Problems of volcanism and plutonism. Volcano-plutonic formations

There is no clean-cut boundary within the upper crust between volcanic and plutonic phenomena, nor between their associations. Numerous examples from the comparatively young circum-Pacific belt — and a number from older associations throughout the world — are presented to illustrate this point of view. Most of the examples are of volcanoes with deeply eroded cores consisting of crystallized porphyritic to even-grained rocks, or of "batholiths" capped by genetically related effusive and pyroclastic rocks, especially ignimbrites. The ever-growing roster of such examples indicates that they are the rule rather than the exception. Modern systematics of igneous rocks should have three, rather than two, main divisions: volcanic, plutonic, and volcano-plutonic. These three rock types reflect the overall progress of igneous activity within the diversity of natural processes. Only by conceding the presence of companion volcanic phenomena for shallow to intermediate plutonic phenomena, and vice versa, can one gain an understanding of magmatic phenomena actually existing under certain geologic conditions. The controlling tectonic mechanism for alternation of comagmatic volcanic and plutonic series remains obscure. Tectono-physical analysis of such associations must be supported by field data. Eventually, it should be possible to set up a general structural and genetic systematics of igneous rocks and to work out a classification of volcano-plutonic rocks now underway. — R. C. Epis.     

滇东Pt-Pd-Cu含矿建造地球化学特征及其含矿性分析

滇东Pt-Pd-Cu含矿建造包括黑色页岩建造和玄武岩建造,黑色页岩建造由不同层位的黑色岩系组成.作者重点对元古宙昆阳群、下寒武统黑色岩系和二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩的地球化学特征进行了系统研究.研究表明昆阳群黑色岩系以As、B(K≥5)显著富集,Sb、Pd、Mo、Ag、U、Pt、V、Zn、W、Cu(K≥1.2)富集为特征;滇东下寒武统黑色岩系以Mo、Ag、U、As、V、B、Pd、Sb(K≥5)显著富集,Pt、Pb、Zn、W、Cu、Ni(K≥1.2)富集为特征;峨眉山玄武岩则以Pt、Pd(K≥5)显著富集,Au、Ag、Cu、Zn、Sb、B、U、V(K≥1.2)富集为特征.总之,分布于研究区不同层位的黑色岩系和二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩建造构成了该区贵金属(Pt、Pd、Ag、Au等)和有色金属(Cu、Mo、V等)元素成矿的初始矿源层,上述区域成矿要素最佳匹配地段是可能产出非传统贵金属(pt、Pd、Ag、Au等)和有色金属(Cu、Mo、V等)矿床的潜在地段.     

Evolution and REE geochemistry of Huangsha-Tieshanlong ore-bearing granite

Our studies show that the granite bodies (γ ₅ ^{2 − 1} and γ ₅ ³ ) which constitute the Huangsha-Tieshanlong composite granitic intrusion in Jiangxi are characterized by their similarities in mineral assemblage, petrochemistry, trace element and REE distribution pattern. The values of ΣREE, ΣLREE, ΣHREE, ΣCe/ΣY, δEu and La/Yb apparently decrease from γ ₅ ^{2 − 1a} to γ ₅ ^{2 − 1b} , γ ₅ ³ and γ ₅ ³ . It is shown that the early Yenshanian W(Ta, Nb)-bearing granite (γ ₅ ^{2 − 1} ) and late Yenshanian Ta, Nb-bearing granite (γ ₅ ³ ) may have been derived from the differentiation and evolution of granitic magmas due to repeated remelting of the crust and their earlier and later intrusion. Although the earlier (γ ₅ ^{2 − 1b} and later (γ ₅ ³ ) albitized Ta, Nb-bearing granites show some obvious differences in REE content, their δEu values and La/Yb ratios are similar to each other. Therefore, it may be concluded that the early and late Ta, Nb-bearing granites were derived from a congenetic magma.     

成矿侵入体的岩石学标志

侵入体的含矿性是资源勘查领域最为关注的问题之一。确定含矿性的宏观标志并为其提供理论基础因而是科学研究的重要任务。但是,传统岩石学研究主要关注含少量水体系或干体系的形成与演化,内生金属成矿作用却主要与流体有关,所取得的岩石学认识常常不适应矿区的地质实际。本文基于透岩浆流体成矿理论分析了熔浆-流体相互作用的性质及其对成矿作用的可能影响,指出在大量流体参与的情况下,成岩过程将具有明显不同的特征,并留下显著的岩石学标志。流体的增减可以导致岩浆密度和黏度的巨大变化,也导致熔浆固相线温度和首晶区矿物相类型和共结成分的变化,因而侵入岩结构构造特征可反映流体参与成岩过程的程度,并指示侵入体的成矿潜力。熔浆与流体的分离导致岩浆黏度增加和快速固结,达到临界值后必然圈闭部分含矿流体于颗粒之间和内部,因而含有造矿矿物的共结结构和浸染状构造确定性地指示了含矿流体通道的位置。多晶体岩浆的流变学特征与多斑斑状结构在矿区的广泛出现是一对线性系统中不可调和的矛盾,可以用含矿流体的突然大规模注入来解释。据此,可以认为多斑斑状是大部分成矿金属仍保留在侵入体内的可靠标志。此外,文章还提供了另外几个辅助性标志,可用于综合分析侵入体的含矿潜力。最后,作者得出结论,大量流体参与的成岩过程是一种非线性过程,可以产生一系列特殊的结构构造,对成矿作用具有重要的指示意义。     

Preparing genetic classification of ore-bearing areas

This is a critical review of theories concerning the relation of tectonics to magmatism and affiliated ore deposits, suggestions concerning the principles of genetic classification of ore deposits, and terminology pertinent to classification. Shatalov presents a spectrum of views expressed predominantly by Russian geologists during the last twenty years. Genetic classification is thought to bring together dialectically all information on the genesis of ore deposits. Besides theoretical aspects, classification is expected to emphasize also an immediate purpose as a guide in prospecting for new mineral deposits.—E. A. Alexandrov.     

Patterns of ore localization and the mineral composition of ores and ore-bearing rocks of the Koretkonde uranium deposit (Vitim ore-bearing region)

This work presents the geological structure of the Neogen uranium-bearing ore sedimentary strata that filled the paleovalleys of the Koretkonde deposit. As a result of work we carried out, productive deposits were stratigraphically divided, the patterns of the localization of uranium mineralization were studied, and lithological and mineralogical ore-controlling factors were revealed. The main mineral phases of uranium were identified with scanning-electron microscopy and microprobe studies. In the future, a more detailed study of the deposits is planned in order to reveal methods for improving the efficiency of their exploration and organize the search for uranium deposits of such a type within the Vitim uranium-bearing ore region to expand the mineral resource base of Russia.     

Gold ore provinces and formations

Granitic magmas result from refusion of sedimentary rocks. Metals associated in gold ore formations are mobilized by magmatic and etamorphic activity from volcanic and sedimentary rocks of a geosynclinal series. The comportment of metals during the processes of mobilization, transfer, and deposition is ruled by their atomic structure and electromagnetic properties. Ionic density (d_i) and concentration coefficient (C_s/Cv) of the metals are chosen as coordinates for plotting the associations of metals of different gold ore formations. The degree of complexity of the associations is a consequence of the degree of heterogeneity of the geosynclinal rock series and of the intermittence or telescoping of the ore deposition process. — B.V. Brajnikov.     

Nature of ore-bearing brachyanticlinal uplifts in Ural

The article presents new materials on structure and origin of brachyanticlinal uplifts common among ore field structures of ore deposits of pyritic type. It has been shown that they are not mere folds but are related genetically to relics of ancient volcanic structures, dislocated in an orderly manner and complicated by major faults. We suggest the term volcanogenic brachyanticlines for uplifts of such origin. The ancient volcanic structures here described had arisen within a relatively short time at least in several instances, and were narrowly confined amidst sedimentary marine and volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks. The subsequent intensive ore laying process selectively enveloped mainly acidic effusive bodies and their associated products, leaving both the overlying and the underlying sedimentary layered series unaffected. The meaning of our findings is discussed briefly at the end of the article, in relation to understanding of geology of ore fields in other pyritic provinces. The validity of including host rocks of the pyritic deposits in Southern Ural with the Karamalytash Series,¹ Lower Devonian, is subjected to doubt.--Auth.     

对与氧逸度有关的花岗岩类成矿专属性-含矿性问题的再思考

花岗岩类的成矿专属性与氧逸度密切相关,但氧逸度只是矿床形成时的必要非充分条件之一。本文从成矿专属性和含矿性两个方面讨论氧逸度的成矿学意义,得到两点主要认识：还原性斑岩型Cu-Au多金属矿床具有高氧逸度成因,不同元素的矿化分别对应于氧逸度对演化程度、岩石类型、硫逸度、pH协变图上的不同分区,其中可能以氧逸度和岩石类型这两种因素的配合最具专属性意义;从专属性到成矿性分从岩浆到热液、从热液到矿石两个阶段完成,这期间氧逸度对元素地球化学行为的影响不容忽视,但其在矿质沉淀过程中的角色有时不宜夸大,因为有的沉淀与氧逸度关系不大。     

中甸岛弧成矿斑岩的锆石年代学及其意义

义敦岛弧南段的中甸岛弧印支期浅成-超浅成斑岩体与成矿密切相关,本文对该地区代表性的成矿斑岩如西侧的雪鸡坪、东侧的欠虽等岩体开展了高精度的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年,获得雪鸡坪成矿斑岩的年龄为213.4±1.5Ma,欠虽石英闪长玢岩年龄为217.1±1.5Ma。本研究和近几年发表的高精度锆石U-Pb年代学成果发现前人划分的中甸岛弧地区东、西成矿斑岩带的斑岩体形成时代没有明显的差异,这些斑岩体呈面状分布,其形成时代集中在223~211Ma,应该属于同一构造作用的产物。同时,这些成矿斑岩的锆石REE配分模式图显示一致的成分趋势,具有强烈的Ce正异常和相对较低的Eu负异常,指示出岩浆过程具有高的氧逸度。结合它们埃达克质的地球化学研究成果,我们认为中甸岛弧成矿斑岩以及相关的斑岩矿床是在东侧的甘孜-理塘洋晚三叠世俯冲过程中形成的,俯冲板片熔体的参与形成了高氧逸度富金属的岩浆,其对区内成岩和成矿过程具有重要意义。     

含矿基性-超基性岩的镁铁比值

基性-超基性岩中赋存有铜镍硫化物矿床、豆荚状铬铁矿床等许多重要的矿床,基性-超基性岩成岩成矿方面的研究多采用镁铁比值,但以往利用该比值时未考虑岩石的SiO_2含量、地质构造及岩石蚀变等一些重要条件。文章结合国内外一些重要的铜镍矿床和铬铁矿矿床,考虑到上述的几个条件,讨论了镁铁比值在划分岩石类型方面的应用,通过计算给出了与前人不同的镁铁比值划分区间。     

矿液流向的研究

一、引言现在见到的矿体和矿石,是地质历史上某一时期地质作用的结果。就热液矿床而言,过去认为是岩浆期后的产物,矿液是由地壳下部向上运动。这种单一成因说,把热液矿床的形成机理大大简单化了。现代研究表明,热液矿床是多类型的、多成因的、矿质和矿液是多来源的、成矿过程是多期次的、控矿构造也是多型式的,即具有“五多”的特点。成矿热液有岩浆热液、地下水热液,变质热液、混合岩化热液和复合热液等等。还须看到.成矿过程常常是脉动的(多阶段),而在某些矿床中,又有改造或叠加作用(多期)。所以,矿液的运移方式、路线和方向多种多样。     

Endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits and ore-bearing potentiality of strata

The problem of ore-bearing potentiality of the strata involves metallogenic theory and ore-search orientation. Studies of the spatial distribution of endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits in North Hebei indicated that the strata in which ore deposits occurred range in age from Paleozoic, Proterozoic to Mesozoic. In addition the ore deposits are characterized as being strata-bound in nature. The arise and establishment of “extracting” viewpoint may be attributed to the following three reasons: 1) influence by the idea of “ore-source bed”; 2) limitation of analytical techniques in the 1980s’ (especially gold element); and 3) a small number of samples (sampling locations were mostly disturbed by mineralization). Studies have shown that ore-forming materials would most probably come from the deep interior of the Earth. Deep-seated ore-bearing materials including Au-Ag polymetals were brought to the shallow levels by way of mantle plume-mantle sub-plume-mantle branch structure multi-stage evolution, finally leading to the formation of ore deposits.     

广东白垩纪-新近纪断陷盆地形成演化及其含矿性

广东白垩纪、古近纪、新近纪位处大陆边缘活动带发展阶段,在伸展的构造作用下,发展形成一系列线型展布的断陷盆地,并伴随有中酸性及中基性火山活动.三水盆地、河源盆地是其典型代表.矿产除与沉积有关的褐煤、油页岩、蒸发相石膏、岩盐矿床外,还有与火山热液有关的金、银、钼、铜、铀及萤石、重晶石、风化壳型膨润土等矿床.     

Neoproterozoic banded iron formations

Two epochs of the formation of ferruginous quartzites—Archean-Paleoproterozoic (3.2–1.8 Ga) and Neoproterozoic (0.85–0.7 Ga)—are distinguished in the Precambrian. They are incommensurable in scale: the Paleoproterozoic Kursk Group of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) extends over 1500 km, whereas the extension of Neoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIF) beds does not exceed a few tens of kilometers. Their thickness is up to 200 m and not more than 10 m, respectively. The oldest BIFs are located in old platforms, whereas Neoproterozoic BIFs are mainly confined to Phanerozoic orogenic (mobile) zones. Neoproterozoic BIFs universally associate with glacial deposits and their beds include glacial dropstones. In places, they underlie tillites of the Laplandian (Marinoan) glaciation (635 Ma), but they are more often sandwiched between glaciogenic sequences of the Laplandian and preceding Sturtian or Rapitan glaciation (730–750 Ma). Neoproterozoic BIFs are rather diverse in terms of lithology due to variation in the grade of metamorphism from place to place from low grades of the greenschist facies up to the granulite facies. Correspondingly, the ore component is mainly represented by hematite or magnetite. The REE distribution and (Co + Ni + Cu) index suggest an influence of hydrothermal sources of Fe, although it was subordinate to the continental washout. Iron was accumulated in seawater during glaciations, whereas iron mineralization took place at the earliest stages of postglacial transgressions.     

Tabular formations in titanomagnetite

A visually homogeneous intrusive titanium magnetite is shown microscopically to consist of two phases: a) solid solution of magnetite in ulvospinel and b) solid solution of ulvospinel in magnetite; the phase ratio is about 1 : 2. On heating in air two new phases are produced in titanium magnetite, as oriented plates forming the mineral's characteristic reticulate microstructure: ilmenite and hematite. Ilmenite disappears on further heating and the end-phase becomes a solid solution of ilmenite in hematite. It is believed that natural oxidation in depths also yields to ilmenite plates in titanium magnetite, if ulvospinel is present. Oriented platelets of hematite may be similarly produced in TiO₂ -free magnetite and in magnesium ferrite, although MgO retards their development in the latter. -- V. P. Sokoloff.