Karst landslides hazard during 1940–2002 in the mountainous region of Guizhou Province, Southwest China

Mountain landslide has been an environmental geological problem and occurs frequently in China, especially in the karst region of Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The data of karst mountain landslide are collected and analysed, which occurred in the period of 1940–2002. The collection includes 321 events in the karst region of Guizhou Province. The characteristics of mountain landslides may be classified as two types, namely natural mountain landslides (287 events) and the other induced by human activities (34 events). The results indicate that natural mountain landslide causes especially high damage and is still the main type of natural hazard in the study area owing to the extremely fragile karst geological environment.     

广东沿海陆地表层地质灾害控制因素分析

根据地质环境背景资料和近350个地质灾害点和数十个水土流失区的数据库对广东沿海陆地表层地质灾害进行了综合分析和统计分析。结果表明，地质灾害的主要控制因素可分为三大类：地质环境因素、气候气象因素和人类活动因素，其中地质环境因素又可分为构造不稳定因素、斜坡不稳定因素和地面不稳定因素。指出，在广东沿海地区，除了地震灾害外，陆地表层地质灾害的主控因素是气候气象因素和人类活动因素，这是与山区以地质环境因素(尤其是内动力作用)为主是不相同的。降雨强度和时间、台风雨和风暴潮以及人类活动等对边坡和植被的改造是在沿海地区现有的地质环境背景下地质灾害多发的主要动力源。     

Studying the Interaction Between Active Faults and Landslide Phenomenon: Case Study of Landslide in Latian, Northeast Tehran, Iran

In this article, the interaction between active faults and landslide phenomenon is studied. The case study concerns the landslide in the east of Latian Dam to the northeast of Tehran, the Capital of Iran. The methodology was based on geological studies, geomorphologic studies, the study of landslide phenomenon including its characteristics and its parameters, hydrogeology, geological engineering and the geotechnical studies. The results show that landslide is located in the crush and mylonitized zone of the Roodehen active fault. The geological formation includes the landslides of the Eocene tuffs, which have been severely crushed and pulverized by the Roodehen Fault’s actions, and for this reason, they show very weak geotechnical characteristics compared to the natural tuffs. The layering slope of the formation is according to the natural ground slope and facilitates their slips. According to the results, the main reason for landslide is the impact of the Roodehen active fault and the creation of crush and mylonitized zone in the Eocene tuffs, while the secondary parameters are the local geological structures, the unfavorable conditions of the groundwater and their inadequate drainage and the construction of a road along the ground layers. The existence of groundwater, the low impermeability of the landslide materials and the inadequate drainage are also under the influence of the fault. Moreover, based on the results of this research and the location of the considered landslide and a number of others along the Roodehen Fault, it became possible to study the fault’s activity from a seismotectonic point of view and to estimate the magnitude of such an eventuality by methods other than the conventional ones.     

Coastal erosion in Shandong of China: status and protection challenges

Shandong has more than 70% of natural coasts are under erosion. Coastal erosion started from the 1970’s and became a very serious problem at 1990’s. The dramatic decrease of sediment supplies from rivers caused rapid erosion at the delta and estuary areas, especially in the abandoned Yellow River Delta. Most sandy coasts along the Peninsula were eroded due to lack of sand supply and interruption of alongshore sediment drift, sand dredging from the beach or the offshore area caused serious erosion during short time. Sea-level rise causes slow but constant shoreline retreats and became a more serious threat. Different types of hard solutions for coastal protection against erosion were used in Shandong. Seawalls are most widely used, especially at the Yellow River Delta and city center waterfront. Groynes, jetties and breakwater are used on the north and east sandy coast of the Peninsula. Hard approaches are effective to protect the coast erosion but not change the erosion causes and led secondary impact on the coast. Soft engineering solution or the combined solutions are taken into acts. Beach nourishment is mostly considered as the better soft solution, especially to those tourists attracting sandy beaches along the Shandong coast. Long term monitoring and continuous lessons learning from the coastal erosion management will be adaptive for better coast solution in the future.     

海岸线变迁环境地质问题研究--以福建南部沿海地区为例

海岸侵蚀、淤积是改造沿海地质环境的主要因素之一。利用遥感技术和时空对比分析等监测手段来揭示地质环境的这种深刻变化,以及对人类生存环境所产生的客观影响,是未来环境地质研究的热点和难点问题。在系统总结现代海岸地质地貌特点及全新世以来海岸变迁概况的基础上,对福建南部沿海地区海岸线变迁的现状与发展趋势进行探讨。在当前世界海平面上升的总体情况下,海岸侵蚀将成为全球性海岸带最主要的自然灾害;海湾淤积影响港口城市的可持续发展;滩涂淤涨给水产养殖业带来了新的问题。     

Causes and extent of environmental impacts of landslide hazard in the Himalayan region: a case study of Murree, Pakistan

Pakistan is located at the cross-roads of plate boundaries, experiencing multiple hazards of earthquake, flood, drought, water-logging, salinization and recurrent landslides. This paper examines the causes and environmental impacts of frequently occurring landslide hazards in the Murree area of Pakistan??s Himalayan region. These are wide ranging in nature and in terms of the damage that result. The area under research was divided into eight blocks and randomly data collected. It was observed that landslides mostly occur along the road network and disturbed slopes. Immature geology, a wide variation in climate and degradation of the natural resource-base were found to be some of the causal factors responsible for the landslide hazards. During the past three decades, rapid expansion of urban zones contributed to the changing vulnerability of the area. The analysis revealed that a large majority of the households (75%) in the area have been directly or indirectly affected by landslide hazards. Damages to already scarce agricultural land, infrastructure and other properties are each year a regular and escalating phenomenon. Landslide size, frequency and consequent costs of damage have increased considerably.     

黄河上游龙羊峡至积石峡段巨型滑坡OSL测年

通过对青藏高原东部黄河上游龙羊峡—积石峡段10个特大型古滑坡的地质结构、地层岩性的分析,结合各滑坡特征,在特定部位进行采样,归纳整理出滑坡光释光（OSL）测年样品的5种采样方法。选取11个样品应用OSL测年方法,得到各滑坡的年龄数据,分析各样品的可靠性,并探讨其构造时间、气候变化与滑坡群发性之间的关系。研究表明,由于样品来源广泛,实验方法高效准确,OSL方法可成功地应用于滑坡年龄测定,为滑坡研究提供可靠的地质依据。研究区特大型群发性滑坡和初步划分为4期分别为130~110ka、50~30ka、12~9ka和5~3ka,并解释了各期滑坡群发的主要触发因素。     

青海省格拉沟形成演化机制及其主要工程地质问题

格拉沟位于青海省内陆滩地，其形成演化反映了西北地区典型的水土流失过程。文章在收集大量野外资料的基础上，研究了格拉沟的形成演化机制，并对该沟道主要工程地质问题进行了探讨。分析认为，格拉沟形成演化是该地区特殊的内因外因共同作用的结果，基于此对其发育演化阶段进行了划分与预测。该沟主要工程地质问题为边坡稳定性、渗透稳定性、河流侵蚀等。其中边坡稳定性主要包括天然岸坡整体稳定性及崩塌、坠溜、滑塌等；渗透稳定性主要包括潜蚀与管涌；河流下切与溯源侵蚀则成为岸坡失稳破坏的重要诱发因素。探讨格拉沟形成演化机制及其主要工程地质问题，对于研究西北地区水土流失机理及其产生的环境问题具有一定的借鉴作用。     

地震诱发滑坡复活机制的FLAC~(3D)数值模拟分析

地震是影响斜(边)坡、滑坡稳定性的主要因素之一。白龙江上某大型滑坡经顺层斜坡发生倾倒变形而成,天然状态下处于基本稳定状态,在"5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡有整体复活迹象,其后缘周界形成了连续贯通的拉裂缝、错动台阶,尤其是滑坡下游区变形拉裂较明显。本文以该滑坡在地震作用下发生复活为例,在分析滑坡所处的区域地质条件的基础上,详细研究了滑坡的基本特征以及地震作用导致滑坡复活的现象、特征,然后利用FLAC3D软件内置动力分析模块对该滑坡复活机制进行了分析、研究。数值分析表明,地震作用下滑坡变形破坏受坡体形态的影响较显著,滑坡对地震波具有明显的放大效应;同一地震动条件下,滑坡体相对周边处于稳定状态基岩边坡对地震更为敏感。这较好地解释了"5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡的复活原因。     

Erosion feature reclamation in urban areas: typical unsuccessful examples from Brazil

Erosion is responsible for environmental degradation in continental and coastal areas with varying degrees of intensity and spatial range. In continental areas, rills and gullies affect urban and non-urban areas and may occur isolated or in groups. In urban areas, many forms of degradation occur, ranging from relief modifications (with runoff and other hydrological changes) to channel and reservoir silting. Other forms of degradation include the destruction of infrastructure items, such as streets, power lines and pipelines. Many mechanical, structural, agricultural, ecological and bioengineering measures can be adopted to control and restore these areas, with various results. In many cases, the applied techniques are unsuccessful and worsen the environmental problems. To illustrate such cases in Brazil, this study examines the adoption of different techniques to restore gullies in the cities of São Pedro, Franca, São Carlos, Casa Branca and Cajuru, in the state of São Paulo. These areas are characterized by sandy geology in a variety of landscapes, and the erosion processes result from natural and anthropogenic conditions. Additionally, Brazil’s coastal area has been affected by erosion, as in Fortaleza (in the state of Ceará). This study demonstrates that the primary factor associated with erosion in coastal and continental urban areas is the lack of territorial planning that considers the geological, hydrological and geotechnical limitations. In some of the studied areas, positive results have been achieved. However, unsatisfactory results predominate primarily because appropriate geological, environmental and geotechnical studies were not performed before the interventions were selected and implemented.     

Geo-hazards with characteristics and prevention measures along the coastal regions of China

China has more than 18,000 km long coastline. Along the coastline, there are various configurations of topography, geomorphology, and geology condition. In the coastal regions, geological disasters, including seawater intrusion, coast scouring, land subsidence, karst collapse, soil erosion, collapse-landslide-debris flow (CLDF), and human activity-induced disasters, occur frequently. All of these disasters have their own forming causes, characteristics, and distribution regions. Seawater intrusion and coast scouring only occur in the coastal regions while the others occur in both coastal regions and in-land regions. Land subsidence occurring in the coastal region is of larger scale and entails greater economic loss than that occurring in the in-land region. For the other disasters, although the scale of disaster in the coastal regions is smaller than that happened in the in-land regions, the economic loss in the former case is greater than that in the latter. This is because populations are dense and economy is developed along the coastal regions of China. To mitigate the disasters and reduce the economic loss, countermeasures are discussed.     

吕梁机场黄土滑坡特征及其三维稳定性分析

吕梁机场滑坡是机场建设前期发现的一处大型黄土滑坡,由于滑坡的东北侧为机场主跑道,因此,该滑坡对机场建设以及建成后的运营存在较大的影响。在详细的工程地质勘察和测试分析工作基础上,首先,分析了滑坡的特征和形成机制,进而评价了滑坡的稳定性;其次,通过勘察认为该滑坡为黄土层内发育的多层滑坡,在地貌上呈3级台阶,主滑坡滑动面位于离石黄土的古土壤层内;最后,利用GIS建立了滑坡的三维地质模型,并采用极限平衡法和强度折减法分析,分别评价了吕梁机场滑坡不同滑体的稳定性。三维极限平衡结果表明：该滑坡大多数分级、分块滑体在天然状态下处于稳定、基本稳定状态,强度折减分析得到的整个滑坡的安全系数为1.26,最危险区域出现在 II级滑坡后缘以及I-3滑坡,在上部加载或降雨情况下有可能再次发生滑动。总之,三维稳定性分析可以更真实地反映滑坡的真实状态,尤其是对于条件复杂的滑坡。     

Application of analytical hierarchy process and least-squares method for landslide susceptibility assessment along the Zhong-Wu natural gas pipeline, China

As one of the major problems of geo-engineering, landslides often influence the safety of linear engineering projects that cross mountainous areas. Therefore, when selecting suitable routes for such projects, it is important to assess their susceptibility to landslides. In this paper, we used a natural gas pipeline in the northeast of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China as a case study to analyze landslide susceptibility. Based on engineering geological analogy, the analytical hierarchy process, and the least-squares method, a regional landslide susceptibility assessment model was developed and was programmed using GIS ArcEngine components under the Visual Studio.NET environment. The landslide susceptibility along the Zhong-Wu natural gas pipeline from Zhongxian County to Wuhan was assessed based on this model and classified into five levels: very safe, safe, moderate, susceptible, and very susceptible. The high accuracy and prediction capability of the model were confirmed by comparing the model results with past landslide data and performing a prediction test. The results indicated that the assessment model used in this study is reliable and can be used for landslide susceptibility assessment and route selection in other areas.     

云南盈江2014年5·30M_s6.1地震的主要震害特征

通过实地考察,对2014年5月30日9时20分云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州发生的6.1级地震中的房屋震害特点及主要次生地质灾害特征进行了全面分析,并初步总结了各类房屋建筑及主要地质灾害的震害特征及其成因。研究结果表明,对于西南山区类似盈江的地震多发区带,城镇建设过程中在尽量选择高强度建筑材料且保证建筑材料合格的同时,还要充分重视科学选址,应尽量避开滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地震地质灾害易发地带;对稳定性较差的场地应通过必要的地基处理工程进行加固,以尽可能减小地震造成的破坏;在易发生地质灾害的道路周边还应采取适当的加固措施以避免地震来临时造成交通瘫痪,进而引发更大的生命财产损失。     

黄河上游拉干峡—寺沟峡段特大型滑坡 及其成因研究

黄河上游拉干峡—寺沟峡段共发育特大型滑坡116处,群尖盆地无论是数量还是强度上都占到了绝对优势,这与其所处的特殊构造部位和昆黄运动时期各大断裂带运动性质的转变直接相关;高原掀斜式隆升过程导致各大支流水系特大型滑坡西岸多发于东岸。研究区特大型滑坡有明显的4个群发期,各期都有其不同的触发因素,50 ka和30 ka属构造和气候的耦合成因,10 ka为构造触发, 5 ka 为降雨所致。     

Holocene and Pleistocene sea-level indicators at the coast of Jericoacoara,Ceará, NE Brazil

Beach-rock exposures provide a record of Holocene sea-level rise along the 560-km-long northeast-facing coast of Ceará, Brazil, that differs from the record available along the other 4300 km of Brazilian coastline further south. Whereas documentation is available from southern Brazil to show Holocene sea levels as much as 5 m above today's level, our observations along the northeastern coast indicate that sea level here was not above the present-day level during the Holocene. Near Jericoacoara, about 240 km northwest of Fortaleza, characterized by strong surf, Precambrian rocks crop out from under a temporary cover of sand in small protected locations with less surf. Here in this upper tidal zone beach rock is being formed, while it is being dismembered synchronously by erosion at lower tide levels. This shows a rising sea level. Along the entire coast of Ceará west of Ponta Grossa the absence of beach rock higher than spring tide level indicates that sea-level was not above its present-day level during the Holocene.Notches in bedrock situated between 2 m and 6 m above spring-tide high-water level that we formerly described as Holocene, are now believed to be Sangamonian.     

Landslide protection of the historical heritage in Odessa (Ukraine)

This study focuses on the specifics of modern geological conditions and deformations of landslide-affected slopes within the historical center of the city of Odessa. Landslide protection was developed in the 19th century and during 1960s on adjacent coastal areas, according to urban planning and landslide protection plans. The historical center was formed around the Odessa port and includes several unique architectural monuments such as the 142-m-long Potemkin Stairs, Primorsky Boulevard, and the Odessa Opera Theater. Architectural and urban planning designs in the city include landslide protection and preventive measures. Results of landslide studies show that landslide development along the Odessa coast is influenced primarily by tectonic movements and the heterogeneity of the geological substrata. All historical and contemporary protective and preventive landslide measures maintain their engineering geological integrity and effectiveness despite the differences in time of their construction and design.     

甘肃舟曲江顶崖滑坡成因分析与综合治理措施

大型土石混合体滑坡是一类受工程地质条件、降水或地震等多种因素影响的滑坡类型,研究其滑坡成因及治理方法对防灾减灾、保障人民生命财产安全具有重要意义。本文以舟曲县江顶崖滑坡为例,通过历史资料调研和现场地质勘察、数值模拟等手段,对该滑坡的成因和稳定性进行详细分析,并提出相应的综合治理措施。结果表明:该滑坡的地形地貌、松散的岩土体是引发滑坡的内在因素,而连续降雨以及江水对滑坡前缘冲刷是滑坡失稳的外在因素。在对滑坡成因分析的基础上,通过改进抗滑桩护壁结构、率先应用装配式框架支护,结合坡面裂缝整治工程等综合治理措施有效地控制住了该滑坡的变形。该滑坡的综合治理措施可为类似的高大边坡工程以及大型土石混合体滑坡治理提供参考。     

淮河流域（江苏段）主要地质灾害分布特征及成因分析

文章对淮河流域（江苏段）50年来所发生地质灾害进行总结。在地质灾害调查的基础上,从岩性、地形地貌、地质构造、降雨、人类活动等方面对区内发育的滑坡、崩塌、地面沉降、岩溶地面塌陷、采空地面塌陷等主要地质灾害类型进行了分析研究,得出淮河流域（江苏段）地质灾害发生的主因为人为活动,在其它适宜的条件如软弱层、构造、降雨等配合下形成了地质灾害的发育现状。在此基础上,提出以防为主,科学评估、加强监督与宣传的防治对策。     

Mountain disaster formation in northwest Sichuan

This paper discusses the causes of debris flow, landslide, collapse, water and soil erosion and other mountain disasters in the high mountain-plateau transitional region in northwest Sichuan. Through analysis of geological structure, lithology, earthquakes, landforms, hydrologic regime, meteorological conditions and man-made factors, the authors conclude that the natural conditions of this region favor the formation of debris flow, landslides and other mountain disasters. Moreover, the irrational economic activities of humans such as destroying forest ecosystems stimulate the occurrence of mountain disasters.