西藏古错-岗巴盆地下白垩统黑色页岩地质特征及其油气资源意义

藏南聂拉木县、岗巴县的古错-岗巴盆地呈东西向展布,位于北喜马拉雅构造分区。早白垩世沉积以碎屑物质为主,其黑色页岩主要集中于下白垩统古错四组、古错五组和东山组。黑色页岩沉积物颗粒微细,以泥质、粘土质组分为主,砂/泥比值低,局部夹有海底扇沉积的细砂岩、粉砂岩等韵律层,富含菱铁矿、钙质结核,少见菊石等生物化石。其沉积环境应为相变缓慢、水体低能且较为特殊（受火山活动影响）的海相还原环境。黑色页岩中的粘土质所反映出的稀土配分模式与玄武岩标准模式极为接近,显示出当时的沉积可能伴随有火山活动及基性物质的介入。综合地质特征显示出本区下白垩统黑色页岩厚度巨大,构造简单,具有较好的成烃条件,虽然有机质成熟度较高,但黑色页岩仍是未来本区油气资源潜力评价中值得重视的积极因素之一。     

松辽盆地嫩江组白云岩结核的成因及其环境意义

松辽白垩纪陆相盆地嫩江组泥质铁白云岩结核主要呈顺层状产于灰绿色粉砂质泥岩、页岩与介形虫层的互层层序中。其同位素组成δ¹³C(PDB)=1.105±2.4,δ¹⁸O(PDB)=-5.174±3.5,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7078±0.0005。结核多不切割层理。结核内部具水平纹理。该类结核形成于湖平面快速波动过程中的浅水期,属沉积结核和早期成岩结核,椭圆状外形是碳酸盐同生胶结过程中始终受到上覆泥质沉积物持续压实作用的结果。白云岩为海水-淡水混合成因。     

Sodium - a geochemical indicator of emerald mineralization in the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia

Emerald-bearing deposits in the Cordillera Oriental are structurally controlled, localized at the intersection of two fault systems. At these intersections zones of intense fracturing affected by sodium and carbonate metasomatism host the emerald mineralization. Albitization, carbonatization and hydrothermal leaching of potassium and trace metals are characteristics of the metasomatically altered Cretaceous black shales which compose the emerald-bearing tectonic zones.Stream sediments collected in areas which have metasomatically altered shales in the drainage basin have a low K/Na ratio. It is possible to use this ratio, or the sodium content of the sediments, to locate areas worthy of further exploration.     

Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Distribution, Lithostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments

Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) represented by red shales and marls, were deposited during the Cretaceous and early Paleocene, predominantly in the Tethyan realm, in lower slope and abyssal basin environments. Detailed studies of CORBs are rare; therefore, we compiled CORBs data from deep sea ocean drilling cores and outcrops of Cretaceous rocks subaerially exposed in southern Europe, northwestern Germany, Asia and New Zealand. In the Tethyan realm, CORBs mainly consist of reddish or pink shales, limestones and marlstones. By contrast, marlstones and chalks are rare in deep-ocean drilling cores. Upper Cretaceous marine sediments in cores from the Atlantic Ocean are predominantly various shades of brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown and pale brown in color. A few red, pink, yellow and orange Cretaceous sediments are also present. The commonest age of CORBs is early Campanian to Maastrichtian, with the onset mostly of oxic deposition often after Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), during the early Aptian, late Albian-early Turonian and Campanian. This suggests an indicated and previously not recognized relationship between OAEs, black shales deposition and CORBs. CORBs even though globally distributed, are most common in the North Atlantic and Tethyan realms, in low to mid latitudes of the northern hemisphere; in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean in the mid to high latitudes of the southern hemisphere; and are less frequent in the central Pacific Ocean. Their widespread occurrence during the late Cretaceous might have been the result of establishing a connection for deep oceanic current circulation between the Pacific and the evolving connection between South and North Atlantic and changes in oceanic basins ventilation.     

Early maturation of organic matter and genesis of hydrocarbons as a result of heat from a shallow piercement salt dome

The Primrose Prospect lies 48 km east of Sable Island on the Scotian Shelf below 80 km of water. The subsurface geology is characterized by the presence of Jurassic salt that has pierced the early Cretaceous sediments and uplifted late Cretaceous and early Tertiary beds to provide localized structural closure, shale compaction, and anomalously high heat gradients in the younger sediments overlying the salt mass.The reservoir rocks interbedded with the compacted shales contain wet gas, condensate, and 31° API oil. The organic matter in these shales, which consists essentially of amorphous material, has undergone thermal alteration and maturation at a very shallow depth, a condition not apparent in coeval beds elsewhere in the area. This localized alteration of the organic matter is considered to have occurred in response to the thermal and pressure effects of the underlying halokinetic structure and could have resulted in the genesis of the mature hydrocarbons.     

Generation and hydrocarbon entrapment within Gondwanan sediments of the Mandapeta area, Krishna-Godavari Basin, India

The discovery of hydrocarbons (mainly gas) in commercial quantities from Gondwanan sediments in the Mandapeta field of Krishna-Godavari Basin, India, provided impetus for intensified exploration in Mandapeta and the adjoining Kommugudem, Draksharama and Endamuru fields. Both oil and gas have been found in the reservoirs of Mandapeta (Triassic) and Golapalli (Early Cretaceous) formations. Mature, localised, basal shales (1.0–1.1% Ro) in the Mandapeta formation have sourced the oils from the Mandapeta Sandstone reservoir (Triassic). The oils being produced from Golapalli Sandstone reservoir (Early Cretaceous) are relatively less mature and have been sourced by the underlying shales in the Mandapeta Formation at a maturity level of 0.80–0.85% Ro. The source and maturity data preclude liquid hydrocarbon sourcing from the Kommugudem (Permian) sequence. Permian coals and shales of the Kommugudem Formation are the major source rocks for gaseous hydrocarbons in this area. The hydrocarbon generation started in Early Cretaceous in the Kommugudem Formation, but the intermittent tectonic activity (with associated structural developments) has resulted in reorientation and redistribution of the then existing trap configurations. The present day maturity level of the Permian sediments in the Mandapeta field is 1.2% Ro or greater, capable of generating gas dominantly. The Raghavapuram shale in the Mandapeta area is adequately mature and has good hydrocarbon potential for oil generation. The probability of finding hydrocarbon reserves in the sands of Raghavapuram shales and other suitable traps is high. Modern seismic information together with geologic models can give new exploration leads.     

Mid-Cretaceous uplift and erosion on the northern margin of the Ligurian Tethys deduced from thermal history reconstruction

The paleogeography during Early Cretaceous of the northern margin of the Ligurian Tethys is poorly constrained because of deformation and erosion during Pyrenean and Alpine orogenic phases. The present-day limit between Lower Cretaceous sediments in the South–East basin, located at the northwestern margin of the Ligurian Tethys, and basement rocks is the consequence of a protracted erosion history. Lower Cretaceous sediments observed today in the basin, even close to the present-day outcropping border, are characteristic of pelagic environments. A larger extent of a Lower Cretaceous cover on the basement must then be considered. This study focuses on the western part of this margin (the Causses basin), in the South of the Massif Central (France), using several thermochronometers and geothermometers to decipher the former extent of the sedimentary cover. Apatite fission track thermochronology on basement rocks surrounding the Causses basin suggests that these rocks cooled from temperatures higher than 110°C during the mid-Cretaceous. Average fluid inclusion homogenisation temperatures between 94°C and 108°C are recorded in calcite veins from outcropping Toarcian and Aalenian shales. In the shales, Tmax values, temperature obtained by Rock–Eval pyrolysis of organic matter, are in agreement with these elevated temperatures. Different explanations for these relatively high temperatures, which cannot be explained by the present-day sedimentary serie in the basin, have been tested using a 1D thermal modelling procedure (Genex). For a 95±10-mW/m² paleoflux, thick sedimentary deposits (2.5±0.3 km) including 1.3±0.3 km of Lower Cretaceous sediments cover the South of the Massif Central; these formations have been subsequently eroded from mid-Cretaceous time onwards. This study confirms that the South of the Massif Central was a site of marine sedimentation during the Early Cretaceous where a thick sedimentary sequence was once deposited.     

东西特提斯晚白垩世深水底栖有孔虫生物相和岩相

白垩纪深水古海洋学研究仍处于早期发展阶段,一方面是由于来自钙质底栖有孔虫的稳定同位素和地球化学数据的缺乏,其原因在于白垩纪高碳酸盐补偿深度;另一方面在于深水有机质胶结有孔虫示踪古海洋还没有充分发展起来。深海环境深水胶结有孔虫的分布主要取决于碳酸盐可利用状况、原始生产的输入通量、深水交换、环境波动(深海洋流、浊流和快速沉积事件)和底层沉积类型,因此对于重建深海环境具有非常巨大的潜力。东、西特提斯Campanian Maastrichtian深水底栖有孔虫组合的统计分析揭示出6个生物相,代表着明显不同的沉积环境。包括:深海红色泥岩与矮小深海生物组合(生物相1);红色深海泥灰岩(“Couches Rouges”相),含钙质胶结有孔虫组合(生物相3);深水远洋灰岩(“Scaglia Rossa”相),含易碎的Rhizammina组合(生物相2);绿色灰色半远洋泥灰岩,含适应高输出通量生物组合(生物相4);半远洋泥岩和粉砂岩,含Aschemocella Nothia 组合(生物相5);陆源浊积层序,含“复理石型”Rhabdammina组合(生物相6)。Campanian Maastrichtian红色氧化深水环境动物组合与现今深海类似,而白垩纪贫氧深海环境胶结组合在现今无法找到相类似物。随着古生态信息的增加和数据库的扩展,深水胶结有孔虫有望成为揭示古海洋条件的重要工具,尤?     

Microfacies and depositional environment of Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene oil shales from Jordan

The purpose of this study is to better understand the depositional setting of Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene oil shales from southeast and central-east Jordan. One core from both the Jafr and the Azraq-Hamza Basins was logged, and their lithology, texture, and ichnofabrics were recorded. A total of 79 thin sections were analyzed petrographically, and eight microfacies types recognized. Both cores show lithologic and petrographic similarities. The oil shales are Maastrichtian to Danian in age and can be described as organic matter and calcite-rich mudrocks. The most abundant granular components are foraminifera and various types of phosphatic bio- and lithoclasts. Macrofossils (bivalves, ostracods, echinoderms) were recorded in some intervals. The current results were compared with data from a previous publication on Maastrichtian oil shales from the Jafr Basin. A new model explaining the deposition of the oil shales of the Jafr and Azraq-Hamza Basins is proposed. The onset of the Maastrichtian oil shale deposition in both basins coincides with the early Maastrichtian transgression in this region. The organic matter-rich sediments were deposited in a mid to outer ramp setting below the storm wave base. Younger oil shales of Late Maastrichtian to Danian age were deposited in a shallower environment, below the fair weather wave base. The Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary is marked by a hiatus in both cores. The Danian oil shales show relatively lower “total organic carbon” content than the Maastrichtian ones. The former are believed to have been deposited in more oxygenated bottom waters of a mid-ramp zone.     

海陆过渡相页岩储层研究现状与展望

中国广泛分布石炭系—二叠系海陆过渡相富有机质页岩,开发利用其中赋存的页岩气对于缓解巨大的能源和环境压力具有重要意义。从沉积环境、地球化学、矿物学、岩石物理学等方面概述了不同区域、不同层位代表性海陆过渡相页岩的关键属性,并与典型海相和陆相页岩进行了对比和总结。结果表明,对于过渡相富有机质页岩,三角洲体系中的沼泽相及障壁-潟湖体系中的潟湖和沼泽相具备更优越的页岩气成藏条件。过渡相页岩与煤层、砂岩层频繁互层,岩相垂向上变化极其复杂,意味着其具有高度的非均质性。同时,TOC含量垂向变化较大,高低值交互出现,平均TOC含量总体高于海相和陆相页岩,表明其巨大的页岩气勘探开发潜力。海陆过渡相页岩有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,Ⅱ型为辅,腐殖质显微组分约占70%,热演化程度普遍处于成熟—高成熟阶段,少数达到过成熟,总体介于陆相和海相页岩之间。过渡相页岩粘土含量较高,给压裂开发带来了较大的挑战。储集空间以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,有机质中可能普遍存在大量的不可见有机孔,但受有机质类型及成熟度的影响,它们理论上不是过渡相页岩的主要孔隙类型。高的粘土含量可能导致海陆过渡相页岩最低的孔隙度及较低的渗透率。海陆过渡相页岩的甲烷吸附能力分布范围较大,存在甲烷吸附能力较强的页岩,可能是受煤层的影响。目前,海陆过渡相页岩气储层的研究已经取得了很多重要的研究成果,但资源评价方法的不完善、“甜点”识别与预测技术不成熟、优势成藏环境研究不深入及“多气共采”可行性不确定,仍然是当前过渡相页岩气勘探开发面临的主要问题。     

砂岩碎屑组份变化对库车坳陷和南天山盆山演化的指示

为研究库车坳陷中-新生代物源变化与南天山构造演化的关系,对该坳陷中-新生界砂岩进行了系统取样,应用Dickinson砂岩分析方法详细研究了其沉积背景和物源变化。库车坳陷中-新生代沉积物源始终为再造山旋回带,自老到新砂岩中不稳定岩屑组份的含量有规律地变化:从三叠系到侏罗系,岩屑组份中沉积岩岩屑含量最高;白垩系中变质岩岩屑增多;新生界特别是新近系,碳酸盐岩岩屑所占的比例很大。岩屑组份的这种变化反映了天山地区隆升和剥蚀的一个历史过程。随着山脉隆升幅度和剥蚀强度的加大,古生界变质岩和碳酸盐岩逐步接受剥蚀,并在白垩纪以后成为盆地沉积物的主要物源。根据风化指数半定量计算的结果,结合前人古气候的研究成果,早-中三叠世该区沉积物风化程度低,推测此时地形高差较大;在晚三叠世至晚侏罗世该区风化程度较高,地形起伏较低;白垩纪是一个转折期,沉积物风化程度由强转变为弱,地形高差在该期也有所增大;古近纪延续了这种趋势。新近纪以后地形高差显著加大,沉积物风化程度明显降低,说明此时南天山的隆升速率和库车坳陷的沉积速率都很快,源区与沉积区的距离很近。     

松辽盆地白垩系青山口组黑色页岩的形成环境及海水侵入的底流模式

通过对中央坳陷区两口钻井口剖面和东南隆起区野外露头剖面的沉积学、矿物学和地球化学研究,认为松辽盆地白垩系青山口组黑色页岩形成于稳定分层的湖相环境;周期性海水注入形成的底流是导致水体夯层和黑色页岩沉积的重要因素。     

Sedimentology,geochemistry, and biota of Volgian carbonaceous sequences in the northern part of the central Russian Sea (Kostroma region)

Lithological, geochemical, stratigraphic, and paleoecological features of carbonaceous sediments in the Late Jurassic Volgian Basin of the East European Platform (Kostroma region) are considered. The shalebearing sequence studied is characterized by greater sedimentological completeness as compared with its stratotype sections in the Middle Volga region (Gorodishche, Kashpir). Stratigraphic position and stratigraphy of the shale-bearing sequence, as well as the distribution of biota in different sedimentation settings, are specified. It is shown that Volgian sediments show a distinct cyclic structure. The lower and upper elements of cyclites consist of high-carbonaceous shales and clayey-calcareous sediments, respectively, separated by transitional varieties. Bioturbation structures in different rocks are discussed. Microcomponent composition and pyrolytic parameters of organic matter, as well as distribution of chemical elements in the lithologically variable sediments are analyzed. Possible reasons responsible for the appearance of cyclicity and accumulation of organicrich sediments are discussed.     

New data on the Vrancea Nappe (Moldavidian Basin, Outer Carpathian Domain, Romania): paleogeographic and geodynamic reconstructions

A study has been performed on the Cretaceous to Early Miocene succession of the Vrancea Nappe (Outer Carpathians, Romania), based on field reconstruction of the stratigraphic record, mineralogical-petrographic and geochemical analyses. Extra-basinal clastic supply and intra-basinal autochthonous deposits have been differentiated, appearing laterally inter-fingered and/or interbedded. The main clastic petrofacies consist of calcarenites, sub-litharenites, quartzarenites, sub-arkoses, and polygenic conglomerates derived from extra-basinal margins. An alternate internal and external provenance of the different supplies is the result of the paleogeographic re-organization of the basin/margins system due to tectonic activation and exhumation of rising areas. The intra-basinal deposits consist of black shales and siliceous sediments (silexites and cherty beds), evidencing major environmental changes in the Moldavidian Basin. Organic-matter-rich black shales were deposited during anoxic episodes related to sediment starvation and high nutrient influx due to paleogeographic isolation of the basin caused by plate drifting. The black shales display relatively high contents in sub-mature to mature, Type II lipidic organic matter (good oil and gas-prone source rocks) constituting a potentially active petroleum system. The intra-basinal siliceous sediments are related to oxic pelagic or hemipelagic environments under tectonic quiescence conditions although its increase in the Oligocene part of the succession can be correlated with volcanic supplies. The integration of all the data in the “progressive reorientation of convergence direction” Carpathian model, and their consideration in the framework of a foreland basin, led to propose some constrains on the paleogeographic-geodynamic evolutionary model of the Moldavidian Basin from the Late Cretaceous to the Burdigalian.     

福建坂头组沉积特征及构造背景研究

福建下白垩统坂头组主要为一套温暖潮湿的湖泊相、河流相碎屑沉积,化石丰富,黑色页岩相对发育。以政和—大埔断裂为界,坂头组在其西、东部差异明显,目前有关坂头组的诸多问题亟待深入研究。本文通过野外地质调查、室内研究等,认为早白垩世福建一带为火山较活跃的岛弧型沉积,断陷盆地发育;坂头组沉积时代为早白垩世阿普第期;早白垩世福建等地断陷湖盆未曾发生持续性、大规模的快速下降,碎屑沉积厚度不大;坂头组不甚明晰的阶段性沉积特征,揭示出受控于古太平洋板块与欧亚大陆相互作用,也具有一定的期次性;坂头期及其后的火山作用强烈,对有机质以及烃的富集影响明显。如果台湾海峡一带也发育坂头组或与其相当的岩层,或发育有时代较晚的黑色页岩、砂岩,且具有一定的沉积厚度、规模,将具有重要的石油地质意义。应继续加强坂头组地质研究以及其与上下层系的石油地质条件配置研究,加强对于台湾海峡白垩系、古近系和新近系的石油地质研究,也应加强后期岩浆活动的改造作用研究。     

Evolution of organic matter degradation in Cretaceous black shales inferred from authigenic barite: A reaction-transport model

A reaction-transport model was used to infer the long-term evolution of anaerobic organic matter degradation in Cretaceous black shales from the distribution of authigenic barite in sediments drilled at Demerara Rise (ODP Leg 207, Site 1258). In these sediments, sulfate-reduction and methanogenesis are the major pathways of organic matter decomposition and the depth-distribution of authigenic barite serves as an indicator for the temporal evolution of the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ), the strength of the biogenic methane flux and, ultimately, the organic matter reactivity in the black shales over geological timescales. Organic matter degradation is described according to the reactive continuum model approach and parameters values are determined by inverse modeling, based on present-day porewater and authigenic barite profiles. Fully transient simulations were performed over a period of 100 Myrs and indicate that important features of the biogeochemical dynamics are associated to changes in the boundary forcing. Hiatuses in sediment accumulation rate result in quasi-steady-state conditions and lead to distinct accumulations of authigenic barites in the SMTZ. The inversely determined parameters reveal that the reactivity of the organic matter was already low (apparent first order rate constant ) at the time of its deposition in the Cretaceous. The geochemical characteristics of sediments drilled at Demerara Rise, as well as the presence of specific biomarkers, suggest that this low reactivity is most likely due to the euxinic palaeo-conditions which favored the sulfurization of the organic matter. Simulation results predict average initial organic carbon contents between 8.1 and 9.5 wt%, implying a high preservation efficiency of the organic matter (between 79% and 89%). Calculated mass accumulation rates (between 0.43 and 0.5 ) compare well with estimations for the western basin of the Cretaceous southern North Atlantic. Simulation results thus indicate that the enhanced preservation of organic matter under euxinic conditions may have been the main cause for the formation of organic-rich Cretaceous black shales at Demerara Rise.     

Anatomy and origin of a Cretaceous phosphorite-greensand giant, Egypt

Late Cretaceous epicontinental phosphorites, porcelanites/cherts, dark-coloured shales, glauconitic sandstones and bioclastic and fine-grained carbonate rocks in Egypt are examined in terms of their overall depositional and diagenetic framework and stable isotopic and organic geochemical characteristics. Two main depositional realms are interpreted and correlated through sequence stratigraphic analysis: (1) a shallow hemipelagic environment accompanying initial stages of marine transgression and conducive to the formation of organic carbon-rich shales, biosiliceous sediments and thick phosphorites, and (2) a relatively high energy depositional regime accompanying sea-level fall during which deltas advanced, glauconites were reworked seaward and prograding oyster banks became periodically exposed to episodes of fresh water diagenesis, thereby promoting solution-collapse phenomena in associated cherts. Lenticular to massive phosphorites are viewed as the result of current winnowing and concentration of authigenic grains initially precipitated in associated reducing shales and biosiliceous sediments. In eastern Egypt the phosphorites form winnowed lag layers, some of which may have been redeposited down slope in structural lows. In the west, these sands were concentrated into giant phosphorite sand waves built by reworking of penecontemporaneously deposited phosphatic muds during marine transgression. Carbon isotopic results substantiate interpretations from modern deposits for limitation of phosphate mineral precipitation with depth in sediments as a result of lattice poisoning. However, direct desorption of phosphorus to pore waters from detrital iron-oxyhydroxide phases also may have been important in the Cretaceous setting, the iron reduced in this process being available for incorporation in glauconites. The main locus for authigenic glauconite precipitation appears to be where iron fluxes from regions of lateritic weathering were highest and near the boundary between oxygenated and reduced waters. This study suggests a model for the common coexistence of glauconites and phosphorites in the geological record. Although upwelling is often advocated as the origin of nearly all giant phosphorite deposits, we suggest that some of these may have been strongly influenced by fluvially derived phosphorus borne on particulates and desorbed from these compounds upon flocculation and/or reduction in bottom waters or pore waters.     

松辽盆地白垩系青山口阶界线层型剖面研究

茂206井是中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探工程井,全井获取了青山口阶497.02m的岩芯资料。茂206井青山口阶为典型的湖相沉积,它具有相对高的有机碳、无机碳稳定同位素,表示当时古湖泊具有较高的生产力;同时在青山口阶下部具有高的规则甾烷/藿烷比值和伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷比值以及低的重排甾烷/常规甾烷比值,表示当时的古湖泊曾发生过藻类勃发事件、水体分层事件和缺氧事件,由此导致了青山口阶优质烃源岩的形成。青山口阶底部出现的一些具重要时代意义的被子植物花粉Cranwellia,Lythraites,Complexiopollis,Borealipollis等,显示青山口阶具有晚白垩世土仑期以后的被子植物花粉色彩,以及湖相沉积岩夹层中的火山灰(斑脱岩)锆石U-Pb年龄也证实了青山口阶底界已属土仑期,其顶界已进入康尼亚克期。     

山东胶莱盆地下白垩统莱阳组物质组分特征及其对源区的制约

位于中国东部苏鲁造山带北侧的胶莱盆地发育早白垩世莱阳组,厚约2000m,为一套陆相碎屑沉积,包括砾岩、砂岩和页岩,以及少量泥灰岩、白云岩和凝灰岩。它可以分为4个岩性段,每个段大致形成一个向上变细的旋回。砾岩砾石成分主要为花岗片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、混合花岗岩和大理岩,其次是黑云片岩、灰岩和沉积碎屑岩、火山岩和花岗岩等。莱阳组砂岩主要由岩屑长石砂岩以及岩屑砂岩组成,具有低的成分成熟度,Q／（F＋L）平均为0．42（0．19～0．84）。石英主要由单晶石英组成,长石包括斜长石、微斜长石等,岩屑主要为火山岩和变质岩,其次为沉积岩。6个砂岩地球化学样品分析表明,砂岩的SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2、Fe2O3^T;、MnO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O的平均含量分别为70．53％、13．10％、0．41％、3．09％、0．06％、1．23％、1．69％、3．38％和3．38％,类似于晚元古代造山带砂岩成分。莱阳组砂岩稀土元素分析表明,La含量为38．4×10^-6（28．0×10^-6-50．5×10^-6）,Ce含量为69．3×10^-6（58．1×10^-6～81．3×10^-6）,稀土总量为134×10^-6～197×10^-6,轻稀土明显富集,La/Yb为20．18（11．91～25．98）,（La／Yb）。为13．60（8．03～17．52）,有中等到弱的Eu负异常（δEu=0．58-0．88）,Ce为弱的负异常（δCe=0．78～0．97）。Ce含量、稀土总量和Eu异常揭示源区岩石形成时的构造背景主要为大陆岛弧。砾石统计揭示,莱阳组物源区的剥蚀序列按时间顺序应该是花岗片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩-大理岩-脉石英、灰岩和碎屑岩-正长岩。砂岩点统计、F1-F2判别图、La—Th-Sc和Th—Sc—Zr／10判别图揭示,莱阳组砂岩主要源区属于大陆弧的长英质火成岩区,少许来自再循环造山带。砂岩Zr／Y比值揭示莱阳组砂岩与分布在山东荣成地区具有大陆弧构造背景的片麻岩具有亲缘性。这表明山东胶菜盆地莱阳组砂岩源区主要来自苏鲁造山带,其次有少许来自扬子陆块。造山带周缘盆地的陆源沉积物中,砂岩的碎屑组分以及地球化学特征具有源区构造背景的继承性,反映的是源岩形成的构造环境。     

THE PROBLEM OF OIL-GAS SATURATION IN THE MESOZOIC SEDIMENTS OF THE LOWER YENISEI

Exploratory drilling in Mesozoic argillites, sandstones, and shales of the still-subsiding Yenisei basin located numerous gas and oil occurrences. Contained organic-oil content of Lower Jurassic sediments is 1.5 percent; of Middle Jurassic, 1.8 (locally 3.7 percent in Bajocian sediments); of Upper Jurassic, 1.4 percent; and of Valanginian, 1 percent. Maximum gas flow from Bajocian and Valanginian sandstone was 13,000 m³ per 24 hours; gas flowed at a rate of 76,000 m³ in 24 hours at depth of 612 to 627 m from Middle Jurassic sandstone. These and other factors, including evidence that the sediments were largely accumulated in shallow-water and reducing conditions, indicate that the Jurassic and Valanginian sediments of the Ust-Yenisei basin are potential oil producers. --G. E. Denegar.