Lawsonite- and glaucophane-bearing blueschists from NW Qiangtang,northern Tibet,China: mineralogy,geochemistry, geochronology,and tectonic implications

The occurrence of high-pressure (HP) blueschists within the central Qiangtang terrane of northern Tibet has a significant bearing on plate-suturing processes. In order to contribute to the ongoing debate on whether the central Qiangtang metamorphic belt represents an in situ suture within the Qiangtang terrane, we examined lawsonite- and glaucophane-bearing blueschists from the northwest Qiangtang area (84° 10′–85° 30′ E, 34°10′–34° 45′ N). All studied rocks are metapelites, metasandstones, or metabasalts, characterized by lawsonite + glaucophane + phengite, lawsonite + glaucophane + epidote + albite + quartz, or glaucophane + phengite + quartz assemblages. The meta-mafic rocks contain very high TiO₂ and low Al₂O₃ contents. They are typified by abundant ferromagnesian trace elements, and an absence of Eu anomalies and Nb–Ta deletions; all the above features indicate that these mafic rocks represent oceanic island basalt (OIB) protoliths. Most of the metasediments contain high SiO₂, moderate Al₂O₃ + K₂O, and low TiO₂ + Na₂O. They display high CIA (chemical index of alteration) values (74% ± 5%) and distinctly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.64 ± 0.05). This, along with their high field strength elemental characteristics, indicates that they were deposited in a passive continental margin environment, intercalated with OIB-type basalts. We estimate the peak metamorphic conditions for these blueschists as T = 330–415°C and P = 9–11.5 kbar. This HP event occurred at ca. 242 Ma, indicated by a well-defined ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau age for glaucophane. Retrograde metamorphism occurred at T = 280–370°C, P = 6.5–9.5 kbar, t = ca. 207 Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of phengite). Therefore, a cold subduction (geotherm ～8°C/km) attended the passive continental margin during the Triassic when the eastern Qiangtang collided with the western Qiangtang. The northwest Qiangtang HP metamorphic belt is an extension of the central Qiangtang metamorphic belt that defines the suture between eastern and western Qiangtang, and indicates an anticlockwise, diachronous closure of the Shuanghu Palaeo-Tethys.     

西藏南羌塘晚三叠世陆缘俯冲增生造山带的褶皱-冲断与增生杂岩双层结构厘定

增生型造山带形成于活动大陆边缘,以宽阔且延伸稳定的增生杂岩为代表,在大洋板块向大陆板块发生缓慢而复杂的俯冲、碰撞过程中,大洋板块、火山岛弧、海山、大陆碎块等沿逐渐后退的海沟拼贴,仰冲板块前端发生刮削作用、底垫作用和构造剥蚀等作用,使得洋壳物质在海沟内壁增生,具体表现为增生杂岩的形成、垂向和侧向的生长,最终实现陆壳的横向生长。陆陆碰撞期间,加入俯冲通道的被动陆缘也将遭受类似的构造作用,从而形成规模较大的陆缘增生杂岩。因此,造山带增生杂岩的物质组成与结构、形成机制和演化过程对解剖洋陆转换过程中的复杂地球动力学过程具有极为关键的作用。西藏南羌塘增生杂岩是近年来通过走廊性地质填图以及多学科交叉工作得到的研究认识。然而,该增生杂岩的物质组成和结构等关键内容还未得到系统的研究,严重阻碍了对其形成机制和演化过程的理解。因此,本文以时空演化为主线,解剖杂岩物质组成和结构,结合俯冲期和同碰撞期大地构造单元,洞察南羌塘增生杂岩的形成演化过程。本次研究显示:(1)南羌塘增生杂岩具有俯冲杂岩在下、褶皱-冲断带在上的双层结构,二者间为大规模的拆离断层系统;(2)俯冲杂岩内不只含有洋板块地层单元,还含有大量的南羌塘被动陆缘物质;(3)褶皱-冲断带虽主要由被动陆缘物质变形改造而来,也含有属于洋板块地层系统的海山和洋内岛弧等物质。结合同俯冲期弧前盆地和楔顶盆地、同碰撞期晚三叠世岩浆的时空分布,高压变质岩的形成与折返时限,南羌塘增生杂岩内的双层结构应主要是陆陆碰撞过程中被动陆缘俯冲的结果,少量形成于大洋俯冲期间的俯冲反向过程中。本文提出的陆缘俯冲导致南羌塘增生杂岩双层结构的研究认识,对理解南羌塘地壳结构、中生代盆地基底形成演化具有较为重要的意义。     

Partial melting of deeply subducted continental crust during exhumation: insights from felsic veins and host UHP metamorphic rocks in North Qaidam,northern Tibet

A combined petrological, geochronological and geochemical study was carried out on felsic veins and their host rocks from the North Qaidam ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane in northern Tibet. The results provide insights into partial melting of deeply subducted continental crust during exhumation. Partial melting is petrograpically recognized in metagranite, metapelite and metabasite. Migmatized gneisses, including metagranite and metapelite, contain microstructures such as granitic aggregates with varying outlines, small dihedral angles at mineral junctions and feldspar with magmatic habits, indicating the former presence of felsic melts. Partial melts were also present in metabasite that occurs as retrograde eclogite. Felsic veins in both the eclogites and gneisses exhibit typical melt crystalline textures such as large euhedral feldspar grains with straight crystal faces, indicating vein crystallization from anatectic melts. The Sr–Nd isotope compositions of felsic veins inside gneisses suggest melt derivation from anatexis of host gneisses themselves, but those inside metabasites suggest melt derivation from hybrid sources. Felsic veins inside gneisses exhibit lithochemical compositions similar to experimental melts on the An–Ab–Or diagram. In trace element distribution diagrams, they exhibit parallel patterns to their host rocks, but with lower element contents and slightly positive Eu and Sr anomalies. The geochemistry of these felsic veins is controlled by minerals that would decompose and survive, respectively, during anatexis. Felsic veins inside metabasites are rich either in quartz or in plagioclase with low normative orthoclase. In either case, they have low trace element contents, with significantly positive Eu and Sr anomalies in plagioclase‐rich veins. Combined with cumulate structures in some veins, these felsic veins are interpreted to crystallize from anatectic melts of different origins with the effect of crystal fractionation. Nevertheless, felsic veins in different lithologies exhibit roughly consistent patterns of trace element distribution, with variable enrichment of LILE and LREE but depletion of HFSE and HREE. There are also higher contents of trace elements in veins hosted by gneisses than veins hosted by metabasites. Anatectic zircon domains from felsic veins and migmatized gneisses exhibit consistent U–Pb ages of c. 420 Ma, significantly younger than the peak UHP eclogite facies metamorphic event at c. 450–435 Ma. Combining the petrological observations with local P–T paths and experimentally constrained melting curves, it is inferred that anatexis of UHP gneisses was caused by muscovite breakdown while anatexis of UHP metabasites was caused by fluid influx. These UHP metagranite, metapelite and metabasite underwent simultaneous anatexis during the exhumation, giving rise to anatectic melts with different compositions in various elements but similar patterns in trace element distribution.     

藏北羌塘中部日湾茶卡地区晚三叠世安山岩与闪长质包体岩石成因及地质意义

龙木错-双湖-澜沧江缝合带将羌塘板块划分为南、北2个次级板块,在缝合带两侧大规模发育晚三叠世岩浆作用,并伴随大量的高压超高压变质岩。在缝合带以南的日湾茶卡地区识别出一套安山岩,其中发育大量的暗色闪长质捕虏体,锆石U-Pb测年结果在安山岩中获得了364.7±1.9Ma和223.9±1.3Ma两组年龄信息,锆石原位Hf同位素测试结果εHf(t)分别为+7.22~+8.69和-5.94~-4.14。结合羌塘中部已有的研究成果,认为闪长质捕虏体形成于晚泥盆世洋壳俯冲背景,是地幔楔部分熔融底侵至地壳的产物;而安山岩形成于晚三叠世碰撞后伸展背景,是深部板片断离机制下深俯冲陆壳边缘一侧熔体混染晚泥盆世新生地壳的产物。安山岩中闪长质捕虏体的发现支持了俯冲带作为大陆生长的重要场所的观点。     

西藏羌塘中部猫耳山石榴角闪岩的岩石学、地球化学及年代学研究

青藏高原腹地羌塘地体中部猫耳山增生杂岩内保留有早古生代变质记录,对研究冈瓦纳大陆北缘的早古生代构造格架和演化具有重要意义。猫耳山石榴角闪岩呈透镜状产出于斜长角闪岩内,主要由石榴石、角闪石、单斜辉石、斜长石、白云母、黝帘石、绿泥石、榍石和钛铁矿组成。石榴角闪岩的全岩地球化学分析表明其具有俯冲带上（SSZ型）蛇绿岩特征,与区域内寒武-奥陶纪蛇绿岩残片一致。根据岩相学、矿物化学、相平衡模拟以及锆石定年结果,得出石榴角闪岩的成因及变质过程如下：（1）石榴角闪岩原岩为~477Ma的特提斯洋蛇绿岩残片;（2）在394~383Ma发生麻粒岩相变质过程,峰期变质温压条件为~900℃、~1.55GPa,矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+透辉石;（3）早期的折返导致其降温降压至~800℃、~1.0GPa,矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+透辉石+斜长石;（4）进一步的角闪岩相退变质发生于358~348Ma,矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石+透辉石+钛铁矿,在石榴石周围和港湾处形成斜长石+角闪石的后成合晶结构。石榴角闪岩的P-T-t演化轨迹结合区域蛇绿岩和岩浆岩记录,指示早古生代特提斯洋壳俯冲、泥盆纪特提斯洋弧后扩张和石炭纪特提斯洋内岛弧增生的过程。

     

从洋壳俯冲到陆壳俯冲和碰撞：来自羌塘中西部地区榴辉岩和蓝片岩地球化学的证据

羌塘中部晚三叠世低温/高压变质带是目前青藏高原内部延伸规模最大的高压变质带,但大量关键高压变质岩石出露地区地球化学资料匮乏,严重制约了对高压变质带原岩建造以及构造演化的全面认识。本文以羌塘中西部地区尚无地球化学资料的果干加年山榴辉岩和红脊山蓝片岩为研究对象,进行了系统的地球化学以及原岩恢复工作。研究表明,果干加年山榴辉岩呈透镜状产于围岩石榴石多硅白云母片岩和少量大理岩中,其原岩为亚碱性玄武岩,具有较低的稀土总量(∑REE=51.19×10-6~59.43×10-6)和轻稀土亏损的特征[(La/Yb)N=0.59~0.70],不具有Nb、Ta、Ti的亏损,与典型的N-MORB特征一致,暗示其原岩可能来源于亏损的地幔源区,形成于洋中脊环境。红脊山地区基性蓝片岩的原岩为碱性玄武岩-亚碱性玄武岩,具有高的TiO2(2.97%~4.14%)和P2O5(0.29%~0.48%)含量,富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb)N=6.10~11.6]和高场强元素,地球化学特征类似于OIB。但是这些基性蓝片岩与大量的陆源碎屑岩伴生产出,且具有明显的硅铝质上地壳物质混染的特征,与南羌塘地区二叠纪大陆板内基性岩墙的产出特征以及地壳混染特征一致,可能是其俯冲消减的产物。通过本文研究结果并结合区域内已识别出的E-MORB型洋壳和洋岛/海山物质深俯冲的证据,我们认为羌塘中部晚三叠世高压变质带以洋壳物质深俯冲为主,同时亦保留了部分陆壳物质俯冲的证据,暗示大洋向北俯冲消减结束之后,又牵引至少一部分南羌塘北缘陆壳物质经历了随后的俯冲过程。     

藏北羌塘中部日湾茶卡地区花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征

报道了藏北羌塘中部日湾茶卡地区花岗闪长岩体锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石地球化学特征。该花岗闪长岩位于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带西段。岩石样品中的锆石具有较好的晶形,可见典型的岩浆振荡环带结构,具有较高的Th/U值,为典型的岩浆成因锆石。样品锆石LA-ICP-MS技术测得的锆石年龄为211.0Ma±1.8Ma,表明其时代为晚三叠世。全岩地球化学分析表明,该花岗闪长岩具有高SiO2、Al2O3,富碱,低TFe2O3、TiO2的特征,A/CNK值为0.97~1.04,为准铝质—弱过铝质岩石。稀土元素配分模式显示,配分曲线右倾,伴随较弱的Eu负异常;微量元素蛛网图表现出Nb、Ta、Ti、P亏损和Rb、Th、U、K、Pb富集的特征;样品点在构造环境判别图解上均落入碰撞型花岗岩区。初步分析,其岩浆来源可能为幔源岩浆底侵使古老地壳发生熔融。此碰撞型花岗闪长岩对龙木错—双湖—澜沧江洋碰撞的时限提供了一定的岩石学约束,为龙木错—双湖—澜沧江洋的演化提供了基础地质资料。     

藏北羌塘盆地大规模古风化壳的发现及其意义

新的野外油气地质调查发现,在羌塘盆地中央隆起带及其两侧的南、北羌塘坳陷中,那底岗日组及其同沉积地层之下广泛发育了一古风化壳,古风化壳覆盖了石炭系、二叠系和前人已确定的三叠系肖茶卡组,具有区域性展布的特点。研究表明,不同地区古风化壳的形成时代不同：在南羌塘及中央隆起带上,风化剥蚀作用可能于晚二叠世就已开始,并经历了早、中三叠世的进一步演化;北羌塘地区的古风化壳形成时代可能为晚三叠世（或中三叠世）,至晚三叠世肖茶卡组沉积期,形成了南北羌塘统一的古风化壳,并被那底岗日组及其同沉积地层超覆。这些新发现对于重新认识羌塘盆地的沉积演化、正确评价羌塘盆地的石油地质条件具有重要意义。     

龙木错—双湖古特提斯洋俯冲记录——羌塘中部日湾茶卡早石炭世岛弧火山岩

尽管龙木错—双湖结合带经历早古生代—三叠纪的长期演化过程,但已有资料显示羌塘中部沿该带的岩浆活动主要与碰撞作用有关,仍缺乏与俯冲相关火成岩的报道。报道龙木错—双湖结合带西段日湾茶卡东的一套那底岗日组火山岩中安山岩的年龄、岩石及地球化学特征,利用LA-ICP-MS方法测得安山岩锆石U-Pb年龄为330.6±2.8Ma,表明火山活动的时间为早石炭世。该套岩石因遭受硅质流体交代,SiO2含量变化较大（54.84%~72.84%）,在Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2×0.00001图解中全部落入安山岩区,属于低—中钾钙碱性系列;微量元素蛛网图明显富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,具火山岛弧特征。日湾茶卡安山岩是在羌塘中部发现的早石炭世岛弧型火山岩,为龙木错—双湖古特提斯洋盆晚古生代俯冲作用提供直接的年代学和岩石学证据。     

藏北羌塘盆地大规模古风化壳的发现及其意义

新的野外油气地质调查发现,在羌塘盆地中央隆起带及其两侧的南、北羌塘坳陷中,那底岗日组及其同沉积地层之下广泛发育了一古风化壳,古风化壳覆盖了石炭系、二叠系和前人已确定的三叠系肖茶卡组,具有区域性展布的特点。研究表明,不同地区古风化壳的形成时代不同：在南羌塘及中央隆起带上,风化剥蚀作用可能于晚二叠世就已开始,并经历了早、中三叠世的进一步演化;北羌塘地区的古风化壳形成时代可能为晚三叠世（或中三叠世）,至晚三叠世肖茶卡组沉积期,形成了南北羌塘统一的古风化壳,并被那底岗日组及其同沉积地层超覆。这些新发现对于重新认识羌塘盆地的沉积演化、正确评价羌塘盆地的石油地质条件具有重要意义。     

Adakitic rocks derived from the partial melting of subducted continental crust: Evidence from the Eocene volcanic rocks in the northern Qiangtang block

Eocene is a critical time for the elevation of Tibetan Plateau and global climate change, and previous studies suggested that the Eocene elevation was caused by intra-continental subduction of the Songpan–Garze block beneath the Qiangtang block. This paper reports zircon U–Pb age and geochemistry of the Eocene volcanic rocks from the Zuerkenwula mountain area in the northern part of Qiangtang block, and proposes that both slab break-off of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab along the Bangong–Nujiang suture and intra-continental subduction of the Songpan–Garze block beneath the Qiangtang block caused the extensive partial melting of lithospheric mantle and subducted Songpan–Garze continental crust, which resulted in the significant elevation of the Tibetan Plateau. The volcanic rocks have LA-ICP MS U–Pb zircon age of 40.25 ± 0.15 Ma (MSWD = 2.1, 2σ), which is contemporaneous with the Eocene eclogites in the Great Himalayan and K-rich lavas in the southeastern Tibet. They display some adakitic characteristics with SiO₂ = 57.44 to 68.72%, TiO₂ = 0.38 to 0.81%, Na₂O = 2.89 to 4.35%, K₂O = 2.77 to 4.48%, Al₂O₃ = 13.92 to 18.22%, A/CNK = 0.69 to 1.03, MgO = 0.27 to 5.86% with Mg# ranging from 13.2 to 72.0, strongly depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) (Yb = 0.92 to 1.51 ppm and Y = 10.1 to 24.1 ppm), in combination with their positive Sr anomalies, high Sr/Y ratios and no significant Eu anomalies, which suggest a garnet-in and plagioclase-free source residue. These volcanic rocks can be divided into high-Mg# (> 45) and low-Mg# (< 45) groups. Both of the two groups share evolved Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.707412–0.708284; ε_Nd(t) = ? 4.0 to ? 5.7; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.7499–18.8189, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.7189–15.7384; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 39.166–39.262. The geophysical data and regional geological setting suggest that the low-Mg# adakitic rocks were derived from the decompression melting of a subducted lower continental crust, when low-Mg# adakitic melts in the overlying peridotite mantle wedge captured some olivine crystals, resulting in their elevated Mg# and MgO values.     

The subducted oceanic crust within continental-type UHP metamorphic belt in the North Qaidam, NW China: Evidence from petrology, geochemistry and geochronology

Three types of eclogite, together with a serpentinized harzburgite, coexist as blocks within granitic and pelitic gneisses along the Shaliuhe cross section, the eastern part of the North Qaidam continental-type ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, NW China. The olivine (Ol¹) and orthopyroxene in the harzburgite are compositionally similar to present-day abyssal peridotites. The kyanite–eclogite is derived from a troctolitic protolith, whereas the epidote–eclogite from a gabbroic protolith, both having distinct positive Eu anomalies, low TiO₂, and high Al₂O₃ and MgO. The kyanite–eclogite shows inherited cumulate layering. The phengite–eclogite has high TiO₂, low Al₂O₃ and MgO with incompatible trace elements resembling enriched-type MORB. Sr–Nd isotope data indicate that the protoliths of both kyanite–eclogite and epidote–eclogite ([⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr]_i ~ 0.703–0.704; ε_Nd(T) ~ 5.9–8.0) are of mantle origin (e.g., ocean crust signatures). On the other hand, while the lower ε_Nd(T) value (1.4–4.1) of phengite–eclogite is more or less consistent with an enriched MORB protolith, their high [⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr]_i ratio (0.705–0.716) points to an additional enrichment in their history, probably in an subduction-zone environment. Field relations and geochemical analyses suggest that the serpentinized harzburgite and the three types of eclogite constitute the oceanic lithological section of an ophiolitic sequence from mantle peridotite, to cumulate, and to upper basaltic rocks. The presence of coesite pseudomorphs and quartz exsolution in omphacite plus thermobarometric calculations suggests that the eclogites have undergone ultrahigh pressure metamorphism (i.e., peak P ≥ 2.7 GPa). The harzburgite may also have experienced the same metamorphism, but the lack of garnet suggests that the pressure conditions of ≤ 3.0 GPa. Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating shows that the eclogites have a protolith age of 516 ± 8 Ma and a metamorphic age of 445 ± 7 Ma. These data indicate the presence of a Paleo-Qilian Ocean between Qaidam and Qilian blocks before the early Ordovician. The ophiolitic assemblage may be the relics of subducted oceanic crust prior to the subduction of continental materials during Ordovician–Silurian times and ultimate continent collision. These rocks, altogether, record a complete history of ocean crust subduction, to continental subduction, and to continental collision.     

藏北羌塘中部难爬日铁矿地质特征及矿床成因

难爬日铁矿位于羌塘中央隆起区。对难爬日铁矿的地质特征、矿体及矿石特征进行初步调查,通过野外调研及室内岩相学与矿相学观察,将难爬日铁矿的形成划分为早期矽卡岩阶段、晚期矽卡岩阶段、氧化物阶段、石英—硫化物阶段及后期氧化作用阶段5个成矿阶段,同时对难爬日铁矿的围岩蚀变和矿化富集规律进行分析。根据矿体产出地质条件、矿石矿物组合及围岩蚀变特征,并结合前人资料认为,难爬日矿床属接触交代型铁矿床,晚三叠世中酸性侵入岩与碳酸盐岩接触部位为重点找矿地段。     

The central Qiangtang Metamorphic Belt in northern Tibet is an in-situ Paleo-Tethys Ocean: Evidence from newly discovered Late Devonian radiolarians

The paleogeographic position of the North Qiangtang Block, as well as the origin of the Central Qiangtang Metamorphic Belt (CQMB) have subjected to considerable debate that hampers the understanding of the early evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. This study reports a new radiolarian fauna of a Famennian age (Late Devonian) from the ophiolitic mélange south of Gangtang Co, northern Tibet, including Callela parvispinosa Won, Entactinia foveolata Nazarov, and Plenoentactinia pinguis Won. The discovery of Devonian radiolarians in the CQMB strongly supports the model that the Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone represents the main branch of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A correlation of the Late Devonian radiolarian in Tethys realm reveals that the Longmu Co–Shuanghu suture zone was connected to the Changning–Menglian suture zone in western Yunnan, the Chiang Mai–Inthanon and Chanthaburi suture zones in Thailand, and the Bentong–Raub suture zone in Malay Peninsula. The synchronous advent of Late Devonian radiolarians suggests that the Paleo-Tethys Ocean may have opened during that time.     

西藏羌塘中部亚丹高压变质岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

羌南和羌北地块沿龙木错-双湖缝合带碰撞对接,标志着古特提斯洋的最终闭合,然而古特提斯洋的构造演化,尤其它的打开时限一直争议不断。本文对龙木错-双湖缝合带以南荣玛地区的变质杂岩进行了岩相学、年代学和地球化学特征研究,进而约束古特提斯洋的开、合时限及其关闭后的构造演化特征。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,本文首次报道了1件新元古代斜长角闪岩,其加权平均年龄为717±7Ma(n=61,MSWD=1. 9),表明原岩形成于新元古代中期,反映羌南地区存在前寒武基底;另获得1件中侏罗世斜长角闪岩的锆石加权平均年龄为163±2Ma(n=26,MSWD=1. 9),表明其原岩形成于中侏罗世;获得2件石榴石多硅白云母石英片岩锆石边部谐和年龄范围分别为267～1349Ma和214～2050Ma;另对片岩中2组多硅白云母样品进行~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年,分别获得224. 2±1. 5Ma和223. 9±1. 5Ma的一致坪年龄,暗示区域变质作用可能从～224Ma持续到214Ma之后,且～214Ma的岩浆事件可能形成于碰撞过程中。新元古代和中侏罗世斜长角闪岩的岩石地球化学特征显示,前者原岩具E-MORB特征,后者原岩趋向于OIB特征。基于区域岩石组合与地球化学特征,推断二者均形成于伸展环境,前者可能形成于陆内伸展背景,响应Rodinia超大陆的裂解,后者可能形成于大陆裂谷环境,响应羌南、羌北地块碰撞结束后的裂解。综合前人与本文研究成果,认为新元古代中期(～717Ma),某未知陆块可能就已逐渐开始从羌南-印度大陆裂解,导致"古特提斯洋"在ca. 717～517Ma之间的某个时间点就已打开;古特提斯洋可能在～224Ma才完成闭合,羌南、羌北陆陆碰撞挤压持续到214Ma之后;中侏罗世区域为裂谷伸展环境,并发育OIB特征的碱性玄武岩和双峰式火成岩。     

Ordovician sedimentation and bimodal volcanism in the Southern Qiangtang terrane of northern Tibet: Implications for the evolution of the northern Gondwana margin

This article reports our new interpretations of the depositional environment and provenance of the Dawashan Formation in the Longmuco–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang suture zone (LSLSZ), in the Southern Qiangtang terrane of northern Tibet, in order to gain a better understanding of the Ordovician tectonic evolution of the northern margin of Gondwana. The Dawashan Formation is dominated by greywacke and shale, with interlayered bimodal volcanic rocks that were deposited in a bathyal to abyssal marine basin. The detrital zircons in the greywacke of the Dawashan Formation have peak ages of 550, 988, 1640, and 2500 Ma, indicating a northern Gondwana margin provenance. The bimodal metavolcanic rocks from the Dawashan Formation are dominated by metarhyolite with subordinate metabasalt. The results of zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating indicate that the metarhyolite formed between 470 and 455 Ma. The metavolcanic samples are bimodal (SiO₂ = 45.27–55.05 and 66.09–74.59 wt.%). In comparison, the metabasalt has a wide range of MgO concentrations and Mg^# values, contains variable Cr and low Ni concentrations, is depleted in Rb, Ba, and Sr, and is enriched in TiO₂, Th, U, Nb, and Ta. Geochemical diagrams show that the metabasalt erupted in an intra-plate environment. The metarhyolites have high SiO₂, Th, and U concentrations, low concentrations of MgO, P₂O₅, Nb, Sr, and Ti, and negative Eu anomalies. The metarhyolites yield negative zircon ε_Hf(t) values (–2.08 to – 4.50) and T^C_DM model ages of 1436–1567 Ma. The metarhyolites formed from magma derived from the partial melting of old continental crust. These data indicate that the Dawashan Formation records Middle–Upper Ordovician bathyal to abyssal turbidite deposition in a deep-water rift basin at the northern margin of Gondwana.     

狮泉河- 纳木错特提斯洋盆的俯冲极性：岛弧岩浆岩年代学和岩石地球化学证据

阿翁错- 盐湖复式岩体位于狮泉河- 纳木错蛇绿混杂岩带北缘，为狮泉河- 纳木错特提斯洋俯冲消减、碰撞造山过程中岩浆响应的重要组成部分，其研究对认识狮泉河- 纳木错特提斯洋盆的演化具有重要意义。本文以阿翁错- 盐湖复式岩体为研究对象，开展了系统的地质学、地球化学和锆石U- Pb年代学研究，总结了复式岩体的时空分布规律，探讨了复式岩体的成因类型、源区特征和构造背景。复式岩体主要由石英闪长（玢）岩、二长闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、黑云母正长花岗岩、（黑云母）二长花岗岩等组成，为一套岛弧岩浆岩组合，成岩年龄集中在120~104 Ma，属于早白垩世末期，空间分布上具从南到北，由早到晚的趋势。岩石地球化学特征显示从石英闪长岩到二长花岗岩具有由钙碱性系列岩石向钾玄岩系列演化的趋势，主体属于准铝质—弱过铝质I型花岗岩，轻稀土元素分馏程度较高，而重稀土近于平坦，具有弱的负铕异常；富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素，Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和轻稀土元素，相对亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素，具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征。基于本次研究结果，结合区域构造背景认为，阿翁错- 盐湖复式岩体形成于狮泉河- 纳木错特提斯洋盆北向俯冲的背景，来自俯冲板片的流体上升，引起上覆地幔楔物质发生部分熔融，形成幔源岩浆，在密度差的作用下幔源岩浆向上运移，底侵至新生下地壳，致其发生部分熔融，并与之发生混合作用，形成了阿翁错- 盐湖复式岩体的母源岩浆，早白垩世末期（104.8±1.4 Ma）狮泉河- 纳木错特提斯洋壳仍持续向北俯冲，下白垩统竟柱山组磨拉石建造的沉积才意味着洋盆彻底关闭。     

古亚洲洋俯冲板片断离与后造山伸展：贺根山缝合带火山岩年代学和地球化学证据

本文以出露于贺根山缝合带迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩北侧的乌兰拜其白音高老组流纹岩- 粗面岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、锆石U- Pb年代学研究,探讨岩石成因类型、构造环境和古亚洲洋俯冲板片断离与后造山伸展过程。岩石地球化学研究表明, 乌兰拜其地区白音高老组流纹岩具有较高的SiO 2、Al 2O 3、K 2O和Na 2O+K 2O含量,以及较高的Ga/Al比值,相对贫CaO、MgO、Sr、Ba、Eu、Ti和P,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾海鸥式分布,负铕异常显著。该区粗面岩属于钾玄岩系列,具有高碱(Na 2O+K 2O)、高K 2O、高Al 2O 3、低TiO 2,富集Rb、Ba、U和轻稀土元素, 亏损 Nb、Ta 和 Ti,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾式分布。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,乌兰拜其地区白音高老组流纹岩为迪彦庙- 白音布拉格蛇绿混杂岩带早白垩世后造山A型花岗岩浆的喷出相- A型流纹岩,其形成于后造山伸展构造环境;粗面岩为后造山型钾玄质火山岩,与洋壳俯冲作用有关,形成于俯冲板片断离- 后造山伸展构造背景。流纹岩和粗面岩锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb同位素测年,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为140. 4±1. 2Ma和134. 9±1. 1Ma,表明白音高老组流纹岩- 粗面岩喷发于早白垩世,反映了贺根山缝合带早白垩世后造山A型花岗岩浆- 钾玄质岩浆作用事件。结合贺根山缝合带的壳幔电性结构特征和晚古生代蛇绿岩- 岛弧岩浆岩、中生代后造山A型岩浆岩的时空分布与演化关系,认为根山缝合带三叠纪- 早白垩世后造山伸展岩浆作用与古亚洲洋俯冲板片断离作用有关,提出了该区后造山A型花岗岩浆- 钾玄质岩浆作用的俯冲板片断离- 后造山伸展地球动力学模式。     

Early Carboniferous ophiolite in central Qiangtang,northern Tibet: record of an oceanic back-arc system in the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean

Zircon U–Pb dating of two samples of metagabbro from the Riwanchaka ophiolite yielded early Carboniferous ages of 354.4 ± 2.3 Ma and 356.7 ± 1.9 Ma. Their positive zircon εHf(t) values (+7.9 to +9.9) indicate that these rocks were derived from a relatively depleted mantle. The metagabbros can be considered as two types: R1 and R2. Both types are tholeiitic, with depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) similar to those of typical back-arc basin basalts (BABB), such as Mariana BABB and East Scotia Ridge BABB. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics indicate that the R1 metagabbro originated from a back-arc basin spreading ridge with addition of slab-derived fluids, whereas the R2 metagabbro was derived from a back-arc basin mantle source, with involvement of melts and fluids from subducted ocean crust. The Riwanchaka ophiolite exhibits both mid-ocean ridge basalts- and arc-like geochemical affinities, consistent with coeval ophiolites from central Qiangtang. Observations indicate that the Qiangtang ophiolites developed during the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous (D₃–C₁) in a back-arc spreading ridge above an intra-oceanic subduction zone. Based on our data and previous studies, we propose that an oceanic back-arc basin system existed in the Longmuco–Shuanghu–Lancang Palaeo-Tethys Ocean during the D₃–C₁ period.     

羌塘盆地中央隆起带的抬升演化:构造-热年代学约束

本文综合磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(113~43 Ma)、锆石裂变径迹年龄(169~103 Ma)、锆石U-Pb年龄(215~206 Ma)、黑云母K-Ar年龄(186~178 Ma),通过磷灰石热史模拟,TASC图谱分析和矿物封闭温度年龄等手段,获得了中央隆起晚三叠世至今较为完整的冷却抬升历史。中央隆起主要经历了早侏罗世、晚侏罗世-早白垩世、晚白垩世-中新世早期和中新世晚期至今四期冷却事件,与南北羌塘板块后碰撞伸展、拉萨羌塘板块碰撞、新特提斯洋板片俯冲、印度欧亚板块碰撞以及中新世南北向走滑伸展存在动力学联系,造成11.4 km、2.85 km、4.3~5 km和0.85 km的抬升量。中央隆起在侏罗纪相对两侧盆地抬升,随着两侧盆地经历了侏罗纪的沉积增厚,与两侧盆地高差减小,在早白垩世早期可能位于海平面附近,随后快速抬升至2~2.5 km,统一接受晚白垩世红层沉积,并经历长期持续的逆冲推覆构造活动,进一步抬升至5 km,随后受到中新世古大湖夷平和南北向伸展作用影响,中央隆起相对盆地发生差异抬升。