Discontinuity of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault low-velocity zone, central Japan, inferred from 3-D finite-difference simulation of fault zone waves excited by explosive sources

We delineate shallow structures of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault, central Japan, using fault zone waves generated by near-surface explosions and detected by a seismometer array. Two explosive sources, S1 and S2, were placed at a distance of about 2 km from the array, and the other two, S3 and S4, were at a distance of about 4 km. Fault zone head waves and fault zone trapped waves following direct P wave arrivals were clearly identified in the seismograms recorded by a linear seismometer array deployed across the fault in a research tunnel at a depth of 300 m. Synthetic waveforms generated by a 3-D finite-difference (3-D FD) method were compared with observed fault zone waves up to 25 Hz. The best fitting model indicates a 200-m-wide low-velocity zone extending at least to shot site S1 located 2 km east of the seismic array with a 20% decrease in the P wave velocity relative to the wall rock. The width of the low-velocity zone is consistent with the fault zone defined by direct geological observation in the research tunnel. However, the low-velocity zone should disappear just to the east of the site S1 to explain the observed fault zone waves for shot S3 and S4 located 4 km east of the seismometer array. Yet the observation and the simulation show notable trapped wave excitation even though shots S3 and S4 are outside the fault zone. These results indicate that (1) the effective waveguide for seismic waves along the fault does not exist east of source site S1 although the surface traces of the fault are observed in this region, and (2) considerable trapped waves can be excited by sources well outside the fault zone. These results highlight the along-strike variability in fault zone structure.     

断层导波研究加利福尼亚兰德斯和海克特曼恩地震断层带的四维特征(英文)

美国加利福尼亚州兰德斯和海克特曼恩地区于1992年和1999年先后发生7.4级和7.1级地震,分别在地面产生80km和40km长的断裂带。震后在断裂带布置的密集地震站台记录到明显的断层导波(fault-zone guided waves)。这些导波由断层带内的余震和人工震源激发产生,走时在S波之后,但具有比体波更强的振幅和更长的波列,并具有频散特征。通过对2～7 Hz断层导波的定量分析和三维有限差分数字模拟,获得了震深区断裂带的高分辨内部构造图像以及岩石的物理特性。数字模拟结果表明这些断裂带上存在被严重破碎了的核心层,形成低速、低Q值地震波导。核心破碎带宽约100～200 m,其内地震波波速降为周围岩石的40％～50％,Q值约为10～50。根据岩石断裂力学观点,这一低速、低Q值带可被解释为地震过程中处于断层动态断裂前端的非弹性区(或称之为破碎区,相干过程区)。在兰德斯和海克特曼恩断裂带测得的破碎区宽度与断裂带长度之比约为0.005,基本上符合岩石断裂力学预期的结果。观察到的断层导波还显示兰德斯和海克特曼恩地震中多条断层发生滑移和破碎。兰德斯地震时多条阶梯形断层相继断裂;而在海克特曼恩地震中,断裂带南北两端均出现分枝断裂,深处的分枝断裂较地表出现的破裂状况更为复杂。由三维有限元模拟的动态断裂过程表明,?     

海原断裂带断层通道波观测与破碎带宽度

断层通道波是低速断层破碎带与高速围岩之间的边界相干多重反射形成的,其振幅和频率强烈依赖于断层的几何形态和物理性质,故能用于探测断裂带的内部结构.在宁夏海原西安州附近海原断裂带上,横跨1920年海原8.6级地震地表破裂带布设2条测线,接收测线之间人工爆破激发的断层通道波.每条测线由1台3分量数字地震仪组成,靠近破裂带台间距30～40 m,远离破裂带台间距增大至230～250 m.对测线1的台站接收到的一炮垂直道地震波数据进行了0.1～4.0 Hz频段的滤波,结果表明在S波到时之后存在多组强振幅、低频率、长波链的断层通道波.由断层通道波揭示的海原断裂带在西安州附近的断裂破碎带宽度约为250 m.     

华南沿海莲花山断裂带控矿构造变形时限：来自锆石U-Pb年龄与地层时代的约束

莲花山断裂带是中国东南沿海广东省境内一条重要的NE向断裂构造带,同时也是一条重要的锡、钨、铜、铅锌多金属成矿带。本文通过莲花山断裂带和典型矿区野外地质观测及断裂带内发生剪切变形作用的花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄测定,初步探讨了莲花山断裂带内韧性变形时限、脆性边界断裂发育时限,以及韧性剪切变形与成矿的关系。研究表明莲花山断裂带内韧性变形时限在129～127 Ma,脆性的边界断裂发育于官草湖组和合水组地层沉积时限之间,莲花山断裂带中韧性剪切变形早于成矿发生时间,韧性剪切变形为成矿提供了容矿空间。     

芦山Mw6.6地震序列的震源机制及震源区应力场

为研究2013年4月20日芦山M_w6.6地震的发震构造及孕震机理, 基于4月20日—6月1日地震序列中114次M≥3.0余震震源机制解, 深入分析了余震震源机制及震源区应力场的时空分布特征, 获得的主要认识如下: (1)芦山M≥3.0余震以逆冲型为主, 走滑型次之, 正断型最少, 震源机制P轴方位一致性较好, 以近NWW-SEE为优势方向, 倾角分布在0~30°, 表明余震活动主要受龙门山断裂所在的区域应力场控制; (2)芦山余震区压应力S1方位存在明显的局部空间分区差异, 以主震震中为界, 余震区南边S1方向总体呈NWW方向, 而余震区北边S1方向表现出由NW经EW向NE的逆时针旋转, 可能反映了余震区北边发震断层错动以逆冲为主兼有一定的走滑分量; (3)压应力S1方位随时间的变化不明显, 呈近NWW方向, 但其倾角逐渐变水平, 应力张量方差逐渐变大, 震源机制错动类型始终以逆冲为主, 随时间变的相对紊乱, 反映了震源区应力场随时间的调整变化特性; (4)深度剖面结果显示压应力方位与发震断层走向的夹角在80°~120°, 即近乎垂直, 震源断层面向NW倾斜, 芦山余震活动受控于近垂直发震断裂的挤压作用, 属于典型的逆冲断层.      

Fracture-zone conditions on a recently active fault: insights from mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the Hirabayashi NIED drill core on the Nojima fault, southwest Japan, which ruptured in the 1995 Kobe earthquake

An 1800-m-deep borehole into the Nojima fault zone was drilled at Nojima-Hirabayashi, Japan, after the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. Three possible fracture zones were detected at depths of about 1140, 1300, and 1800 m. To assess these fracture zones in this recently active fault, we analyzed the distributions of fault rocks, minerals, and chemical elements in these zones. The central fault plane in the shallowest fracture zone was identified by foliated blue-gray gouge at a depth of 1140 m. The degree of fracturing was evidently greater in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Minerals detected in this zone were quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, and biotite, as in the parent rock (granodiorite), and also kaolinite, smectite, laumontite, stilbite, calcite, ankerite, and siderite, which are related to hydrothermal alteration. Biotite was absent in both the hanging wall and footwall across the central fault plane, but it was absent over a greater distance from the central fault plane in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Major element compositions across this zone suggested that hydrothermal alteration minerals such as kaolinite and smectite occurred across the central fault plane for a greater distance in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Similarly, H₂O+ and CO₂ had higher concentrations in the hanging wall than in the footwall. This asymmetrical distribution pattern is probably due to the greater degree of wall–rock fracturing and associated alteration in the hanging wall. We attributed the characteristics of this zone to fault activity and fluid–rock interactions. We analyzed the other fracture zones along this fault in the same way. In the fracture zone at about 1300 m depth, we detected the same kinds of hydrothermal alteration minerals as in the shallower zone, but they were in fewer samples. We detected relatively little H₂O+ and CO₂, and little evidence for movement of the major chemical elements, indicating little past fluid–rock interaction. In the fracture zone at about 1800 m depth, H₂O+ and CO₂ were very enriched throughout the interval, as in the fracture zone at about 1140 m depth. However, smectite was absent and chlorite was present, indicating the occurrence of chloritization, which requires a temperature of more than 200 °C. Only smectite can form under the present conditions in these fracture zones. The chloritization probably occurred in the past when the fracture zone was deeper than it is now. These observations suggest that among the three fracture zones, that at about 1140 m depth was the most activated at the time of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake.     

宽角反射、折射地震数据与重力数据综合解释龙门山及邻近地区地壳结构

青藏高原东部的隆升机制一直都是地学界的研究热点,研究学者们提出和发展了多种岩石圈变形模型,而存在多种模型的主要原因之一是对青藏高原东部地壳及岩石圈结构认识不足。本文主要针对SinoProbe-02项目横跨龙门山断裂带、全长400多公里的宽角、折射地震数据及重力数据进行联合反演和综合解释。研究结果表明,龙门山及邻近地区地壳结构可明确划分为上地壳、中地壳和下地壳。上地壳上层为沉积层,龙门山断裂带以西大部分区域被三叠纪复理岩覆盖,而在龙日坝断裂与岷江断裂之间出现了密度为2.7g/cm³的高速异常体;向东靠近龙门山地区,沉积层厚度逐渐减薄。中地壳速度变化不均一,而且变形强烈;若尔盖盆地和龙门山断裂带下方出现明显低速带;中地壳在龙门山西侧厚度加厚,在岷江断裂下方和四川盆地靠近龙门山断裂带地区附近厚度达到最大。莫霍面整体深度从东往西增厚,最厚可达56 km。本次研究得到的地壳结构和密度分布分析结果表明现有的地壳厚度和物质组成不足以支撑龙门山及邻近地区目前所达到的隆升高度,因此四川盆地刚性基底西缘因挤压作用产生的弯曲应力也是该地区抬升的重要条件之一。     

吴川—四会断裂带的运动学特征研究

本文对吴川－四会大型韧性剪切断裂带的运动学特征进行了探讨。吴川－四会断裂带的运动方式为滑块型对冲式剪切，其运动学标志有S－C组构、S－L组构、旋转残斑等宏观微观域标志。研究表明，吴川－四会断裂带是一条切壳深断裂。     

乌鲁木齐山前坳陷逆断裂-褶皱带及其形成机制

乌鲁木齐山前坳陷位于天山新生代再生造山带北侧,南以准噶尔南缘断裂与天山相隔,内部发育了几排逆断裂 背斜带,每一排构造带又由多个逆断裂 背斜组成。最南的齐古逆断裂 背斜带形成于中生代末,其北的玛纳斯逆断裂背斜带包含霍尔果斯、玛纳斯和吐谷鲁逆断裂背斜,形成于上新世末、早更新世初,受上、下２ 个滑脱面和断坡的控制,形成上、下２ 个背斜。再向北的独山子逆断裂背斜带由独山子、哈拉安德和安集海逆断裂背斜组成,形成于早、中更新世之间,主逆断裂向下在８ ～９ ｋｍ 深处的侏罗系中变为近水平滑脱面。此外,在独山子和吐谷鲁背斜的西北和东北还分别发育有正在形成之中的西湖和呼图壁隆起。研究了这些逆断裂 背斜带的地表和深部的构造特征、二维和三维几何学及运动学后指出,它们是在天山向准噶尔盆地扩展过程中发育于近水平滑脱面和不同断坡上的断展褶皱,独山子和安集海逆断裂 背斜的水平缩短量分别为２ ９００ ,１ ３５０ ｍ ,缩短速率分别为３９７ ,１８７ ｍ ｍ／ ａ。霍尔果斯、玛纳斯、吐谷鲁逆断裂 背斜的水平缩短量分别为５ ９００ ,６ ５００ ,６ ０００ ｍ ,相应的缩短速率分别为２０２,２２３ ,２０６ ｍ ｍ／ａ,准噶尔南缘断裂和乌鲁木齐山前坳陷第四纪?     

郯庐断裂带的岩石圈结构及其成因分析

横穿郯庐断裂带的五条地学断面揭示,断裂带两侧地壳结构明显不同,这是平移运动造成不同块体拼合的结果。早白垩世走滑期的岩浆活动,指示当时断裂带切入了壳－幔边界。这表明断裂带在走滑中切穿了整个地壳,莫霍面当时应为平缓的大型拆离面,壳－幔之间发生了显著的失耦。断裂带在晚白垩世－早第三纪的伸展活动中,软流圈进行了强烈的上隆,岩石圈出现了显著的细颈化,属于纯剪切伸展模式。在晚第三纪以来的挤压活动中,浅埋软流圈背景上较高的上地幔温度,使郯庐断裂带成为岩石圈薄弱带,从而发生了较强的逆冲活动和大规模幔源玄武岩浆的喷发。     

地震泵抽吸作用与油气运聚成藏物理模拟

地震泵抽吸作用是在断裂活动开启过程中,引发流体进入断裂带,并发生垂向运移的作用方式。在裂隙递进扩张形成优势裂隙并进一步发展成大的断裂面的演化过程中,地震泵抽吸作用发生,围岩中的流体在相对负压抽吸作用下进到断裂带中,之后主要在构造应力和异常高孔隙流体压力的共同作用下向上运移,并向着邻近断裂的封闭程度差、体积大、物性好的储层中充注运移,运移效率远远高于达西流和扩散流。断裂周期性破裂活动的特征决定了油气沿断裂的垂向泵吸运移呈周期性、间歇性和脉动的特点,同时也决定了油气易于在断裂错开的最新层位聚集成藏。通过克拉2气田天然气运聚成藏过程物理模拟实验结果表明,紧邻圈闭的盐下断裂为有效的天然气运移通道,穿盐断裂为无效的天然气运移通道,天然气在地震泵抽吸作用下沿断裂运移速度快、效率高,在断裂活动的短时间内可以大规模运聚成藏。     

Quaternary crustal deformation along a major branch of the San Andreas fault in central California

Deformed marine terraces and alluvial deposits record Quaternary crustal deformation along segments of a major, seismically active branch of the San Andreas fault which extends 190 km SSE roughly parallel to the California coastline from Bolinas Lagoon to the Point Sur area. Most of this complex fault zone lies offshore (mapped by others using acoustical techniques), but a 4-km segment (Seal Cove fault) near Half Moon Bay and a 26-km segment (San Gregorio fault) between San Gregorio and Point Ano Nuevo lie onshore.At Half Moon Bay, right-lateral slip and N—S horizontal compression are expressed by a broad, synclinal warp in the first (lowest: 125 ka?) and second marine terraces on the NE side of the Seal Cove fault. This structure plunges to the west at an oblique angle into the fault plane. Linear, joint0controlled stream courses draining the coastal uplands are deflected toward the topographic depression along the synclinal axis where they emerge from the hills to cross the lowest terrace. Streams crossing the downwarped part of this terrace adjacent to Half Moon Bay are depositing alluvial fans, whereas streams crossing the uplifted southern limb of the syncline southwest of the bay are deeply incised. Minimum crustal shortening across this syncline parallel to the fault is 0.7% over the past 125 ka, based on deformation of the shoreline angle of the first terrace.Between San Gregorio and Point Ano Nuevo the entire fault zone is 2.5–3.0 km wide and has three primary traces or zones of faulting consisting of numerous en-echelon and anastomozing secondary fault traces. Lateral discontinuities and variable deformation of well-preserved marine terrace sequences help define major structural blocks and document differential motions in this area and south to Santa Cruz. Vertical displacement occurs on all of the fault traces, but is small compared to horizontal displacement. Some blocks within the fault zone are intensely faulted and steeply tilted. One major block 0.8 km wide east of Point Ano Nuevo is downdropped as much as 20 m between two primary traces to form a graben presently filling with Holocene deposits. Where exposed in the sea cliff, these deposits are folded into a vertical attitude adjacent to the fault plane forming the south-west margin of the graben. Near Point Ano Nuevo sedimentary deposits and fault rubble beneath a secondary high-angle reverse fault record three and possibly six distinct offset events in the past 125 ka.The three primary fault traces offset in a right-lateral sense the shoreline angles of the two lowest terraces east of Point Ano Nuevo. The rates of displacement on the three traces are similar. The average rate of horizontal offset across the entire zone is between 0.63 and 1.30 cm/yr, based on an amino-acid age estimate of 125 ka for the first terrace, and a reasonable guess of 200–400 ka for the second terrace. Rates of this magnitude make up a significant part of the deficit between long-term relative plate motions (estimated by others to be about 6 cm/yr) and present displacement rates along other parts of the San Andreas fault system (about 3.2 cm/yr).Northwestward tilt and convergence of six marine terraces northeast of Ano Nuevo (southwest side of the fault zone) indicate continuous gentle warping associated with right-lateral displacement since early or middle Pleistocene time. Minimum local crustal shortening of this block parallel to the fault is 0.2% based on tilt of the highest terrace. Five major, evenly spaced terraces southeast of Ano Nuevo on the southwest flank of Mt. Ben Lomond (northeast side of the fault zone) rise to an elevation of 240 m, indicating relatively constant uplift (about 0.19 m/ka and southwestward tilt since Early or Middle Pleistocene time (Bradley and Griggs, 1976).     

松潘—甘孜地区百年地震构造和现今动力学

研究区位于青藏高原的东北隅(96°～107°E,30°～35°N)。基于该地区长度大于2km的4 781条1∶20万数字化实测断裂、1900年以来的5 220条数字地震记录,以及野外地质观测数据,识别出993条不同属性的地震断层,构建了该地区百年地震构造格局。1970年以来十年期地震断层跃迁图像表明,自20世纪80年代中期白马—虎牙强烈震群爆发之后,地震活动在沿各主要走滑断层带自西(北西)向东(南东)迁移的同时,逐渐向中部贡玛—达曲断裂带和南部鲜水河断裂带的东南段集中。地震活动的断裂构造联系主要表现为挤压剪切转换机制和典型的楔顶效应。研究区165个GPS速度矢量展现了与3个地块和以鲜水河断裂带为主的速度域、速度梯度带和速度扰动区。跨研究区南缘鲜水河断裂带的位移速率因贡玛—达曲断裂带汇聚而达到了6.5～8.6mm/a,而跨北缘东昆仑断裂带的位移速度只有1.8～2.2mm/a。因鲜水河断裂走向在其中南段发生向南的急剧偏转,垂直断层面的位移矢量分量不断增强,形成了汶川8.0级地震成核及NE向单边破裂的动力学条件。     

Structural and petrological evidence for the continuation of the Isfahan fault system across the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone of central Iran

The Isfahan fault system, a north-trending, dextral strike-slip fault across the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, represents the boundary between the northwestern and the southeastern parts of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and it terminates in the north at the southern boundary of the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone. This paper focuses on the continuation of the Isfahan fault system across the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone north of Isfahan city. The Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage belt is located along the active margin of the Iranian plate and the Arabian plate. The Karkas fault strikes nearly north-south, has a length of about 40 km, a normal component of movement, and it truncates the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone. Due to the location of this fault and the mechanism similar to the Isfahan fault system, the Karkas fault can be considered a continuation of the Isfahan fault system that has been displaced dextrally by the southwestern bordering faults of the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone. The unique juxtaposition association of the Silurian volcanic rocks in the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone, near the Karkas fault, provides an important evidence regarding the major role of this fault in the geological evolution of the region. The Silurian volcanic rocks outcrop in two districts of the study area and generally are composed of basalts. The alkaline basalt composition is determined from mineralogy and immobile elements geochemistry. The geotectonic setting diagrams classified the Silurian volcanic rocks as the within plate basalts. Thus, an intracontinental rifting under extensional tectonic regime can be inferred as the setting that controlled formation of these volcanic rocks. They were created by an alkaline to transitional magmas generated due to low partial melting at depth. The alkaline basalts were most likely derived from an asthenosphere-dominated mantle source due to extension and partial melting. The north trending extensional faults affected thinned overlying continental lithosphere in the Paleozoic era, facilitating magma penetration and eruption.     

安徽东至查册桥金矿断裂构造型式、控岩控矿和区域构造意义

查册桥金矿是近年在安徽省东至县发现的具一定规模的金矿床,矿床的形成与燕山期强烈的构造岩浆活动有密切的时空和成因联系。我们通过金矿勘查及专题研究,对区内的主要断裂构造进行了划分,对可观测的主要断裂构造基本特征、形成与演化、相互关系及控岩控矿作用进行较系统的研究,初步认为,区内主要断裂构造在印支期前构造基础上经印支期和燕山期强烈的构造活动形成,记录了江南过渡带北缘中生代构造转换的过程;区内断裂构造具重要的控岩控矿作用,其中高坦断裂控制了东西向构造岩浆岩带,兰程畈断层带控制了北东向构造岩浆岩带,区内的矿体多受O/S界面逆冲推(滑)覆断裂、花山洋湖断层带和北东向断层带控制,并主要赋存于其断层破碎带及次级断裂构造破碎带内。同时对区内高坦断裂表现形式、形成机制、与其他构造的关系及本区和区域控岩控矿作用进行了探讨,建立了区内主要断裂的形成模型。     

First results on the LPO-derived seismic properties of iron ores from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, southeastern Brazil

The role of hydrothermal fluids in assisting the activity of strike-slip faults is investigated using a range of new geological, geophysical, and geochemical data obtained on the Argentat fault, Massif Central, France. This fault zone, 180-km-long and 6 to 8 km-width, has experienced coeval intense channeling of hydrothermal fluids and brittle deformation during a short time span (300–295 Ma). According to seismic data, the fault core is a 4-km-wide, vertical zone of high fracture density that rooted in the middle crust (~ 13 km) and that involved fluids in its deeper parts (9–13 km depth). If stress analyses in the fault core and strain analyses in the damage zone both support a left-lateral movement along the fault zone, it is inferred that hydrothermal fluids have strongly influenced fault development, and the resulting fault has influenced fluid flow. Fluid pressure made easier fracturing and faulting in zones of competent rocks units and along rheological boundaries. Repeated cycles of increase of fault-fracture permeability then overpressure of hydrothermal fluids at fault extremity favored strong and fast development of the crustal-scale strike-slip fault. The high permeability obtained along the fault zone permitted a decrease of coupling across the weak fault core. Connections between shallower and lower crustal fluids reservoirs precipitate the decrease of fault activity by quartz precipitation and sulfides deposition. The zones of intense hydrothermal alteration at shallows crustal levels and the zones of fluid overpressure at the base of the upper crust both controlled the final geometry of the crustal-scale fault zone.     

Structural controls on sulphide deposition at the dyke–lava boundary, slow-spreading ocean crust, Macquarie Island

Ocean Drilling Program hole 504B revealed an ocean crust hydrothermal sulphur anomaly on the dyke–lava transition, with implications for global sulphur sinks. Here we confirm the presence of the anomaly sporadically along 7.5 km of dyke–basalt contact on the Macquarie Ridge at Macquarie Island, a 39–9.7 Ma slow‐spreading setting. Background contact‐zone pyrite S contents average 1845 p.p.m. across ～50 m. However, zones of small‐scale brittle faulting that commonly occur on and above the dyke–basalt contact average between 5000 and 11 000 p.p.m. S (20–30 m widths). These consist of steep ridge‐parallel faults and fault splays on the contact, overlain by up to 50 m of linked pyritic fault trellis. The contact zone faults are haloed by disseminated pyrite–chlorite, cross‐cut by quartz–chlorite–sphalerite and epidote‐cemented breccias, containing evidence of turbulent flow. The structural control on sulphur deposition is attributed to the active extensional slow spreading setting. With increasing extension, diffuse mixing across the contact was replaced by channellized flow and dynamic mixing in fault arrays. The magnitude of the dyke–lava transition sulphur sink must be reassessed to take account of this heterogeneity.     

Mylonitization in the lower plate of the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault,west-central Arizona: Implications for the geometric evolution of metamorphic core complexes

In metamorphic core complexes it is commonly unclear whether lower plate mylonites formed as the down-dip continuation of a detachment fault, or whether they represent a subhorizontal shear zone that was captured by a more steeply dipping detachment fault. Detailed microstructural, fabric, and strain data from mylonites in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex, west-central Arizona, constrain the structural development of the lower plate shear zone. Widespread exposures of ∼22–21 Ma granitoids of the Swansea Plutonic Suite enable us to separate Miocene strain coeval with core complex extension from older deformation. Mylonites across the lower plate consistently record top-to-the-NE-directed shear. Miocene quartz and feldspar deformation/recrystallization mechanisms indicate ∼450–500 °C mylonitization temperatures that were relatively uniform across a distance of ∼35 km in the extension direction. Quartz dynamically recrystallized grain sizes do not systematically vary in the extension direction. Strain recorded in the Swansea Plutonic Suite is also relatively uniform in the extension direction, which is incompatible with models in which lower plate mylonites form as the ductile root of a major detachment fault. Altogether these data suggest the mylonitic shear zone initiated with a ≤4° dip and was unroofed by a more steeply dipping detachment fault system. Lower plate mylonites in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex thus represent a captured subhorizontal shear zone rather than the down-dip continuation of a detachment fault.     

西宁湟水河隐伏断裂发育模式探讨

近些年来一些地震表明,强震不仅发生在地表出露的活动断裂上,还发育在一些隐伏的未出露地表的构造上.大陆内部块体间的变形带不只是一条活动断裂,而是具有很大宽度的构造变形带,这已被大量的地震活动性资料所证实.因此,要正确评估地震危险性,就要研究构造带上地层变形的模型,而不仅是单条断裂的变形.湟水河隐伏断裂为一条隐伏在西宁市的断裂,位于西宁盆地中部,长12km,走向EW,浅层地震探测结果表明该断裂由两条正断层组成地堑式构造,横跨西宁地区的地层剖面研究结果指出湟水河隐伏断裂发育在宽缓背斜的核部,而宽缓的背斜和向斜由新近系红色泥岩组成.根据褶皱与断裂的关系认为,湟水河隐伏断裂为在北东向的区域主压应力作用下,褶皱变形过程中,在背斜的核部伴生形成的次级张性地堑式正断层.该褶皱及相关断裂发育在西宁盆地滑脱面之上,属于浅表性的断层,活动性不显著.     

Pseudotachylite associated with a bedding-parallel fault zone between the Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Supergroups,South Africa

A Proterozoic bedding-parallel fault zone is described from the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa. The fault zone is dominated by pseudotachylite, the youngest tectonite present, but also contains quartz veins and cataclasites which post-date the spatially associated mylonites. Both tectonic eliminations and duplications are caused by the fault zone which is dominated by a northerly to westerly overthrusting. The fault rocks probably did not form during a single event but as a result of a minimum of two periods of activation of the fault zone separated in time by at least the period required to deposit in excess of 4 km of sediments belonging to the lower part of the Transvaal Sequence. Equivocal evidence suggests that the pseudotachylites, which probably formed as a result of frictional fusion on fault planes, may have formed at similar depths to the mylonites. Consequently the related parameters of pressure and temperature are not considered to be as important in determining whether brittle or ductile deformation occurs, as are pore fluid pressure and strain rate. The age, direction of tectonic transport and a characteristic enrichment in lead all suggest that there may be a genetic link between the pseudotachylites in this fault zone and the type pseudotachylites at Vredefort, 60 km to the south.