中国地层学研究近期面临的主要问题

地层中包含了地球演化过程的许多重要信息,它是建立全球地质年代系统的重要基础。统一年代地层系统的建立有利于促进基础地质工作、矿产资源勘查、地质环境评价和地质灾害预测与防治等各项事业的发展,因此一直受到广大地质工作者的高度重视。目前在《国际地层表》已建的110个阶中,已有65个全球界线层型剖面和点位(简称GSSP)被国际地层委员会和国际地质科学联合会批准确认,其中有10个GSSP被确立在中国,我国是拥有GSSP最多的国家。在中国区域年代地层表的102个阶中,也有59个阶得到了较深入的研究,并建立了部分地层单位的划分对比标准。虽然我国的地层学研究取得了许多重要成果,但是在中国区域地层标准的建立与完善以及区域地层单位与GSSP的对比、变形和变质较强烈地区地层学研究方法的确定、广泛分布的中新生代陆相地层划分对比、中国典型地层剖面保护和规范化研究等方面还存在诸多尚未解决的重要问题,急待深入研究。     

Status of Stratigraphy Research in China

Scientific research and productive practice for earth history are inseparable from the accurate stratigraphic framework and time framework. Establishing the globally unified, precise and reliable chronostratigraphic series and geological time series is the major goal of the International Commission on Stratigraphy(ICS). Under the leadership of the ICS, the countries around the world have carried out research on the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Points(GSSPs) for the boundaries of chronostratigraphic systems. In the current International Chronostratigraphic Chart(ICC), 65 GSSPs have been erected in the Phanerozoic Eonothem, and one has yet been erected in the Precambrian Eonothem. Based on the progress of research on stratigraphy especially that from its subcommissions, the ICS is constantly revising the ICC, and will publish a new International Stratigraphic Guide in 2020. After continual efforts and broad international cooperation of Chinese stratigraphers, 10 GSSPs within the Phanerozoic Eonothem have been approved and ratified to erect in China by the ICS and IUGS. To establish the standards for stratigraphic division and correlation of China, with the support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Geological Survey, Chinese stratigraphers have carried out research on the establishment of Stages in China. A total of 102 stages have been defined in the "Regional Chronostratigraphic Chart of China(geologic time)", in which 59 stages were studied in depth. In 2014, the "Stratigraphic Chart of China" was compiled, with the essential contents as follows: the correlation between international chronostratigraphy and regional chronostratigraphy of China(geologic time), the distributive status of lithostratigraphy, the characteristics of geological ages, the biostratigraphic sequence, the magnetostratigraphy, the geological events and eustatic sea-level change during every geological stage. The "Stratigraphical Guide of China and its Explanation(2014)" was also published. Chinese stratigraphers have paid much attention to stratigraphic research in south China, northeast China, north China and northwest China and they have made great achievements in special research on stratigraphy, based on the 1:1000000, 1:250000, 1:200000 and 1:50000 regional geological survey projects. Manifold new stratigraphic units were discovered and established by the regional geological surveys, which are helpful to improve the regional chronostratigraphic series of China. On the strength of the investigation in coastal and offshore areas, the status of marine strata in China has been expounded. According to the developing situation of international stratigraphy and the characteristics of Chinese stratigraphic work, the contrast relation between regional stratigraphic units of China and GSSPs will be established in the future, which will improve the application value of GSSPs and the standard of regional stratigraphic division and correlation. In addition, the study of stratigraphy of the Precambrian, terrestrial basins and orogenic belts will be strengthened, the Stratigraphic Chart of China will be improved, the typical stratigraphic sections in China will be protected and the applied study of stratigraphy in the fields of oil and gas, solid minerals, etc. will be promoted. On the ground of these actions, stratigraphic research will continue to play a great role in the social and economic development of China.     

二叠纪地层研究述评

近二十年来 ,全球和中国的二叠纪年代地层方案基本形成。层序地层、同位素年龄和磁性极性地层也获得系统的资料 ,所以国际二叠系对比的精度大为提高。不过年代地层单位的界线层型犹待厘定 ,还存在若干重要的对比问题。     

兴蒙—吉黑造山带C/P界线参考剖面

根据<国际地层表(2004)>C/P界线的划分方案,兴蒙-吉黑造山带一些已知剖面C/P界线附近的(竹蜓)化石带与我国西南地区的一些典型剖面具有可比性.代表性剖面有吉林省永吉黄榆剖面、吉林省双阳光屁股山剖面、内蒙西乌旗米韩高巧高鲁剖面,这些剖面在C/P界线附近岩石地层学普遍为单一的碳酸岩相.生物地层学表现为以(竹蜓) P. uddeni带或P. borealis带的代表性分子或其主要成员覆盖在Triticites带之上,与贵州罗甸、紫云场、云南安乐、广西宜山等知名剖面均具有一定的相似性.因此,可将P.uddeni带底界作为本区C/P界线.     

二叠系全球界线层型和点位(GSSP)研究进展

新的二叠纪年代地层系统为国际二叠系分会通过并正式纳入“国际地层表”后,已有5个GSSP得到正式批准,它们分别是阿瑟尔阶(二叠系)、吴家坪阶、卡匹敦阶、沃德阶和罗德阶的底界。长兴阶底界的GSSP提案在国际二叠系分会投票中,以94 %赞成票通过,并交国际地层委员会进行投票表决。国际二叠系分会最近的主要工作重点将是早二叠世乌拉尔统内空谷阶底界、亚丁斯克阶底界和萨克马尔阶底界的确定工作,由B.I.Chuvashov领导的界线工作组正在对俄罗斯乌拉尔南部的界线剖面进行工作。国际二叠系分会力争在2 0 0 6年底前完成投票工作,并使二叠纪的地层研究全面转入国际间对比等层型后研究     

全球维宪阶与谢尔普霍夫阶界线层的生物地层研究进展及展望

牙形刺、有孔虫和菊石是全球维宪阶与谢尔普霍夫阶界线层生物地层研究的重要化石门类。该界线定义及其候选层型剖面目前均未正式确立。详细介绍并讨论以牙形刺或有孔虫作为界线定义的可能方案 ,指出潜在的候选层型剖面存在于南乌拉尔的 Verkhnyaya Kardailovka、北美犹太州中西部的 Chainm an组等 ,我国具有潜在研究价值的剖面有广西忻城里苗剖面、贵州水城滥坝老街水库剖面和罗甸纳水剖面     

The Ordovician Mukteian Horizon of the Siberian Platform: paleontological substantiation,distribution, and correlation of sections

The new-generation regional stratigraphic chart of the Siberian Platform was accepted by the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of Russia in April 2013. Two main supplements to the chart of 1979 were made: (1) the new scale of stages, accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2008, was presented for the Ordovician System along with the previous British standard and (2) the nomenclature of the regional stratigraphic units was supplemented by the Mukteian Horizon, which occupies an intermediate position between the Vikhorevian and Volginian Horizons. The first substantiation of the necessity of viewing this stratigraphic interval as an independent horizon was made in 1980, after it had become possible to use well cores for a more precise definition of the paleontologic characteristics and boundaries of the Vikhorevian Horizon, originally detected from several isolated sections in the Irkut amphitheater with an indistinct boundary with the overlying Volginian Horizon. Recent data, particularly those from drilling, permit a more complete paleontological substantiation of the Mukteian Horizon, consideration of its distribution in different structure-facies zones, and correlation of type sections.     

Progress in the Gondwanan Carboniferous–Permian palynology and correlation of the Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range,Pakistan: A brief review

This paper comprises of two sections. The first section describes challenges in the Carboniferous–Permian Gondwanan stratigraphic palynology, and progress in techniques such as presence of the ‘rare-marine intervals’, and ‘radiometric dating’ in some Gondwanan successions, e.g., South Africa, Australia and South America, as tools to confidently calibrate these palynozones. The second section describes developments in the palynological work on the Carboniferous–Permian Nilawahan Group of the Salt Range, Pakistan, and summarises their correlation with the coeval succession of the Gondwana continents and with the Russian/International stages.     

黔桂地区深水相二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩研究

对贵州断杉、纳水以及广西柳桥3条深水相剖面上的二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩的研究结果表明,在断杉、柳桥剖面黏土岩中的黏土矿物主要由伊-蒙混层、蒙脱石和高岭石组成,碎屑物质中存在六方双锥石英、锆石等与火山活动有关的矿物;在纳水剖面黏土岩中未发现与火山活动有关的迹象.由此可知华南大部分地区在晚二叠世曾受强烈的火山作用影响,但也有少部分深水相地区未受影响或影响很小.同是深水相P-T界线剖面附近的黏土岩以及同一剖面不同层位的黏土岩中的黏土矿物和碎屑物质存在较大的差异,其原因可能是与火山作用的强弱、离火山活动中心的远近以及所处地理位置有关.     

中国南方海、陆相侏罗系的划分与对比

对自21世纪以来中国南方海、陆相侏罗系的研究进展进行了总结,依据地层发育的总体特征,将中国南方侏罗系划分为4个地层区和14个地层分区,文中着重介绍了中国南方海、陆相侏罗纪年代地层划分、底界界线层型及各统之间的界线生物标志和与全球年代地层的对比关系。此外,对全球年代与生物地层的研究进展也作了扼要介绍。     

牙形刺Idiognathodus swadei-Ⅰ.turbatus演化谱系在华南的发现及其意义

经国际莫斯科阶-卡西莫夫阶界线工作组2008年的投票表决,目前全球卡西莫夫阶的底界比传统底界提高了一个多亚阶;牙形刺Idiognathodus sagittalis和Idiognathodus turbatus是两个候选的底界标志种。牙形刺Id-iognathodus swadei-Ⅰ.turbatus演化谱系在华南连续的深水海相碳酸盐沉积剖面---贵州罗甸纳庆剖面的发现表明,Idiognathodus turbatus的首现是全球卡西莫夫阶底界的潜在标志;纳庆剖面作为目前最具潜力的候选层型剖面,值得进一步深入研究。     

新近系研究进展简介

新近系各阶全球层型剖面和点位( GSSP)的选定工作近年来取得了许多实质性的进展,至今上新统3个阶的GSSP已全部获得批准,中新统有3个阶获批准、2个阶有望在2 0 0 4年获得通过、1个阶的指示事件尚未确定,有待进一步的工作。除介绍新近系各个阶最新的GSSP内容外,还就中国陆相新近系建阶工作的进展和研究重点作了简要的回顾与展望,认为上新统麻则沟阶、高庄阶和中新统谢家阶有望在命名剖面定义底界的界线层型和点位,中新统保德阶、通古尔阶和山旺阶的底界有待在甘肃临夏盆地、兰州盆地和秦安地区寻找。中国陆相新近系建阶工作的开展与完成,会给中国地层学研究工作带来积极而又深远的影响。     

黔南上司地区石炭系有孔虫:兼论华南维宪阶有孔虫生物地层序列

石炭纪时期有孔虫具有演化快、分布广、数量丰富、分异度高的特点,对于地层的划分对比具有极为重要的意义。与全球其他重要的石炭纪沉积区相比,华南有孔虫生物地层划分精度相对较低。本文首次较为系统地报道了华南石炭系代表性岩石地层单位旧司组和上司组下部丰富的有孔虫化石及其在剖面上的分布情况,并综合现有关于华南的有孔虫化石资料,将华南维宪阶划分为7个有孔虫化石带,自下而上分别为Eoparastaffella simplex带、Viseidiscus/Planoarchaediscus带、Paraarchaediscus带、Pojarkovella nibelis带、Koskinotextularia带、Bradyina带和Janischewskina带。这些有孔虫带可与全球其他典型的石炭纪沉积区进行很好的对比,从而为相关的研究提供一个较为精细的地层格架。通过对黔南上司地区有孔虫的研究,提议中国石炭系区域性年代地层单位上司阶底界可用有孔虫Bradyina的首现定义,并将上司阶与西欧的Warnantian亚阶中上部和俄罗斯的Aleksinian亚阶—Venevian亚阶对比,对应国际维宪阶上部,为全球石炭系年代地层对比提供了可靠的化石依据。     

Cosmic microspheres in the Carboniferous deposits of the Usolka section (Urals foredeep)

Magnetite microspheres from the Carboniferous deposits of the Usolka reference section were studied by probe microanalysis, with comparison of the distributions of chemical elements and microspheres. The presence of microspheres in sedimentary strata is considered to be an additional factor for stratigraphic correlation between sedimentary sections. The microspheres are shown to be of cosmic nature. The Late Paleozoic paleoclimatic changes (extreme cooling) and biotic crises were caused by the periodical Solar System motion in the Galaxy, cosmic-dust fallout, and meteorite bombardments of the Earth.     

试论地层学的新体系与建立新一代年代地层表

全球层型剖面和点（ＧＳＳＰ）应尽可能在层序界面的整合部位,从而将地层的自然界线、层 ＧＳＳＰ有机地结合起来,使年代地层界线可在野外识别和追索,层序地层可以做为岩石地层和年代地层的而独立存在,构成新的三重地层分类,地层界线的优化应尽可能与层序界面相结合,以使其具有更强的可损伤性,随着层序地层学的发展及其在地层学和概念上取得了的创新和突破,有在新的地层学体系指导下建立新一代年代地层表,从而更加客观地反     

中国石炭纪构造—地层区划与地层格架

中国石炭纪构造活跃,在华北地块、扬子地块、塔里木地块等稳定块体间存在着大量造山带,尤其存在着北天山洋、南天山洋、布青山—勉略洋、金沙江洋、甘孜—理塘洋等多个洋盆中的洋板块地层,大地构造分区极为复杂。传统的地层区划主要考虑稳定的地块区,按目前的地理格局来进行地层区划划分。本文通过大地构造单元与构造演化阶段相结合,借鉴目前国内经典的大地构造划分方案,对中国石炭纪构造-地层进行区划,共划分出阿尔泰—兴蒙地层大区、北准噶尔—西拉木伦地层大区、天山—北山地层大区、塔里木—阿拉善地层大区、华北地层大区、秦祁昆地层大区、扬子地层大区、华夏地层大区、北羌塘—三江地层大区、班公湖—怒江地层大区、印度地层大区等11个地层大区及若干地层区。其中阿尔泰—兴蒙地层大区位置相当于阿尔泰—兴蒙多岛弧盆系,发育洋板块地层及大量岛弧火山岩,分为阿尔泰地层区和兴安地层区;北准噶尔—西拉木伦地层大区位置相当于额尔齐斯—西拉木伦大洋盆,包括大量岛弧带地层及洋板块地层,分为北准噶尔地层区及西拉木伦地层区;天山—北山地层大区位置相当于天山—北山造山系,发育大量火山岩,分为南准噶尔地层区、北天山地层区、南天山地层区、伊犁地层区及额济纳—北山地层区;塔里木—阿拉善地层大区位置相当于塔里木陆块、塔东南—敦煌隆起及阿拉善地块,为稳定的滨浅海沉积,局部为海陆交互相沉积,分为塔里木地层区和阿拉善地层区;华北地层大区位置相当于华北陆块及贺兰山陆缘裂陷盆地,主要为稳定的海陆交互相地层,分为贺兰山地层区、华北地层区及华北地块北缘地层区,其中华北地层区缺乏密西西比亚纪地层;秦祁昆地层大区位置相当于秦祁昆造山系,分为祁连地层区、东昆仑—柴达木地层区、西昆仑地层区、秦岭地层区、南秦岭—苏鲁地层区;扬子地层大区位置相当于扬子陆块,分为盐源—丽江地层区、中上扬子地层区、下扬子地层区、湘浙赣地层区及滇黔桂地层区,主要为稳定的碳酸盐沉积,仅湘浙赣地层区见现有较多的海陆交互相沉积;华夏地层大区位置相当于武夷—云开造山系,分为粤闽地层区、粤南地层区、钦防地层区、琼北地层区、琼中南地层区及华夏地层区,除钦防地层区为一套深海—半深海硅泥质沉积外,其他地层区主要为滨浅海沉积及少量海陆交互相沉积;北羌塘—三江地层大区位置相当于北羌塘—三江多岛弧盆系,包括多个稳定的小型地块及其间的蛇绿混杂岩带,洋板块地层发育,分为可可西里—巴颜喀拉—勉略地层区、金沙江—哀牢山地层区、中甸—昌都—思茅地层区、鲜水河—甘孜—理塘地层区、北羌塘地层区及甜水海地层区;班公湖—怒江地层大区位置相当于班公湖—双湖—怒江—孟连大洋盆,主要为洋板块地层;印度地层大区位置相当于印度大陆北部被动大陆边缘,以发育冈瓦纳大陆特有的古生物化石组合及冰成岩为特征,分为冈底斯地层区、北喜马拉雅地层区及保山地层区。简单介绍了各地层大区、地层区及部分地层分区内的岩石组合、古生物组合及地层序列。结合实例提出了中国石炭纪地层格架建立的原则,对各地层区系石炭系进行了系统的地层对比,建立了其地层对比关系。     

Paleocene–Lower Eocene paleontological record of the Ulyanovsk-Syzran facial district,Volga-Peri-Caspian region

The stratigraphic subdivisions of the Paleogene included in the updated regional stratigraphic scheme of the Ulyanovsk-Syzran facial district with a wide development of biosiliceous deposits, are described and paleontologically characterized. The biostratigraphic subdivision of the reference sections using diatoms and dinocysts is discussed. The recently recognized stratigraphic units, Smyshlyaevka and Karanino within the Kamyshin (Upper Paleocene) and Proleyka (Lower Eocene) regional stages are described.     

论中国的石炭系与二叠系界线

国际地层委员会确认二叠系下界以牙形刺 Streptognathodus isolatus的首次出现为标志。目前在我国 ,S.isolatus仅见于贵州紫云羊场一地 ,产出层位介于 Streptognathodus elegantulus带与 S.elongatus- S.simplex带之间的界面 ,且大体与类 Pseudoschwagerina uddeni- Ps.texana带之底相当。本文推荐贵州紫云羊场剖面作为我国的石炭系与二叠系界线层型。     

新的挑战 新的使命——附记国际地层委员会2002年6月全会

新世纪初国际地层委员会 (ICS)面临着来自两方面的挑战 :一是国际地质科学联合会 (IUGS)向 ICS提出硬性要求 :2 0 0 8年必须完成显生宙各个系、各个阶的全球层型剖面和点位 (GSSPs)的选定工作 ,有关分会不能再无限期地拖下去了 ;二是 ICS的自身思考 :将来是就此停步还是继续履行其职责、但改变其方向和托管方式 ?ICS必须面对现实 ,改革思变。动力地层学显示高分辨率的全球变化的地质过程是激动人心和具有强烈社会责任的一个挑战 ,因为当今全球环境的恶化是人类所面临的一个极其紧迫的重大问题。地层学在这项研究中将扮演重要角色。根据详细的化石记录 ,可以进行精确的地层对比 ,洞察控制全球变化的动态驱动力。将这个给地层学定向的地质过程作为一个新的任务是最有意义的。2 0 0 2年召开的 ICS会议主要目的是让各分会主席对 ICS未来的方向和组织结构取得一致意见 ;加强内部交流与合作 ,企划将来的活动 ;讨论如何应对来自 IU GS的挑战。文内简述各分会 (包括末元古系、寒武系、奥陶系、志留系、泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系、古近系、新近系、第四系等 13个地层分会 )在会上交流的情况 ,并对 ICS的未来发展方向、ICS的组织和机构性质、ICS的强项和弱势、GSSPs的综合地层学、建立新的?