内潮汐沉积研究及其存在的问题

内潮汐沉积是深水沉积研究中的一个非常年轻的研究领域,自1990年发现首例内潮汐沉积以来,沉积学工作者做了 大量不懈的努力,不仅发现了一系列内潮汐沉积实例,而且还对已发现的内潮汐沉积的特征、垂向序列和沉积模式进行了 总结,同时还认为内潮汐沉积可能成为油气潜在的良好储层。但是到目前为止,发现的内潮汐沉积的研究实例十分有限, 因此,内潮汐沉积研究中还存在一系列的尚待解决的问题。首先是内潮汐沉积的鉴别标志和识别方法尚不完善;其次是目 前尚缺少现代内潮汐沉积的典型实例研究,难以全面认识内潮汐对沉积作用的影响;第三是沉积学研究尚未将海洋物理学 的相关研究成果应用在内潮汐沉积的研究中,也未开展相关的内潮汐沉积实验模拟研究,更未利用地层记录中内潮汐沉积 特征反演内潮汐的物理特征,从而制约了内潮汐沉积的形成过程、形成机理、形成条件和形成环境的研究;第四是对内潮 汐沉积的研究意义认识不足。在下一步的研究中,应结合海洋物理学的相关研究成果对现代内潮汐沉积进行观察和研究, 同时开展相关的内潮汐沉积的实验模拟研究,并对古代内潮汐沉积进行反演研究。此外,还应将理论研究与油气等资源研 究相结合,从而更好地促进内潮汐沉积研究的发展。     

Review Section

CONTEMPORARY SEDIMENTS OF THE CASPIAN SEA, a Symposium of papers by M. V. Klenova, V. F. Solovyev, N. M. Arutyunova, P. G. Popov, L. A. Yastrebova, V. P. Baturin, and E. K. Kopylova, 302 pp., published by Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1956. A Review by Robert L. Folk, University of Texas.

V.F. Solovyev, PECULIARITIES OF DIFFERENTIATION OF THE PRESENT CASPIAN SEDIMENTS IN THE REGION OF APSHERON, pp. 118-136, 2 figs., 6 tables, 9 refs.

M.V. Klenova, MATTER IN SUSPENSION IN THE KURA RIVER, p. 151-174, 6 figs., 12 tables, 14 refs.

N.M. Arutyunova, MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE BAKU ARCHIPELAGO SEDIMENTS, p. 175-185, 1 fig., 7 tables, 11 refs.

P.G. Popov, "STRATIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE CASPIAN SEA, p. 186-241, 13 figs., 18 tables, 35 refs.

M.V. Klenova and L. A. Yastrebova, SEDIMENTS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE CASPIAN SEA, p. 242-271, 7 figs., 16 tables, 55 refs.     

开展华北地台古元古代早期微古植物群与真核生物研究

深入开展古元古代早期 (2 5 0 0～ 180 0Ma)微古植物化石研究 ,查清其产出层位、种属组成、组合特征、时空分布规律等 ,在古元古代晚期长城系层位之下建立一个目前世界上时代最老、层位最低的真核生物的微古植物化石组合 ,这是在国内外该时期生物地层学研究中一个全新的课题和极待解决的问题。通过比较形态学、分子古生物学和古生态学研究 ,查清微古植物群中真核生物的生物学属性 ,追索真核生物产出的最低层位 ,探索真核生物的起源 ,为探讨地球早期生命演化提供直接的化石证据。开展古元古代早期微古植物群研究和探讨真核生物的起源 ,不但具有地层划分与对比的实际价值 ,而且在生物学研究上具有重大的理论意义     

近10年中国耕地资源时空变化特征

利用80年代末与90年代末期遥感图像解译得到的中国土地利用矢量图,分析了近10年来全国耕地资源的动态变化及空间特征,利用土地利用转移矩阵的方法分析了中国耕地资源的来源、去向及其空间分布特征。研究表明,城乡建设用地扩张、生态退耕是耕地资源减少的主要原因,城镇扩张造成耕地减少最大的依次是江苏、山东、河南、河北、广东、北京、浙江、四川、广西、上海;农村居民点扩张造成耕地减少最大的依次是江苏、河北、安徽、山东、广东、新疆、河南。退耕还林主要集中在浙江、东北、西南、内蒙古、广东等地区,退耕还草主要分布在内蒙古及宁夏地区。广东、湖北、江苏、山东由于农业结构调整,部分耕地被转变为库塘。新开垦耕地资源主要来源于草地、林地,毁林开荒主要发生在东北及内蒙古东部地区,开垦草地主要发生在内蒙古、黑龙江和新疆地区。中国耕地资源的动态变化表现为沿海地区耕地资源的减少及东北、西北地区耕地资源开垦,耕地开垦的结果是对西北及东北的生态环境造成破坏。     

Mineral and inorganic chemical composition of the Pernik coal, Bulgaria

The mineral and inorganic chemical composition of five types of samples from the Pernik subbituminous coals and their products generated from the Pernik preparation plant were studied. They include feed coal, low-grade coal, high-grade coal, coal slime, and host rock. The mineral matter of the coals contains 44 species that belong mainly to silicates, carbonates, sulphates, sulphides, and oxides/hydroxides, and to a lesser extent, chlorides, biogenic minerals, and organic minerals. The detrital minerals are quartz, kaolinite, micas, feldspars, magnetite, cristobalite, spessartine, and amphibole. The authigenic minerals include various sulphides, silicates, oxihydroxides, sulphates, and carbonates. Several stages and substages of formation were identified during the syngenetic and epigenetic mineral precipitations of these coals. The authigenic minerals show the greatest diversity of mineral species as the epigenetic mineralization (mostly sulphides, carbonates, and sulphates) dominates qualitatively and quantitatively. The epigenetic mineralization was a result of complex processes occurring mostly during the late development of the Pernik basin. These processes indicate intensive tectonic, hydrothermal and volcanic activities accompanied by a change from fresh to marine sedimentation environment. Thermally altered organic matter due to some of the above processes was also identified in the basin. Most of the trace elements in the Pernik coals (Mo, Be, S, Zr, Y, Cl, Ba, Sc, Ga, Ag, V, P, Br, Ni, Co, Pb, Ca, and Ti) show an affinity to OM and phases intimately associated with OM. Some of the trace elements (Sr, Ti, Mn, Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, As, Ag, Yb, Sn, Ga, Ge, etc.) are impurities in authigenic and accessory minerals, while other trace elements (La, Ba, Cu, Ce, Sb, Bi, Zn, Pb, Cd, Nd, etc.) occur as discrete phases. Elements such as Sc, Be, Y, Ba, V, Zr, S, Mo, Ti, and Ga exceed Clarke concentrations in all of the coal types studied. It was also found that a number of elements in the Pernik coals (F, V, As, Pb, Mo, Li, Sr, Ti, Ga, Ni, Ge, Cr, Mn, etc.) reveal mobility in water and could have some environmental concerns.     

“源-汇”体系主导下的断陷湖盆陡坡带扇三角洲发育 模式探讨：以苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷为例

断陷湖盆陡坡带粗粒三角洲地质研究对于油气勘探至关重要。通过岩心、测井和地震资料综合分析,在苏丹Muglad 盆地Fula凹陷陡坡带识别出两类扇三角洲,分别为Jake区锥状扇三角洲和Keyi区片状扇三角洲。Jake区物源供给充足,早 白垩世持续供源,形成的锥状扇三角洲岩石颗粒较粗,分选-磨圆差,砂体厚度较厚,分布范围较广;Keyi区物源供给不 足,形成的片状扇三角洲岩石颗粒较细,分选-磨圆更好,砂体厚度较薄,分布范围有限。文章将“源-汇”体系理论引入 到陡坡带粗粒三角洲研究中,通过对母岩剥蚀供源、搬运以及汇聚条件分析,对两类扇三角洲进行成因解释,并建立相应 模式,同时指出,“源-汇”体系只有作为一个整体研究,才能较好地预测断陷湖盆陡坡带扇三角洲分布。     

安徽南部地区黄龙灰岩下部白云岩的时代

安徽南部地区广泛分布着黄龙组下部白云岩,其地质年代归属问题众说不一。作者收集了大量的类和牙形刺化石。通过对这些化石的研究,认为白云岩的地质时代为中石炭系早期。     

新疆和田杜瓦地区晚二叠世孢粉组合

本文论及所研究的新疆塔里木盆地和田地区原来分别属于叶尔羌群(J_(1-2))和二叠—三叠系(杜瓦组上部)两个部分采集的孢粉化石.沉积物中含有多种对地层研究非常重要的生物化石,如介形虫、叶肢介、鱼及孢粉等.根据孢粉组合的研究,这些地层可视为上二叠统,其孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉占主导地位为特征,可与新疆吉木萨尔县大龙口晚二叠世晚期地层梧桐沟组对比,并相当于西欧的镁灰岩统和苏联的鞑靼阶.     

Environmental quality evaluation of the Vacacaí River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The water quality of the Vacacaí River was assessed at different sites in the period between winter 2005 and autumn 2006. All samples were analyzed for 52 elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, Li, Be, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, In, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, Bi, U, Na, K, Hg, B, Mo, Sn, Te, Ti), temperature, pH, ammonia, and alkalinity levels. Water from the Vacacaí River ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline. No difference was observed in the chemical composition at different sites of the Vacacaí River. Levels of Ba, Ca, Sr and Mg increase in the dry seasons and reach their highest concentrations in autumn; Be and U decrease in the dry season and reach their highest concentration in spring. Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Th, U Mn, Ca and Mg are highly positively related, indicating a common origin. Se and Cu are probably from anthropogenic source, from the rice crops of the margins of the river. Waterborne Al and Fe levels were above the desirable level for drinking water at all sites during all seasons. These results demonstrate the need for constant monitoring of water parameters, which is crucial to ensure water quality for the population of this region.     

新疆和田杜瓦二叠—三叠纪动物化石研究

在原定为侏罗系的剖面中发现丰富的叶肢介、介形虫及鱼化石,本文对所发现的化石进行了描述.其中叶肢介化石有7属18种(有8个新种).其时代为早三叠世,与吉木萨尔县大龙口剖面的锅底坑组上部相当.介形虫化石有4属5种,其时代为晚二叠世晚期.鱼化石为1新属种,其时代意见偏新,所以,产这些化石的地层不是侏罗纪,而应是二叠一三叠纪的.     

伊朗中伊朗盆地库姆组地层的时代

对伊朗中伊朗盆地卡尚地区库姆组的微体化石样品分析 ,不仅发现了新的有孔虫和介形虫化石组合 ,而且还首次发现了较丰富的钙质超微及少量的沟鞭藻化石。依据这些化石的组合面貌 ,认为库姆组含始新世地层无疑 ,修正了以往认为库姆组地层时代为中—晚渐新世至早中新世的观点。     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定土壤样品中的36种组分的探讨

采用粉末压片法制样,使用新型X射线荧光光谱仪,对土壤样品中的C、N、S、Cl、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe、As、Ba、Br、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、Hf、La、Mn、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、U、V、Y、Zn、Zr等36种组分的直接同时测试进行了探讨测试。研究了测试中各种分析条件及存在问题。结果表明,方法的检出限、精密度和准确度大多数满足多目标地球化学调查样品分析质量的要求,标准物质的测定值与其标准值相吻合,适合土壤样品中多组分的同时直接测定。     

PAN沉淀富集、ICP-AES法测定岩石中31个微量元素

感耦高频等离子体发射光谱分析要求在总盐分浓度较低的溶液中进行,因此在测定岩石中的微量元素时,一般需要分离大量的基体元素。PAN不仅可作显色剂和金属指示剂,还可作萃取剂,此外还能与多种金属离子即使是微量元素也形成难溶性的沉淀。本文在文献的基础上,对铜、镍、铁、铌、     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this articles:
Loess in China , by Tungsheng Liu
The Namib Sand Sea: Dune Forms, Processes and Sediments , by N. Lancaster, A. A. Balkema
Arid Zone Geomorphology , ed. by D. S. G. Thomas
Hydrogeology , ed. by W. Back, J. S. Rosenshein, and P. R. Seaber
Stratigraphy, Composition and Environment of Deposition of the Whangai Formation and Associated Late Cretaceous-Paleocene Rocks, Eastern North Island, New Zealand , by P. R. Moore
Systematics and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany , by R. A. Spicer and B. A. Thomas
Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences , ed. by P. De Decker, J. P. Colin, and J. P. Peypouquet
Chinese Sedimentary Basins , ed. by X. Zhu
Triassic-Jurassic Rifting: Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins , ed. by W. Manspeizer
Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development , ed. by P. D. Crevello, J. L. Wilson, J. F. Sarg, and J. F. Read
Burial Diagenesis , ed. by I. E. Hutcheon
Evolution of the mid-Cretaceous Triad Platform Carbonates, Phosphatic Sediments, Pelagic Carbonates along the Northern Tethys Margin , by K. B. Follmi
Perspectives on Biogeochemistry , by E. T. Degens
Physical Principles of Sedimentology: A Readable Textbook for Beginners and Experts , by K. J. Hsü     

Interelement relationship in abyssal Pacific ferromanganese nodules and associated pelagic sediments

By R-mode factor analysis and enrichment factor calculations, most of the elements in abyssal ferromanganese nodules and associated pelagic sediments (excluding common authigenic minerals like apatite, barite, opal and carbonates) are found to be preferentially concentrated in one of the following three major phases: aluminosilicates (e.g., Al, Si, Sc, Ga, Cr, Be, Na, K, Rb and Cs), Fe-oxides (e.g., Fe, P, S, V, Se, Te, As, B, Sn, U, Hg, Pb, Ti, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Pd, In, rare-earths, Hf, Th, Pa, Pu, Am, Ru and Bi), and Mn-oxides (e.g., Mn, Tl, Ag, Cd, Mg, Ca, Ba, Ra, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sb and probably W). The specific association of elements with these three phases can be explained by the difference in chemical forms of elements in seawater and by fundamental differences in physicochemical properties (e.g., the pH of zero point of charge and dieletric constant) of these three phases.     

History and Progress of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project,2001-2010

In 2007,the U.S.Geological Survey,the Geological Survey of Canada,and the Mexican Geological Survey initiated a low-density(1 site per 1600 km2,13323 sites) geochemical and mineralogical survey of North American soils(North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project).Sampling and analytical protocols were developed at a series of workshops in 2003-2004 and pilot studies were conducted from 2004-2007.The ideal sampling protocol at each site includes a sample from 0-5 cm depth,a composite of the soil A horizon,and a sample from the soil C horizon.The <2-mm fraction of each sample is analyzed for Al,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Na,S,Ti,Ag,Ba,Be,Bi,Cd,Ce,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,In,La,Li,Mn,Mo,Nb,Ni,P,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sn,Sr,Te,Th,Tl,U,V,W,Y,and Zn by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry following a near-total digestion in a mixture of HCl,HNO3,HClO4,and HF.Separate methods are used for As,Hg,Se,and total C on this same size fraction.The major mineralogical components are determined by a quantitative X-ray diffraction method.Sampling in the conterminous U.S.was completed in 2010(c.4800 sites) with chemical and mineralogical analysis currently underway.In Mexico,approximately 66% of the sampling(871 sites) had been done by the end of 2010 with completion expected in 2012.After completing sampling in the Maritime provinces and portions of other provinces(472 sites,7.6% of the total),Canada withdrew from the project in 2010.Preliminary results for a swath from the central U.S.to Florida clearly show the effects of soil parent material and climate on the chemical and mineralogical composition of soils.A sample archive will be established and made available for future investigations.     

新疆巴里坤地区早-中泥盆世四射珊瑚

新疆巴里坤地区泥盆纪地层发育齐全层序清楚,化石丰富.是研究泥盆纪地层的一个典型地区.下、中泥盆统盛产四射珊瑚,其中下统的四射瑚珊有Syringaxon zhifangense,Ba-arrndeophyllum multiseptatum,B.raritabulatum,B.graciliseptatum.Taralas-ma jungarensis,T.zhifangensis,Pedderolasma junggarensis,Schindewolfiaxinjiangensis,Enterolasma strictum,Orthopaterophyllum xinjiangense,Sinos-pongophyllum(?) sp.,Kyphophyllum(?)deronia,Altaja xinjiangensis,Iowaphyllumjunggarense,Atelophyllum sp.,Diplochone xinjiangensis;中统有Endophyllumnalivkini zhifangense E.zhifangense,Prismatophyllum xinjiangense,Billingsas-traea(?) magxima,Pseudochlamydophyllum zhifangense,Sinodisphyllum xinjian-gense.Sinospongophyllum barkoense,S.junggarense,keriophyllum sp.等.其中新种18个.与上述四射珊瑚共生的还有大量的床板珊瑚和腕足类.它们共同组成巴里坤地区早-中泥盆世独特的生物群落.     

酸溶蚀模拟实验与致密砂岩次生孔隙成因机理探讨： 以鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段发现并探明了一批目前中国内陆最大的致密砂岩气田（藏）,该致密砂岩气田的储层岩性主要为 一套“低长石、低杂基、高成分成熟度”的石英砂岩,储集空间类型以多类型的次生溶蚀孔隙为主。针对盒8段致密砂岩 次生孔隙的成因机理,本文在大量薄片观察、扫描电镜、场发射、CT扫描分析的基础上,开展了高温高压条件下真实岩心 的酸溶模拟实验,实验样品为鄂尔多斯盆地石盒子组绿灰色中粗粒含凝灰质长石石英砂岩、绿灰色中粗粒含凝灰质长石岩 屑砂岩、灰色中粗粒含凝灰质岩屑石英砂岩和灰色中粗粒含凝灰质石英砂岩等4种不同类型的砂岩岩心,采用地层水中普 遍存在的乙酸配置成0.5mol/L的反应介质,选用2mL/min流速,动态溶蚀100h后,不同类型砂岩的次生孔隙显著增加, 物性明显改善,通过对不同岩性实验前后样品的同位扫描、水-岩反应速度、离子浓度等测定分析,发现盒8段致密砂岩储 层次生孔隙的成因主要为凝灰质、长石等铝硅酸矿物和碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀,探讨了实验样品中不同矿物的溶蚀序列,凝灰 质、碳酸盐矿物主要在低温条件下发生溶蚀蚀变,高温条件下主要为长石的溶蚀。揭示凝灰质、碳酸盐岩、长石等矿物溶 蚀、次生孔隙形成、新生矿物的发育机理,结合埋藏史、热史分析,建立了盒8段致密砂岩储层埋藏-成岩-孔隙演化模 式,明确了鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段石英砂岩次生孔隙的成因机理。     

鄂尔多斯湖盆西南部晚三叠世深水坡折特征 及其对砂体的控制

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珠江口盆地新近纪海平面升降过程及其对砂体的控制

通过沉积相序的变化识别出地层叠加样式,并定性判断单井上海平面升降变化过程。以此为基础,采用了连井沉积 相对比分析沉积相带的迁移过程,通过对削截、上超等地震反射轴的终止形式和前积体叠置关系进行分析,对珠江口盆地 新近系层序地层进行了划分和对比,并刻画了该区域新近纪海岸上超过程,进而构建了海平面升降曲线。随着海平面的升 降,古珠江三角洲的发育范围不断减小或扩大,而且三角洲还发生不同程度的侧向迁移。海平面变化促使有利砂体发育场 所两极化。海平面较低时,陆架坡折以下的陆坡内凹陷成为有利砂体发育的场所,主要发育低位体系域的重力流成因扇体 和楔状前积砂体;海平面较高时,陆架内凹陷成为有利砂体发育的场所,主要发育的砂体类型包括海侵期和高位期的中陆 架和内陆架三角洲砂体。