metamorphic facies of regional metamorphism to hydrothermally altered oceanic rocks. The functioning of mid-oceanic ridge axial hydrothermal systems, and the role of oceanic Layer-3 gabbros are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of the various alteration processes of the rocks forming the oceanic crust are presented. The case histories of the two examples more particularly studied by the author and his collaborators, are compared, i.e., the DSDP-ODP Hole 504B reference section South of the Costa Rica Ridge, and the TAG active mound at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The significance of the paragonitic phyllosilicate in highly altered rocks form the TAG Mound is compared to the other known occurrences of ‘white micas’ in the oceanic crust. The importance of metabasites as major components of the oceanic crust is emphasized. The elemental fluxes resulting from hydrothermal alteration of oceanic rocks in regulating seawater chemistry are only briefly alluded, because this topic is covered by the last article of this thematic issue by J.C. Alt, who assesses the chemical budgets resulting from ocean hydrothermal activity. To cite this article: J. Honnorez, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

The formation of SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-rich melts within the deep oceanic crust by hydrous partial melting of gabbros

Small amounts of felsic, evolved plutonic rocks, often called oceanic plagiogranites, always occur as veins or small stocks within the gabbroic section of the oceanic crust. Four major models are under debate to explain the formation of these rocks: (1) late-stage differentiation of a parental MORB melt, (2) partial melting of gabbroic rocks, (3) immiscibility in an evolved tholeiitic liquid, and (4) assimilation and partial melting of previously altered dikes. Recent experimental data in hydrous MORB-type systems are used to evaluate the petrogenesis of oceanic plagiogranites within the deep oceanic crust. Experiments show that TiO₂ is a key parameter for the discrimination between different processes: TiO₂ is relatively low in melts generated by anatexis of gabbros which is a consequence of the low TiO₂ contents of the protolith, due to the depleted nature of typical cumulate gabbros formed in the oceanic crust. On the other hand, TiO₂ is relatively high in those melts generated by MORB differentiation or liquid immiscibility. Since the TiO₂ content of many oceanic plagiogranites is far below that expected in case of a generation by simple MORB differentiation or immiscibility, these rocks may be regarded as products of anatexis. This may indicate that partial melting processes triggered by water-rich fluids are more common in the deep oceanic crust than believed up to now. At slow-spreading ridges, seawater may be transported via high-temperature shear zones deeply into the crust and thus made available for melting processes.     

O18 enriched ophiolitic metabasic rocks from E. Liguria (Italy), Pindos (Greece), and Troodos (Cyprus)

Low grade hydrothermally metamorphosed ophiolitic basic rocks from E. Liguria (Italy), Pindos (Greece) and Troodos (Cyprus) are enriched in O¹⁸ relative to the oxygen isotope ratio of fresh basalt (6.0±0.5‰). The maximum observed δO¹⁸ value of +13.22‰ corresponds to a positive isotope shift of 7‰ Enrichments in Sr⁸⁷ relative to Sr⁸⁶ correlate with hydrothermal alteration. The δC¹³ values of secondary calcite from E. Liguria are positive, and fall in the range from +0.2% to +3.6‰ Since ophiolitic rocks are considered to be fragments of the oceanic crust and upper mantle, and since the secondary metamorphic assemblages were produced before mechanical emplacement, it is considered that the hydrothermal metamorphism which affected these rocks occurred in the sub-sea-floor environment. The isotope data are directly consistent with the hypothesis that the alteration was produced by interaction of the basaltic material with introduced sea water. Water: rock ratios were sufficiently large to produce the observed isotope shifts. In the Troodos ophiolite sequence δO¹⁸ values decrease steadily downwards and change to progressively larger depletions in the Sheeted Intrusive Complex. The trend of δO¹⁸ decrease correlates with the original direction of increasing temperature. The O¹⁸ depletions, which have also been observed for oceanic “greenstones” (Muehlenbachs and Clayton, 1972b), resulted from water/rock interaction at temperatures greater than the particular temperature range above which whole rock-water fractionations became less than the isotopic difference between fresh basalt and sea water. Since this isotope geochemistry indicates that the water responsible for hydrothermal metamorphism was of sea water origin, the data support the more general hypothesis that convection of sea water within the upper 4–5 kms of the oceanic crust is a massive and active process at oceanic ridges. This process may be completely or partially responsible for (a.i.), the local scatter and low mean value of the conductive heat flux measured near ridges, (a.ii), the transfer of considerable quantities of heat from spreading oceanic ridges, (b) hydrothermal metamorphism, metasomatism and mineralization of oceanic crust, (c), the production of metal enriched, relatively reduced brines during sea water/basalt interaction, d), the high degree of scatter and low mean value of the compressional wave velocities of oceanic basement layer 2 and (e), the low natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity of the lower part of layer 2 and upper part of layer 3 of oceanic crust.     

Elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic geochemistry of Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks beneath the Junggar basin, NW China: Implications for the formation and evolution of the basin basement

The basement beneath the Junggar basin has been interpreted either as a micro-continent of Precambrian age or as a fragment of Paleozoic oceanic crust. Elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions and zircon Pb–Pb ages of volcanic rocks from drill cores through the paleo-weathered crust show that the basement is composed mainly of late Paleozoic volcanic rock with minor shale and tuff. The volcanic rocks are mostly subalkaline with some minor low-K rocks in the western Kexia area. Some alkaline lavas occur in the central Luliang uplift and northeastern Wulungu depression. The lavas range in composition from basalts to rhyolites and fractional crystallization played an important role in magma evolution. Except for a few samples from Kexia, the basalts have low La/Nb (<1.4), typical for oceanic crust derived from asthenospheric melts. Zircon Pb–Pb ages indicate that the Kexia andesite, with a volcanic arc affinity, formed in the early Carboniferous (345 Ma), whereas the Luliang rhyolite and the Wucaiwan dacite, with syn-collisional to within-plate affinities, formed in the early Devonian (395 and 405 Ma, respectively). Positive ε_Nd(t) values (up to +7.4) and low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratios of the intermediate-silicic rocks suggest that the entire Junggar terrain may be underlain by oceanic crust, an interpretation consistent with the juvenile isotopic signatures of many granitoid plutons in other parts of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt. Variation in zircon ages for the silicic rocks, different Ba, P, Ti, Nb or Th anomalies in the mafic rocks, and variable Nb/Y and La/Nb ratios across the basin, suggest that the basement is compositionally heterogeneous. The heterogeneity is believed to reflect amalgamation of different oceanic blocks representing either different evolution stages within a single terrane or possibly derivation from different terranes.     

Late Paleozoic gabbroic rocks of the Bridge River accretionary complex,southwestern British Columbia: geology and geochemistry

Gabbroic bodies in the Bralorne-Gold Bridge area of southwestern British Columbia are associated with the oceanic Bridge River complex of the western Canadian Cordillera, one of the suspect terranes accreted to North America in the Jurassic. The gabbros are locally cut by tonalites and are structurally interleaved with ultramafic rocks, phyllites, graphitic cherts, and carbonate lenses that comprise the lower part of the Bridge River complex. Their late Carboniferous crystallization age overlaps the depositional age of affiliated supracrustal rocks (Mississippian-Jurassic), some of which have been metamorphosed to blueschist facies. Compositionally, the gabbros resemble mafic plutonic rocks of ophiolitic complexes and gabbroic rocks of the nearby Shulaps Range. They display some affinity to oceanic island arc tholeiitic suites. The Bralorne and Shulaps gabbros include cumulates and appear to have been derived from a single, light REE-depleted, peridotitic source by melting and subsequent fractional crystallization/accumulation of various combinations of plagioclase, pyroxenes, and olivine. The tonalites are compositionally distinct from typical ophiolitic plagiogranites, but might be related to the associated gabbros. The gabbroic bodies occur within tectonic slivers derived from the oceanic crust that floored a deep ocean basin that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. The Bridge River complex comprises fragments of oceanic crust that were tectonically incorporated into an east-verging accretionary prism during a middle/late Triassic to Jurassic collisional event.     

哀牢山缝合带中两类火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

在哀牢山构造带的哀牢山断裂与花山－雅邑断裂之间出路大量不同构造环境的岩浆岩。除双沟蛇绿岩外,尚发现有景东火山岩和墨江火山岩。地球化学研究表明,景东火山岩具有类似于富集型洋中脊玄武岩（Ｐ－ＭＯＲＢ）地球化学特征,形成于以双沟蛇绿岩为代表的哀牢山洋盆先期的陆内裂谷构造环境;墨江火山岩具有岛弧火山岩地球化学特征,形成于哀牢山洋盆向西俯冲消减作用下的岛弧构造环境。景东裂谷型火山岩和墨江岛弧火山岩分别代表了     

扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩内富铌玄武(安山)岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

在新疆北部东准噶尔的扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩中发现的富铌玄武（安山）岩,其SiO₂含量介于46.71%~57.65%,TiO₂含量为1.00%~1.76%,与太古代绿岩带内富铌玄武（安山）岩相似,Na₂O含量为3.86%~6.64%,P₂O₅为0.34%~0.82%,明显高于太古代绿岩带富铌玄武（安山）岩。扎河坝富铌玄武岩铌含量介于7.22×10^-6~21.91×10^-6之间,大于7×10^-6,与典型的富铌玄武岩相同。该岩石轻重稀土元素分馏较明显,其分布模式为无明显铕至弱负铕异常的右倾曲线。尽管铌的绝对含量较高,但由于钍和轻稀土元素更加富集,在微量元素蛛网图中扎河坝富铌玄武（安山）岩仍表现为铌的明显亏损,同时高场强元素Zr、Hf及Ti也表现出一定程度的亏损。微量元素地球化学特征显示,扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩内富铌玄武（安山）岩形成于古亚洲洋的洋内弧,它是被埃达克质岩浆交代的地幔楔橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,同时大洋沉积物及俯冲板块释放的流体对成岩作用也有一定的贡献。富铌玄武（安山）岩作为弧前增生楔定位在扎河坝蛇绿混杂岩体内,与早前报道的超高压变质岩共存表明,该蛇绿混杂岩体至少记录了两次性质不同的古亚洲洋洋壳俯冲,这更进一步证实新疆北部晚古生代新增陆壳是古亚洲洋多次俯冲作用的产物。     

Velocities of a natural mid-ocean ridge basalt glass

We report, for the first time, ultrasonic velocity values for a pure (>95%), natural, submarine basalt glass of mid-ocean ridge basalt composition, from 10 to 1000 MPa at room temperature. These new data show that basalt glass, abundant in the upper oceanic crust, has the lowest velocity of any primary solid component of the oceanic crust. In addition, natural basalt glass has a steeper pressure-dependence of velocity than previously measured in more crystalline samples, indicating that cracks in natural basalt glass are weaker than in more crystalline rocks. To obtain values for the pure glass phase, we correct the natural glass data for the low-pressure closure of cracks, and the presence of minor mineralogic components and vesicles. These new data provide a baseline for evaluating the effect of abundant basalt glass and glassy mesostasis in oceanic upper crust on in situ seismic velocities. In addition, data on the elastic and seismic properties of natural glasses are useful for a better understanding of glass structure, and glass relaxation, with potential applications to submarine volcanology.     

强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩(或埃达克质岩)与Cu、Au成矿作用

文中概述了强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩(或埃达克质岩)的研究历史、现状和意义,列出了扬子地块东部、青藏高原以及新疆北部与铜金成矿有关的同类岩石的一些特征,重点分析了当前强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩(或埃达克质岩)的研究中所存在的问题,并提出了一些初步的设想。强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩(或埃达克质岩)不仅具有重要的地球动力学意义(可能与俯冲、拆沉、底侵、板片窗或地幔交代等深部过程有关),而且具有极其重要的Cu、Au成矿意义。俯冲洋壳熔融形成的埃达克岩及其成矿作用已有相当深入的研究,但是来自大陆内部的强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩的成因、岩石组合及其成矿作用是否类似于俯冲洋壳熔融形成的埃达克岩,还需要深入的研究。一些强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩(或埃达克质岩)的所表现出的高钾特征很可能与高压(>1 GPa)条件下的熔融或源岩的高钾有关。文中提出了一个有别于俯冲洋壳熔融+埃达克岩+Cu、Au成矿的新工作模型——拆沉洋壳或下地壳熔融+强烈亏损重稀土元素的中酸性火成岩(或埃达克质岩)+Cu、Au成矿。拆沉洋壳或下地壳熔融形成熔体的Fe_2O_3对地幔的交代(氧化)作用可能是Cu、Au从地幔迁出并最终成矿的一个重要原因,但是增厚下地壳环境中流体的作用也不?     

Pb and Sr isotopes in volcanic rocks from the Aleutian Islands and Pribilof Islands,Alaska

The Pb and Sr isotope ratios of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from the Aleutian volcanic arc are used as tracers of the lithospheric subduction process at the converging Pacific and Bering plates. Aleutian arc lavas do not have the same Pb isotopic compositions as volcanic rocks of the subducted Pacific ocean crust or the nearby Pribilof Islands, but appear to contain an ‘old continental crustal component’ with high ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratio, as has been found in some other volcanic arcs.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in the Aleutian volcanic arc rocks average 0.70322, slightly higher than fresh volcanic rocks from normal ridge segments, but within the range of values from ‘Icelandic’ ridge segments, oceanic islands and the Pribolof Islands. The Pb and Sr isotopic compositions of Aleutian lavas show a positive correlation and the range of values does not change for volcanoes distributed along strike in the arc, even though the crustal type in the hanging wall of the Benioff zone changes from oceanic in the west to continental in the east. Since the basement of the continental arc segment is older than the basement of the oceanic segment, and probably has a different isotopic character, the constancy of isotopic ratios along the arc argues against contamination by wall rocks of the type exposed in the arc.A sufficient explanation for the isotopic data is the mixture of several per cent of continent-derived sediment with melt derived from the underthrust oceanic crust and overlying mantle. This small amount of contaminant is difficult to document by geophysical observations. Such a model implies extensive recycling of Ba, Pb, K and Rb through volcanism at convergent plate margins like the Aleutians.     

西藏阿翁错地区早白垩世花岗闪长岩——班公湖—怒江洋壳南向俯冲消减证据

对拉萨地块北部阿翁错地区花岗闪长岩进行了年龄分析、岩石地球化学研究。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年测得花岗闪长岩U-Pb年龄为(114.4±1.9) Ma,属于早白垩世晚期岩浆活动的产物。花岗闪长岩地球化学特征表明,其具有典型镁安山岩/闪长岩(MA)的地球化学特征,所有样品均具有较高Mg~#值(45.42～54.29),低的TFeO~*/MgO值(1.58～2.26);所有样品都显示轻稀土元素富集,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素的特征。研究表明,阿翁错花岗闪长岩是班公湖—怒江洋壳在俯冲消减背景下,由俯冲洋壳脱水熔融产生的溶体与地幔橄榄岩发生交代作用的产物,为晚中生代班公湖—怒江洋盆的南向俯冲消减提供了直接的岩石学、地球化学、年代学证据。     

岛弧火山岩成因和地球化学特征

岛弧火山岩主要为俯冲带的俯冲板片脱水形成的富大离子亲石元素流体交代地幔楔,并使其发生部分熔融,产生岛弧岩浆作用而形成的,岩石组合通常为玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩及相应侵入岩组合。它以Al2O3、K2O高,低Ti O2,且K2ONa2O为特征,相对富集LILE,亏损HFSE,特别是Ti、Nb、Ta等。本文主要从岛弧岩浆作用的起因着手,分析流体和熔体对地幔楔的交代作用,以及岛弧岩浆作用过程,进而分析岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。     

蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿深部成因

地球上的原生金刚石主要有3种产出类型,分别来自大陆克拉通下的深部地幔金伯利岩型金刚石、板块边界深俯冲变质岩中超高压变质型金刚石,和陨石坑中的陨石撞击型金刚石。在全球5个造山带的10处蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩或铬铁矿中均发现金刚石和其他超高压矿物的基础上,我们提出地球上一种新的天然金刚石产出类型,命名为蛇绿岩型金刚石。认为蛇绿岩型金刚石普遍存在于大洋岩石圈的地幔橄榄岩中,并提出蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿的深部成因模式。认为早期俯冲的地壳物质到达地幔过渡带(410~660 km深度)后被肢解,加入到周围的强还原流体和熔体中,当熔融物质向上运移到地幔过渡带顶部,铬铁矿和周围的地幔岩石以及流体中的金刚石等深部矿物一并结晶,之后,携带金刚石的铬铁矿和地幔岩石被上涌的地幔柱带至浅部,经历了洋盆的拉张和俯冲阶段,最终在板块边缘就位。     

Role of underthrust oceanic crust in the genesis of a Fijian calc-alkaline suite

A test of the proposition that calc-alkaline magmas are direct partial melts of underthrust oceanic crust is presented. It involves numerical evaluations of whether or not the major and trace element and isotopic composition of a Fijian calc-alkaline rock suite is consistent with these rocks representing unfractionated partial melts of oceanic crust at high pressures. Experimental data for one of the samples constrain the calculations.When compositions of liquidus minerals at 27 kb are combined with compositions of the volcanic rocks, close approximations can be made to the composition of oceanic crust only if the degree of partial melting is between 20% (dacite) and 45% (basaltic-andesite), and if accessory minerals are refractory phases. Concentrations of elements such as K, Rb, Sr, Pb, Th, and U, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Fijian suite can be satisfactorily explained only if the parental material consisted of altered rather than fresh ocean floor basalt. Sediments are not likely to have been involved. Concentrations of Na, Ni, Co, Cr, Sc, V, the REE, Y, Zr, Hf, and Nb cannot be explained unless, or in some cases even if, several accessory phases are partially refractory. Therefore, partial melting of underthrust lithosphere does not seem likely to produce magmas with the composition of at least one quite typical calc-alkaline suite.     

Quaternary high-Nb basalts: existence of young oceanic crust under the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone,NW Iran

Quaternary basaltic volcanoes are distributed in the northern part of the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (N-SSZ). Those in the Ghorveh area of the N-SSZ are characterized by low SiO₂, high alkalis, and LILE + LREE enrichment. They also have high Mg numbers (Mg# = 65–70) and high contents of Cr (>300 ppm), Ni (>177 ppm), and TiO₂ (>1.5 wt.%), suggesting that they crystallized directly from primary magma. The basalts are classified as high-Nb basalts (HNB), with Nb concentrations greater than 20 ppm. Their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values range from 0.7049 to 0.7053 and their ?⁰_Nd values lie between –0.2 and 1.1. The small negative values of ?⁰_Nd indicate involvement of continental material in the evolution of the source magma in the area. Based on these new chemical and isotopic data and their relationship to the Plio-Quaternary volcanic adakites in northern Ghorveh, we propose that the partial fusion of metasomatized mantle associated with adakitic magma was responsible for generation of the HNB rocks following late Miocene collision of the Arabian and Iranian plates. Rollback of Neotethyan oceanic spreading and mantle plume activity caused a thinning of the northern SSZ lithosphere; furthermore, the S wave tomography model beneath the N-SSZ supports this hypothesized lithospheric thinning. The HNB rocks have close spatial proximity and temporal association with adakites, which were formed by the subduction of young (<25 Ma) oceanic crust. Our discussion clarifies the role of the oceanic slab in the post-collision generation of the HNB basalts in this area. Our data confirm the relationship of the HNB rocks to the subduction zone instead of to the oceanic island basalt (OIB) type magma in extensional zones.