Geology and ages of porphyry and medium- to high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits of the continental margin of Northeast China

The continental margin of Northeast China, an important part of the continental margin-related West Pacific metallogenic belt, hosts numerous types of gold-dominated mineral deposits. Based on ore deposit geology and isotopic dating, we have classified hydrothermal gold–copper ore deposits in this region into four distinct types: (1) gold-rich porphyry copper deposits, (2) gold-rich porphyry-like copper deposits, (3) medium-sulphidation epithermal copper–gold deposits, and (4) high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. These ore deposits formed during four distinct metallogenic stages or periods, at 123.6 ± 2.5 Ma, 110–104 Ma, 104–102 Ma, and 95.0 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to periods of Cretaceous intermediate–acid volcanism and late-stage emplacement of hypabyssal magmas along the northern margin of the North China platform. The earliest stage of mineralization (123.6 ± 2.5 Ma) corresponds to the formation of medium-sulphidation epithermal copper – gold deposits and was associated with a continental margin magmatic arc system linked to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia. This metallogenesis is closely related to high-K calc-alkaline intermediate–acid granite and pyroxene – diorite porphyry magmatism. The second and third stages of mineralization in the study area (110–104 Ma and 104–102 Ma, respectively) correspond to the formation of gold-rich porphyry copper, porphyry-like copper, and high-sulphidation gold deposits, with metallogenesis closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism. These magmas formed in a continental margin magmatic arc system related to oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, as well as mixing of crust-derived remelted granitic and mantle-derived adakitic magmas. During the final stage of mineralization (95.0 ± 2 Ma), metallogenesis was closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism, with diagenesis and metallogenesis related to the disintegration or destruction of the Pacific Plate, which was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate during the Mesozoic.     

Laumontitization as an Exploration Indicator of Epithermal Gold Deposits： A Case Study of the Axi and Other Epithermal Systems in West Tianshan, China

In the light of field investigation, microscopic study, X-ray phase analysis and mineral infrared spectral analysis, it is considered that laumontitization is of extensive occurrence in the Axi gold orefield. The development of laumontitization and its relationship to mineralization show that the laumontitization appeared mainly at the top of and in the periphery of orebodies, and occurred at the edge of the epithermal system or at the late stage of epithermal system evolution. Therefore, laumontitization can be used as an exploration indicator of epithermal gold deposits. The fluids responsible for laumontitization in the Axi gold orefield are similar to those producing hot spring-type gold deposits or those from modem geothermal fields. Epithermal mineralization of the Axi gold deposit was dated at Carboniferous, indicating that the West Tianshan of China is a region favorable to epithermal-type gold mineralization and preservation. Hence the West Tianshan of China is a target area for exploring epithermal gold deposits.     

Age and tectonic setting of the first orogenic gold deposit discovered in the Yanbian Region,NE China

The Yangjingou gold deposit in Jilin Province lies 11 km south of the large-scale Xiaoxinancha gold–copper deposit. Yangjingou orebodies are structurally controlled fault- or fracture-related auriferous quartz veins. This type of mineralization is significantly different from that of the Xiaoxinancha porphyry gold–copper deposit, and has mineral assemblages and fluid inclusion compositions typical of orogenic gold deposits. We suggest that the Yangjingou deposit is the first orogenic gold deposit discovered in the Yanbian area, even in all of NE China. Here, we present new isotopic dating and trace element analysis of the ore-hosting monzogranite and auriferous quartz veins within the deposit, in order to determine the age and tectonic setting of metallogenesis, and the geological conditions controlling gold mineralization. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of zircons separated from the monzogranite yielded an age of 262.3 ± 1.3 Ma, indicating intrusion during the late Permian. Hydrothermal muscovite from auriferous quartz veins yielded a ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age of 241.57 ± 1.2 Ma, indicating that gold mineralization occurred at 241 Ma. Trace element and REE compositions of the monzogranite and auriferous quartz veins are both indicative of the formation from a region of the upper mantle that previously underwent crustal contamination. Geochronological analysis indicates that the diagenesis and mineralization resulting in the Yangjingou gold deposit occurred during the late Permian–Early Triassic. The tectonic evolution of the region and comparison of this deposit with other mineralizing events indicate that the orebody formed during orogenesis associated with collision between the North China and Siberian cratons.     

中国金矿成矿地质特征、预测模型及资源潜力

为了摸清全国金矿资源潜力,科学合理地部署金矿地质勘查工作,在全国金矿资源潜力评价成果的基础上,总结了金矿成矿规律、时空分布及资源潜力特征,跟踪金矿勘查进展,提出金矿勘查部署建议。中国金矿床虽以小型居多,但大中型金矿床的资源储量约占80%。金矿床在中生代呈大规模成矿特征,其矿床数和资源储量均居主要地位,其次为新生代、晚古生代、中新元古代、早古生代。金矿床在空间上呈区域集中分布特征,根据成矿地质背景、成矿条件和金矿床空间分布,结合地球物理、地球化学特征、预测资源量,修订了金矿成矿区带划分方案,确定了57个Ⅲ级金矿成矿区带,其中胶东、小秦岭-伏牛山、滇黔桂、西秦岭、燕辽、松潘-摩天岭、东秦岭、长江中下游、丽江-哀牢山和吉南-辽东成矿区带,其查明资源储量和预测资源量在全国均居前列。以服务于矿产资源潜力评价为目的,提出了金矿预测类型划分方案,将金矿床类型归纳为12类,分别为与中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、微细浸染型、构造破碎蚀变岩型、陆相火山岩型、变质碎屑岩地层中热液型、斑岩型、夕卡岩型、砂金型、花岗绿岩型、海相火山岩型、风化壳型、砾岩型,其中以前5种矿产预测类型为主。在总结金矿床地质背景、地质特征和找矿标志的基础上,建立主要类型金矿预测评价模型。全国金矿资源潜力评价预测金资源量31 125.6 t,预测深度大多小于1 000 m,50%的预测资源量分布于已知矿床外围及深部。根据资源潜力评价成果,结合近年来金矿勘查取得新的找矿进展,找矿主攻矿床类型为中深成侵入岩有关的热液型、微细浸染型、构造破碎蚀变岩型、陆相火山岩型;中国东部胶东、小秦岭-伏牛山、西秦岭、滇黔桂为金矿重点勘查区带,已知矿床深部和外围仍是金矿重点找矿地段;西部地区如东昆仑、巴颜喀拉、冈底斯、班公湖-怒江、丽江-哀牢山等区带的金矿勘查突破,基础性地质勘查和科研工作投入,为西部地区金矿勘查开发提供理论和技术支撑,有利于开创西部地区金矿勘查的新局面。     

新疆阿希金矿:古生代的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床

新疆阿希金矿床为一形成于古生代的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床,矿床产于伊犁—中天山板块北部中天山北缘活动大陆边缘的吐拉苏火山岩断陷盆地中。其赋矿围岩为大哈拉军山组安山质火山岩和火岩碎屑岩,矿体呈脉状产于古火山口外围的环形断裂带中,主要金属矿物有自然金、银金矿、黄铁矿、白铁矿、毒砂、赤铁矿、褐铁矿以及微量的浓红银矿、硒银矿、硫锑铜银矿、角银矿等,非金属矿物有石英、玉髓、菱铁矿、方解石、绢云母、冰长石等,围岩蚀变作用主要有硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化和青盘岩化。矿床以富集Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Se、Te、Mo元素组合为特征,Ag/Au比值小,为0.46～11.1。氢、氧、碳、硫及稀有气体同位素组成特征显示其成矿流体主要为循环大气降水;成矿流体盐度主要为0.7%～3.1%NaCl_(eqv),平均为2.2%NaCl_(eqv);成矿温度为120～240℃,平均190℃;最大成矿深度约700 m。沸腾作用是引起成矿流体中矿质发生沉淀富集的主要成矿机制,成矿作用过程中流体处于近中性pH值的还原环境,成矿时代介于晚泥盆世晚期((363.2±5.7)Ma)到早石炭世维宪期。其一系列特征显示该矿是一个典型的、形成于古生代的低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿床。矿床得以保存与矿床形成后很快被阿恰勒河组沉积盖层覆盖有关,从上新世开始由于印度板块对欧亚板块的碰撞挤压作用,天山造山带被快速抬升遭受风化剥蚀作用使矿床重新露出地表而被发现。阿希金矿的发现对于在中、新生代以前的造山带中寻找浅成低温热液型金矿床具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。     

额尔古纳成矿带西北部金矿床流体包裹体研究

额尔古纳成矿带是中国东北重要的银、铅、锌、铜、钼多金属成矿带,它位于蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带的东南缘。最近,额尔古纳成矿带西北部发现了砂宝斯、老沟、小伊诺盖沟等金矿床和一些金矿点。这些金矿受洛古河-二根河韧性剪切带和额尔古纳河韧性剪切带控制,矿体常赋存于韧性剪切带的次级张扭性断裂构造中。矿石中硫化物含量一般不超过3％,且硫化物以黄铁矿为主。流体包裹体有气液两相、含CO2三相和纯CO2包裹体3种类型。气相成分以H2O、CO2和N2为主,含少量H,S、CH4为特征。流体包裹体的盐度低,介于2.06～8、54％NaCleqv之间。老沟金矿流体包裹体均一温度介于171℃～452℃之间,平均295℃,小伊诺盖淘金矿包裹体均一温度为169℃～493℃,平均亦为295℃,均属中温热液矿床。老淘金矿成矿压力为61～122MPa,平均82MPa;小伊诺盖沟金矿成矿压力为38～172MPa,平均93MPa。前者成矿深度介于6～9km,平均7km;后者成矿深度为4～11km,平均8km。上述金矿床的地质-地球化学特征与世界造山型金矿类似,形成于蒙古-中朝板块与西伯利亚板块之间的陆-陆碰撞造山作用。     

论新疆伊犁浅成低温热液型金矿与斑岩型铜（钼金）矿的相随相伴规律

中亚成矿域中的斑岩型铜（钼金）矿,有别于滨太平洋区的斑岩铜矿,它们大部分是形成于大洋消亡之后,与A型俯冲或后碰撞阶段的构造岩浆作用有关,并非都形成于岛弧发展阶段,且常与浅成低温热液型金矿（产于陆相-亚陆相火山岩内）时间相随、空间相伴,两者属于一个统一的岩浆系统;浅部是浅成低温热液型金矿,深部是高温斑岩型铜（钼金）矿,其成矿特点表现出两者元素组合连续、过渡与转化,两者类型相随相伴。     

西天山地区浅成低温热液型金矿地质特征及成矿模式

新近发现于西天山吐拉苏地区的阿希大型金矿床及其外围的伊尔曼得、恰布坎卓它等金矿床(点)的矿化类型为浅成低温热液型,并进一步划分为冰长石-绢云母型和硅化岩型。矿床赋存于伊犁晚古生代裂谷区的吐拉苏—也里莫墩火山岩带中,矿床围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组中基性—中酸性陆相火山岩系。冰长石-绢云母型以阿希金矿为代表,矿床为沿火山口缘环状、放射状断裂充填的石英脉型;硅化岩型以伊尔曼得金矿为代表,矿化体呈层状、似层状,受火山岩系底部沉火山碎屑岩控制。结合该地区成矿地球化学特征分析,本文讨论了区内金矿成矿特征、成矿背景和成矿条件,建立了西天山地区浅成低温热液型金矿的成矿模式。     

胶莱盆地东北缘地区金矿特征及找矿方向

胶莱盆地东北缘地区,成矿条件优越,近年来发现了大中型金矿床多处,特别是辽上特大型金矿,引起众多专家学者关注。中生代侏罗纪至白垩纪,在扬子板块、伊佐奈岐板块以及印度洋板块联合作用下,形成了鲁东地区特殊的格局,胶莱盆地为该时段的产物。复杂的构造环境及两期次大的岩浆活动,为牧牛山地区金成矿作用提供了良好的储矿空间和成矿作用的动力及物质来源。古元古代荆山群含石墨的变质岩系和早白垩世形成的中基性脉岩,共同成为该地区金成矿重要的地球化学障。根据矿床显著的特点将牧牛山地区金矿分为蓬家夼式、土堆式、辽上式和宋家沟式四种类型,并建立了区域成矿模式,分析了成矿演化机制。指出了未来找矿方向。     

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带南缘鑫龙金矿的发现及意义

西藏鑫龙金矿位于西藏那曲市尼玛县,是中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所在中国地质调查局1：5万矿产地质调查项目支持下发现的一处具有勘探潜力的金矿床。文章通过野外详细的1：1万矿区地质填图、激电测深测量、山地工程以及室内详细的岩相学及矿相学研究,得出以下结论：鑫龙金矿产于班公湖-怒江成矿带南缘中拉萨地体中部则弄群火山岩中,主要受北北西向断裂控制,其矿化和蚀变特征与典型的高硫型浅成低温热液金矿的特征类似。目前矿区共圈定4条矿体,其矿石类型主要为团块状、稠密-稀疏浸染状和角砾状矿石,矿石中金属矿物主要为黝铜矿族矿物,其中包括锌锑黝铜矿、锌砷黝铜矿和铁砷黝铜矿,其他金属矿物有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉硒铋矿、斑铜矿、铅矾、自然金、硒银矿等。鑫龙矿床发育的蚀变主要为硅化和中-高级泥化,硅化表现为则弄群扎列拿组火山岩被后期火山热液交代发生硅化而形成的硅质蚀变岩石,在断裂通过的构造破碎带中硅化强烈,发育有孔洞状石英;中-高级泥化主要表现为叶蜡石化和高岭土化。激电测深测量和山地工程揭示出鑫龙金矿具有优越的成矿地质条件以及巨大的成矿潜力,综合区域成矿地质背景认为拉萨地体中部,沿着申扎-措勤-革吉-狮泉河一带可能存在一条和陆缘弧火山岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿带,鑫龙金矿的发现将为藏北的岩金矿找矿工作开启新的篇章。     

华北地台北缘金矿成矿带的构造-水文特征

本文在矿石包体稳定同位素实测资料基础上编制了研究区成矿溶液δＤ等值线图，表明该成矿带内多数矿床在大气降水与成矿过程方面具有整体性和统一性。计算各个成矿系统的水岩比后，根据其在δ＾１８Ｏ－δＤ坐标系中的位置可发现：成矿带多数矿床分属３个构造－水文成矿系列－每个系列是由一组相对富岩浆水的成矿流体矿床为内核；一组相对贫岩浆水的矿床为外围围绕核心。其于对各个成矿系统流体演化成熟度的计算，提出一种预测、评估     

中国铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床的基本特征及研究进展

铁氧化物-铜-金(Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold,IOCG)矿床是Hitzman et al.(1992)提出的一个新矿床类型。该概念的提出与澳大利亚Olympic Dam超大型矿床的发现有关,一定程度上促进了世界上同类新矿床的发现,引起工业界和学术界的广泛关注。中国IOCG矿床的研究起步较晚,在IOCG概念提出后很长一段时间内,并没有国内外公认的IOCG矿床报道。近年来,通过对一些Fe-Cu矿床的实例研究,目前已初步确立中国西南康滇地区、东准噶尔北缘和东天山阿齐山-雅满苏等Fe-Cu成矿带具有类似于IOCG的成矿特征,并且在矿床形成时代、机制及构造背景等成因问题上取得诸多进展。成矿时代上,康滇Fe-Cu成矿省形成于元古代,包括有～1. 65和～1. 0Ga两期主成矿事件,分别对应于区域上的两期板内岩浆作用,说明Fe-Cu矿化与大陆裂谷背景相关。东准噶尔北缘和东天山阿齐山-雅满苏成矿带均形成于古生代,分别为295～320Ma和～380Ma,被认为可能与陆缘盆地闭合有关。三个成矿带中Fe-Cu矿床围岩均为火山-沉积地层、均具有早期Fe矿化和晚期Cu矿化为主的特征且大部分矿床与同期侵入岩体没有明显空间关系,但在蚀变矿物组合及金属元素富集程度、流体特征等方面仍存在一些差别。例如康滇成矿省的蚀变组合以成矿前区域Na化、Fe矿化期Fe-Na-(Ca)化及铜矿化期K化和碳酸盐化等为特点;矿体在空间上常与大小不等的热液角砾岩筒共生;各矿床不同程度地富集REE、Mo、Au、Co等金属;成矿流体上早期以高温、中高盐度的岩浆热液为主,而成矿晚期则有更多非岩浆流体(盆地水、地层水或大气降水等)的加入。这些特点与世界上典型的IOCG矿床(特别是前寒武纪矿床)基本一致,因此目前为止,康滇成矿省作为中国的典型IOCG矿床而受国内外认可的程度相对较高。东准噶尔北缘与东天山阿齐山-雅满苏成矿带矿化特征较为相似,最新研究显示这些矿床中非岩浆流体(如盆地卤水、地层水等)对Fe-Cu矿化的贡献更大、成矿发生于陆缘盆地闭合期等,可能与南美中安第斯成矿带IOCG矿床更为类似。但是,部分矿床在成矿前均显示有明显的矽卡岩化,甚至个别矿床中矿体、岩体和矽卡岩具紧密时空关系而类似于矽卡岩矿床;多数矿床除Fe和Cu外,所含金属元素比较单一。这些特点一定程度上导致这两个矿带Fe-Cu矿床归属于矽卡岩还是IOCG矿床的问题上仍存在不少争议,尚待进一步的探索和讨论。基于目前的研究现状,本文也对中国IOCG矿床今后研究中值得关注的问题提出了一些设想和展望,包括不少矿床Fe-Cu矿化空间上分离的原因、不同地球化学行为差异较大的成矿元素(如Co、Ni与REE、U、Mo等)在矿床中均有富集的原因等方面。     

胶莱盆地东北缘龙口- 土堆矿区金矿床成矿规律研究

海阳市龙口- 土堆金矿床是胶莱盆地东北缘金矿床的重要典型矿床之一。金矿床位于胶莱盆地东北缘一个微凸起,以NE向断裂面为界。矿体严格受断裂构造控制,主要矿体受控于NE走向、SE倾的左行压扭性断裂构造,并在构造的引张和产状变化部位形成厚大矿体;矿床成因为岩浆期后中低温热液构造蚀变岩型金矿;成矿时间集中在119±10Ma。成矿热液中硫源可能与脉岩来自同一或类似源区,在上升成矿过程中又萃取了围岩荆山群中的硫及成矿物质。胶莱盆地东北缘金成矿带成矿流体相似,均为岩浆水混合大气水。主成矿期成矿流体为中高温、低盐度的CO2- NaCl- H2O体系。成矿期次划分为热液期和表生期两个阶段。     

西非金矿床类型及时空分布规律

西非素有"黄金海岸"之称, 近年西非金矿勘查和产量不断突破新高, 已超过南非成为非洲最重要的产金区。通过系统总结西非156个有储量数据的金矿山信息发现, 西非已发现金矿储量全球占比超7%, 未来可能成为全球金矿开采与供应的重要一极。成因类型上以造山型金矿为主, 且成矿流体具有富水含碳为特征。砾岩型金矿次之, 独居特色, 其他类型矿床数量较少。西非金矿时间分布上具有广泛分布、高度集中的特点。古元古代埃布尼造山运动(2.2.~2.0 Ga)对金矿的形成具有绝对控制作用, 其他时期金矿数量相对较少。西非金矿空间分布广泛, 且具有明显的丛聚性分布特征, 集中分布于西非克拉通内的莱奥地盾区, 其他地区零星出露。根据西非金矿成矿地质背景与空间分布规律, 划分了23个Ⅳ成矿带。上述研究不仅有助于深入了解西非金矿成矿地质条件及矿床分布规律, 也对该区下步的找矿勘查部署具一定的指示意义, 更可能为该区金矿理论研究提供启示。     

冀东一些金矿床金矿物特征及金成色地质意义

冀东青龙地区三家子、半壁山金矿床均产于古老变质岩系中，主要载金矿物为石英、黄铁矿，金的赋存状态有裂隙金、包裹体金、晶隙金。通过对比，认为Au成色与成矿时代、成矿温度、成矿深度有内在关系：成矿时代越早，Au成色越高；金矿物的形成温度与Au成色呈正相关关系；金矿床形成深度越大，自然金的成色亦越高。三家子金矿床成矿时代较晚，为中－中高温矿床，深部曾发生过多次成矿作用。半壁山金矿床成矿较早，为高中温金矿床。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带浅成低温热液型金锑矿床的发现及其意义--以西藏弄如日金锑矿床为例

通过化探、槽探和平硐等手段,对位于冈底斯成矿带东段的弄如日金矿床进行了评价和研究,在矿区发现金矿化带4条,圈出金矿体5个,控制2．3g／t品位以上的金资源量（333＋3341）为2．97t,确定该矿床属典型的浅成中低温热液型金矿床。矿区的金矿体赋存于破碎蚀变角岩和蚀变二长花岗斑岩中,受南北向正断裂系统的控制,矿化以金为主,伴有辉锑矿、雄黄、黄铁矿等矿物,可分为浅成低温热液和表生氧化2个成矿期,金可能以独立的自然金状态存在于脉石矿物的粒问或裂隙中。弄如日金矿床形成于伸展构造背景,在空间上居斑岩铜矿床外围,成矿时代为中新世一上新世,与冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床及其外围的矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的成矿时代基本一致,说明三者受统一的成矿作用制约,属斑岩岩浆一热液成矿系统中的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。     

黑龙江东安金矿床赋矿岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学特征

东安金矿床是环太平洋成矿域的一处大型低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床,赋存于燕山期碱长花岗岩和中酸性火山岩中。本文通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年,获得赋矿的碱长花岗岩和光华组流纹岩的加权平均年龄分别为183.2±1.3Ma和109.1±1.2Ma,表明碱长花岗岩的侵位年代为早侏罗世,光华组火山岩的喷出时代为早白垩世。在地球化学组成上,东安碱长花岗岩具高硅、高钾和低磷的特征,富集Rb、Th和K,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P和Ti,属于高分异的I型花岗岩,是太平洋板块俯冲作用的产物。光华组中酸性火山岩富集Rb、Th、U和K,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti,为太平洋板块俯冲方向发生改变后的岩石圈伸展减薄环境下,镁铁质下地壳部分熔融而形成的。东安金矿床成矿年龄(107~108Ma)与光华组火山岩的成岩年龄在误差范围内一致,表明成矿与成岩作用为同一地质事件,均形成于早白垩世太平洋板块俯冲背景下的拉张构造环境中。结合区内其他浅成低温热液型金矿床的赋矿围岩特征,认为早白垩世陆相火山岩是东北地区寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的有利场所。     

The first discovery of Xinlong epithermal gold deposit in southern margin of the Bangonghu-Nujiang metallogenic belt: A new expansion of gold prospecting in Northern Tibet

The Xinlong gold deposit is located in Niyma County, Naqu area of Tibet and was discovered by the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences through the 1∶50000 mineral geological survey. The ore bodies occur in the Zenong Group volcanic rocks in the middle section of the central Lhasa subterrane and are structurally controlled by the NNW-striking faults. Four ore bodies have been found, exhibiting cloddy, dense-sparse, disseminated, and breccia structures. The ore minerals are mainly tetrahedrite group minerals, and other ore minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, nevskite, bornite, anglesite, native gold, and silver-gold bearing selenide, etc. The types of alteration are dominated by silicification, as well as middle- and high-graded argillization. The alteration mineral assemblages contain quzrtz, pyrophyllite, and kaolinite. The Zaliela Formation volcanic rocks of Zenong Group are silicified by later hydrothermal fluid with vuggy quartz in some fractured zones. The middle- and high-graded argillization are characterized by pyrophyllitization and kaolinization. The Xinlong gold deposit shows great metallogenetic potentiality and has been revealed by 1∶10000 geological mapping, IP sounding, and trial trenching in the mining area. Combined with the regional metallogenic geological setting, we suppose that a potential epithermal gold belt probably exists in the middle of the Lhasa terrane. The discovery of the Xinlong gold deposit opens a new chapter for the gold prospecting in Northern Tibet.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.     

西秦岭地区金矿类型及其成矿作用

西秦岭地区是中国最重要的金矿矿集区之一,除产出少数夕卡岩型金矿床外,几乎所有的其他金矿床都可归并为造山型、卡林型和类卡林型3种类型。研究表明,西秦岭地区中生代花岗岩主要形成于中晚三叠世,而金矿成矿主要集中在晚三叠世,它们都是华北板块与华南板块碰撞导致的秦岭造山作用的产物。西秦岭地区造山型金矿床主要赋存在泥盆系和石炭系一套复杂的构造变形和区域变质的绿片岩相岩中,主要受北西西向脆韧性剪切带控制,成矿元素组合主要为Au-Ag。矿石中含有大量显微自然金、银金矿,明金可见。成矿流体主要为变质流体。由造山作用引起的强烈构造运动为成矿流体提供了运移通道,为矿质沉淀提供了有利的场所。虽然一些造山型金矿床与中酸性岩体相邻,但矿化与岩浆活动不具直接的成因关系。西秦岭地区卡林型金矿床主要产于轻微变质的寒武系至三叠系沉积岩中,明显受地层、岩性和构造控制。金矿床中的金以超显微金和存在于含砷黄铁矿与毒砂晶格中的固溶体金为主。成矿元素组合为Au-As-Hg-Sb-Ba。成矿流体由早期形成的地层水被后期大气降水补给活化形成,也有部分岩浆水或变质水的加入。在伸展背景下大气降水通过循环演化形成了较浅层次的流体系统,导致Au等成矿元素发生沉淀而形成浸染状矿石。西秦岭地区类卡林型金矿床主要产于浅变质沉积岩建造中,受脆韧性剪切带的控制,并形成于花岗岩岩体附近。与造山型、卡林型金矿床最大的不同之处在于,类卡林型金矿床的形成与同时期的岩浆活动有密切的成因关系。矿石中存在显微自然金,载金矿物主要为黄铁矿、含砷黄铁矿和碲化物。成矿热液主要是岩浆水与变质水、建造水的混合流体。与造山型金矿床类似,流体不混溶导致类卡林型金矿床的形成。     

Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hishikari gold deposits, southwestern Japan

The magma–ore deposit relationship of most low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits is still unclear, partly because many stable isotopic studies of such deposits have indicated the predominance of meteoric waters within hydrothermal fluids. However, it is certainly true that hydrothermal systems are ultimately driven by magmatic intrusions, and epithermal gold deposits might therefore be produced by magmatic activity even in deposits having has no obvious links to a magma. We re-examine the genesis of two typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits, using structural simulations and isotope data.Many epithermal gold deposits including the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits have been discovered in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The Kushikino deposit comprises fissure-filling veins within Neogene andesitic volcanics that overlie unconformably Cretaceous sedimentary basement. The veins consist of gold- and silver-bearing quartz and calcite with minor amounts of adularia, sericite and sulfides. Although carbon and oxygen isotopic data for the veins indicate a meteoric origin of the ore fluid, finite element simulations suggest that the vein system might have formed in direct response to magma intrusion. In particular, geophysical data suggest that intruding magma has uplifted the basement rocks, thereby producing fractures and veins and a positive Bouguer anomaly, and providing the heat necessary to drive an ore-forming hydrothermal system.The second component of this study has been to investigate the nature and evolution of the Kushikino and Hishikari epithermal systems. Isotope data document the geochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. We conclude that the existence of sedimentary basement rocks at depth might have affected the strontium and carbon isotopic ratios of the Kushikino and Hishikari ore fluids. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O trend reveal that major ore veins in the Hishikari deposit can be distinguished from shallow barren veins. It was suggested isotopically that fluids responsible for the barren veins in nearby shallow and barren circulation systems were only controlled by the shallow host rocks. Such multi-isotope systematics provide a powerful tool with which to determine the center of hydrothermal activity and thereby document the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.