南海盆地演化对生物礁的控制及礁油气藏勘探潜力分析

南海盆地经历了断陷、坳陷和区域热沉降等演化过程。古新世—早渐新世,包括南沙地块在内的古南海北部陆缘的岩石圈伸展作用导致断陷湖盆的形成,局部遭受海侵。该期仅在古南海北部陆架和陆坡地区具备形成生物礁的条件。晚渐新世—中中新世,由于洋壳扩张南海盆地形成,南沙地块漂移到现今位置。随着海水大面积入侵,早期形成的断阶高部位成为水下隆起,岩石圈伸展引起的地幔岩浆喷发,形成水下火山高地,为生物礁的形成创造了地形地貌条件。在物源供给不足的地区,出现适于生物礁发育的温暖、透光、洁净、具有正常盐度的浅水环境,生物礁繁盛。从南海盆地演化和生储盖等地层层系形成时间上看,生物礁具有有利的生储盖配置关系和油气运聚条件。晚中新世-全新世区域热沉降形成全区统一的区域盖层,南海生物礁油气藏得以保存。上述情况决定了南海盆地生物礁具有很大的油气勘探潜力。     

Cyclicity and prospects of the Jurassic oil-and-gas complex on the Barents Sea shelf

The oil and gas potential of Jurassic deposits of the shelf zone of the Barents Sea is confirmed by the discovery of a series of fields, both in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea, and in the Norwegian one. Along with known large gas and gas-condensate fields, the first oil field was opened in the western Norwegian part in April 2011. Peculiarities of the stratigraphy of the Jurassic complex indicate that cyclicity occurred in the development of the basin. The results of the works that were carried out demonstrate that the search for oil and gas fields in sandy reservoirs, deposited at the periods of regression is promising. Regionally extended clayey beds, which were deposited during periods of transgression, are considered as a seal. New oil and gas fields can be found, not only in the anticline structures, but also in lithological traps.     

黄海晚更新世以来的硅藻组合及其沉积环境

黄海更新世晚期以来的硅藻化石,自下而上可划分为五个硅藻带。在Ⅰ带的上下层位,各含一个淡水藻类化石带,显示黄海在大理冰期时,由于气候变冷,海面下降,黄海陆架三次出露成陆。亚间冰期时,气候转暖,海面回升,复为海水淹没,海域中生长着Ⅰ带的各种海生硅藻。随着全新世气候转暖,沉积物中发现Ⅱ-Ⅴ带海生硅藻带,其中Ⅲ带硅藻外洋种比例较大,含亚热带暖海种多,表明此时水温较大,海域扩大,相当于大西洋期,其他各带与全新世各期相当。     

晚中新世西太平洋暖池的浮游有孔虫和氧同位素证据

浮游有孔虫深水种Globoquadrina dehiscens于10Ma左右从西太平洋和南海绝灭, 要比其他地区早大约3Ma.伴随这一事件还见以表层暖水种增多而深水种大幅度减少为主要特征的生物群变化.古生物和氧同位素结果指示当时表层水变暖和温跃层变深, 我们认为是与早期西太平洋暖池的发育有关.该种在西北和西南太平洋呈阶段性消失也说明暖水堆集比赤道区更强, 尽管印尼海道在晚中新世已大为变窄, 穿越印尼海道的径流可能尚保持较高的通量水平而使赤道区暖水堆集不特别明显.南海的浮游氧同位素值通常比开放西太平洋的低, 也说明中新世时期的上层海水环境与现代相似, 都是暖池边缘区比中心区变化大.暖池边缘区水体环境多变和温度梯度较高可能是受季风的影响, 结果造成深水种的降低和G.dehiscens提早从南海地区绝灭.      

珠江口盆地早第三纪油源岩形成环境

记述了南海北部大陆架珠江口盆地上渐新统珠海组 (E₃ 3 )储油层所储原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石 2 5属47种;基于原油中孢粉化石及其地层分布的研究确定了该含油盆地下第三系油源岩;并根据孢子花粉母体植物的古生态特征探讨了早第三纪油源岩形成的环境。研究结果表明,中始新统文昌组 (E₂ 2 )和上始新统至中渐新统恩平组(E₂ 3 -E₃ 2 )暗色泥质岩是珠江口盆地的油源岩,研究区油源岩形成于亚热带温暖潮湿气候下的湖泊沉积环境。     

Prospective prediction and exploration situation of marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas in the South Yellow Sea

The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been discovered after exploration for 58 years. After the failure of oil and gas exploration in terrestrial basins, the exploration target of the South Yellow Sea Basin turned to the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata. After more than ten years’ investigation and research, a lot of achievements have been obtained. The latest exploration obtained effective seismic reflection data of deep marine facies by the application of seismic exploration technology characterized by high coverage, abundant low-frequency components and strong energy source for the deep South Yellow Sea Basin. In addition, some wells drilled the Middle-Upper Paleozoic strata, with obvious oil and gas shows discovered in some horizons. The recent petroleum geological research on the South Yellow Sea Basin shows that the structure zoning of the marine residual basin has been redetermined, the basin structure has been defined, and 3 seismic reflection marker layers are traceable and correlatable in the residual thick Middle-Paleozoic strata below the continental Meso-Cenozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin. Based on these, the seismic sequence of the marine sedimentary strata was established. According to the avaliable oil and gas exploration and research, the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas prospects of the South Yellow Sea were predicted as follows. (1) The South Yellow Sea Basin has the same sedimentary formation and evolution history during the sedimentary period of the Middle-Paleozoic marine basin with the Sichuan Basin. (2) There are 3 regional high-quality source rocks. (3) The carbonate and clastic reservoirs are developed in the Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata. (4) The three source-reservoir-cap assemblages are relatively intact. (5) The Laoshan Uplift is a prospect area for the Lower Paleozoic oil and gas, and the Wunansha Uplift is one for the marine Upper Paleozoic oil and gas. (6) The Gaoshi stable zone in the Laoshan Uplift is a favorable zone. (7) The marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin has the geological conditions required to form large oil and gas fields, with remarkable oil and gas resources prospect. An urgent problem to be addressed now within the South Yellow Sea Basin is to drill parametric wells for the Lower Paleozoic strata as the target, to establish the complete stratigraphic sequence since the Paleozoic period, to obtain resource evaluation parameters, and to realize the strategic discovery and achieve breakthrough in oil and gas exploration understanding.©2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

利用卫星热红外遥感探测南海天然气水合物

天然气水合物被誉为21世纪“化石燃料”的清洁替代能源,其意义十分重大。本文首次将卫星热红外遥感应于南海天然气水合物的勘查中,实践证明效果较好。作者分析了卫星热红外增温异常的机制,探讨了卫星热红外增温异常与海底天然气水合物的关系,指出了南海西沙海槽区、东沙群岛岛坡区、笔架南盆地、北吕宋海槽区、南沙海槽一带等是天气气水合物可能的赋存地带。     

Holocene Climate Variability in Antarctica Based on 11 Ice-Core Isotopic Records

A comparison is made of the Holocene records obtained from water isotope measurements along 11 ice cores from coastal and central sites in east Antarctica (Vostok, Dome B, Plateau Remote, Komsomolskaia, Dome C, Taylor Dome, Dominion Range, D47, KM105, and Law Dome) and west Antarctica (Byrd), with temporal resolution from 20 to 50 yr. The long-term trends possibly reflect local ice sheet elevation fluctuations superimposed on common climatic fluctuations. All the records confirm the widespread Antarctic early Holocene optimum between 11,500 and 9000 yr; in the Ross Sea sector, a secondary optimum is identified between 7000 and 5000 yr, whereas all eastern Antarctic sites show a late optimum between 6000 and 3000 yr. Superimposed on the long time trend, all the records exhibit 9 aperiodic millennial-scale oscillations. Climatic optima show a reduced pacing between warm events (typically 800 yr), whereas cooler periods are associated with less-frequent warm events (pacing >1200 yr).     

The history of oil exploration and development in the northern North Sea

Discovery of the southern North Sea gas fields and, by 1970, several billion-barrel oil fields in the central North Sea encouraged oil companies to explore in the deeper, less hospitable waters of the northern North Sea. There, seismic surveys revealed a pre-Cretaceous unconfmity with 'highs' forming potential oil traps. One of the largest of these buried 'highs' was drilled by ShelllEsso, and oil was found in quantity in Middle Jurassic deltaic sandstones. This led to the discovery of eight major oil fields with reserves in excess of 7500 million barrels. Detailed studies of the sandstone reservoirs of the Brent Delta are enabling petroleum geologists and engineers to maximize recovery from these northern fields.     

Submarine landslide identified in MD179 cores,off-Joetsu area,eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

Gas hydrate is exposed on the sea floor and is buried in shallow sediments in the off-Joetsu area at the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. Sediment cores recovered from topographic highs of the Joetsu Knoll and Umitaka Spur show pockmarks and mounds formed by gas hydrate dissociation, but those from the Un-named ridge have no such topographic features. All topographic highs and pockmarks mainly comprise bioturbated layers interbedded with thinly laminated (TL) layers, which are common Sea of Japan sediments. Recovered sediments are, however, mostly disturbed by submarine landslides, showing tilted horizons, faults, slump folds, and breccia, except that from the Un-named ridge. The timing of events is well constrained by identification of the number of TL layers in some sediment cores. Landslides occurred both during the cold glacial period of the late MIS3 to the last glacial maximum (LGM) and during the warm interglacial period of the post-LGM. All were caused by the explosive rise of gas hydrate formed at very shallow depths of the sea bottom by the supply of gas from the depth of the gas hydrate stability zone through gas chimney passages developed under the pockmarks. Seismic activity demands consideration as a factor because the off-Joetsu area is tectonically active.     

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Tectonics of the Yellow Sea and Oil-Gas Exploration

The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oil- gas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved little. There are three tectonic periods with near N–S trending shortening and compression (260–200 Ma, 135–52 Ma and 23–0.78 Ma) and three tectonic periods with near E–W trending shortening and compression (200–135 Ma, 52–23 Ma and 0.78 Ma) at the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Indosinian tectonic period is the collision period between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze Plates, which formed the basic tectonic framework for the Yellow Sea area. There were strong intraplate deformations during the Yanshanian (200–135 Ma) and Sichuanian (135–52 Ma) periods with different tectonic models, which are also the main formation periods for endogenic metallic mineral deposits around the Yellow Sea. The three tectonic periods during the Cenozoic affect important influences for forming oil-gas reservoirs. The Eocene–Oligocene (52–23 Ma) is the main forming period for oil-gas sources. The Miocene–Early Pleistocene (23–0.78 Ma) was a period of favorable passage for oil-gas migration along NNE trending faults. Since the Middle Pleistocene (0.78 Ma) the NNE trending faults are closed and make good conditions for the reservation of oil-gas. The authors suggest that we pay more attention to the oil-gas exploration at the intersections between the NNE trending existing faults and Paleogene– Neogene systems in the southern Yellow Sea area.     

中国东南地区岩石圈热结构特征及其构造意义

中国东南地区地质演化复杂,中—新生代构造变形强烈,岩石圈深部热力学状态及其对构造活动的影响有待深入。文章结合最新的大地热流数据与地壳结构Crust 1.0模型,利用稳态热传导方程,以岩石捕虏体温压数据和地震学观测为约束,构建了华南地区扬子克拉通、华夏地块以及南海北缘等不同单元的岩石圈热结构。结果表明该区岩石圈热结构存在强烈的不均一性：除了上扬子地区（四川盆地）为“温壳温幔”的热结构,华南其他大部分地区都表现为“热壳热幔”的特征;同一深度下,华夏地块与南海北缘的深部温度显著高于扬子克拉通;热岩石圈厚度从克拉通内部向沿海地区（NWSE）逐渐降低,也即由四川盆地的~200 km减少到华夏地块的~110 km,再到南海的~70 km。此外,我们还发现陆内地震的分布与岩石圈温度密切相关,地震活动集中分布于600℃等温线以内。总体而言,扬子克拉通中西部岩石圈热结构具有冷而厚的特征,而华夏地块和南海北缘受古太平洋平板俯冲和新生代大陆边缘构造—岩浆作用的改造,表现为热且薄的特征,岩石圈的热弱化进而加速了华南大陆边缘的裂解及随后的南海扩张过程。     

地球化学边界(过渡带)对全球与东亚海上油气资源的制约

根据全球和中国大陆铅同位素填图资料表明,全球近96%的原油和90%的天然气分布于DUPAL异常和北半球参考线(NHRL)之间的过渡带(Δ8/4在20～45之间)。根据这一分布规律,全球还有大约2/3的过渡带油气资源还没有被发现和开发。海陆相连的华北克拉通地球化学边界则是中国大陆与渤海湾油气资源分布的重要制约因素。东海油气田则受华夏-扬子地球化学边界向海上和日本岛弧延伸线控制。南海油气田既位于DUPAL异常和北半球参考线(NHRL)之间的过渡带上,同时受华夏-印支地球化学边界在海上多变的走向所控制,因此具有找到大型油气田的条件。     

Late Quaternary paleoclimatology and paleooceanography of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay: an alternative viewpoint

Previous interpretations of Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay sediment cores were hampered by failure to recognize that the presence of small (62–149 μm) specimens of 'subpolar' planktic foraminifera in high-latitude marine sediments is primarily a function of the geochemistry of the water column and/or sediments rather than an indicator of environmental conditions in overlying surface waters. Assuming this rationale is correct, foraminiferal data from core HU75–42 indicate that surface conditions in the Labrador Sea were characterized by polar waters, with probable year-round sea-ice cover, throughout most of the period from isotope stage 5a to Termination I. The single exception to this sustained cold history for the eastern Labrador Sea was a transient pulse that apparently brought relatively warm, subpolar waters to the eastern Labrador Sea for a short (probably < 600 years) interval at the isotope stage 5a/4 transition.     

The last glacial-interglacial transition and dinoflagellate cysts in the western Mediterranean Sea

Using the analysis of dinoflagellate cysts in three deep-sea sediments cores situated in the Sicilian-Tunisian Strait, in the Gulf of Lions and in the Alboran Sea, we reconstruct the paleoenvironmental changes that took place during the last glacial-interglacial transition in the western Mediterranean Sea. The development of the warm microflora Impagidinium aculeatum and especially Spiniferites mirabilis appears to be an important proxy for recognizing warm periods as the Bölling/Alleröd and the Early Holocene. Bitectatodinium tepikiense, Spiniferites elongatus and Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus mark the end of the Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas. This cold microfloral association confirms the drastic climate changes in the western Mediterranean Sea synchronous to the dry and cold climate which occurred in the South European margin. The dinocyst N. labyrinthus shows high percentages in all studied regions during the Younger Dryas. Its distribution reveals a significant increase from the South to the North of this basin during this cold brief event. Thus, we note that this species can be considered as a new eco-stratigraphical tracer of the Younger Dryas in the western Mediterranean Sea.     

线状沙脊形成与维持机制的研究

线状沙脊广泛分布于世界潮控陆架,对于油气勘探、航运、海岸及海洋工程施工等均具有重要意义。在介绍国外较有影响的６种线状沙脊形成与维持机制的概念和理论模式的基础上,对我国辽东浅滩线状沙脊的形成机制作了探讨。     

国内外生物礁油气勘探现状与我国南海生物礁油气勘探前景

世界生物礁油气资源非常丰富,随着生物礁油气勘探开发的不断深入,生物礁油气探明储量和产量不断增加,所占比重越来越大。南海是我国最大的边缘海,其特殊的构造背景、多种类型礁的发育和良好的生储盖组合等都决定了南海生物礁油气勘探的广阔前景。建议加快南海勘探开发的步伐,充分利用南海丰富的油气资源。     

Primary production in the Sulu Sea

The Sulu Sea, located between Borneo and the Philippines, is separated from the surrounding ocean by two chains of islands. There are no passages below 500 m depth and the basin, which at the deepest is 5,000m, is filled with warm low oxygen water. The near surface chlorophyll concentration has been examined with the aid of ocean colour sensors on board satellites. Direct comparisons between a field observation of chlorophyll and its remotely sensed values from OCTS (Ocean Colour Temperature Scanner) are found to be in satisfactory agreement. An 8-month time series of chlorophyll near the centre of the Sulu Sea has been used to show that the chlorophyll level is significantly higher than the level in the adjacent South China Sea. This was most pronounced at the period of change between the monsoons. The greater primary productivity may provide the explanation for the higher deposition rate of carbon in the Sulu Sea. Although the Sulu Sea is more productive than the adjacent South China Sea, the central area can still be classified as a desert. Estimates of the new primary production in the central Sulu Sea seem to be just sufficient to support the current fishery.     

山东半岛东部海域悬浮体分布季节变化及其冬季输送通量研究

山东半岛东部近岸海域流系和水团要素季节变化显著,沉积动力环境特殊,发育有剖面形状独特的泥质沉积体。基于两个年度的夏、冬季山东半岛东部近岸海域水体温度、浊度、悬浮体浓度和海流等调查资料,分析了水团要素分布季节变化特征,并结合研究区域冬季海流和余流分布特征,计算了冬季经山东半岛东部近岸海域向南输送的悬浮体净通量。结果表明:山东半岛东部近岸海域悬浮体分布受沿岸流、黄海冷水团和黄海暖流等流系季节变化的影响存在显著季节变化。夏季,水体垂向层结和黄海冷水团均可抑制悬浮体垂向和东西向扩散。与以往的研究有所不同的是,冬季大量悬浮体可穿越沿岸流与黄海暖流形成的海流切变锋面,进入黄海暖流向北输送,海流切变锋的屏障作用会随着黄海暖流的减弱或东移而削弱。每年冬季经山东半岛东部近岸海域输送的悬浮体占渤海海峡向外海输送的悬浮体年净通量的3.22%~9.10%,冬季的悬浮体输送量较大,占冬季渤海海峡向外海输送的悬浮体年净通量的6.84%~19.38%。     

Surface and upper air meteorological features during onset phase of 2003 monsoon

The second campaign of the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX-II) was conducted in two phases viz., March–April and May–June 2003. In the present work, the buoy and ocean research vessel data collected during the second phase of ARMEX-II have been analysed to bring out the characteristic features of monsoon onset. The results have shown that the thermodynamical features such as build up of lower tropospheric instability and increased height of zero degree isotherm occurred about a week before the monsoon onset over Kerala and adjoining southeast Arabian Sea. There was a sharp fall in the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa, and the height of zero degree isotherm about 2–3 days before the monsoon onset. The flux of sensible heat was positive (sea to air) over south Arabian Sea during the onset phase. Over the Bay of Bengal higher negative (air to sea) values of sensible flux prevailed before the monsoon onset which became less negative with the advance of monsoon over that region. The pre-onset period was characterized by large sea surface temperature (SST) gradient over the Arabian Sea with rapid decrease towards north of the warm pool region. The buoy observations have shown that SST remained close to 30.5°C in the warm pool region during the pre-onset period in 2003 but only 2–3 degrees away (north of this region) SSTs were as low as 28.5–29°C. An interesting aspect of sea level pressure (SLP) variability over the Indian seas during the onset phase of summer monsoon 2003 was undoubtedly, the highest SLP in the warm pool region inspite of very high SSTs.