古亚洲洋的演化:来自古生物地层学方面的证据

古亚洲洋的南缘跨越我国新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、黑龙江等地.对位于中国境内的古亚洲洋构造格局及其演化的研究成果进行了详细分析和总结,并归纳出存在的主要分歧.通过分析古亚洲洋构造域地层出露情况和古生物（放射虫、腕足类和古植物）地理分布,提出了2点认识:（1）早古生代,古亚洲洋西段在中国境内的主洋盆可能位于天山地区,东段的主洋盆可能位于艾力格庙-贺根山-林西-黑河一线;晚古生代,古亚洲洋西段的主洋盆位于南天山,东段的主洋盆位于索伦-温都尔庙-西拉木伦-延吉一线.（2）古亚洲洋西段洋盆关闭的时间大概是早石炭-中二叠世,东段洋盆关闭的时间是晚二叠世;其中,北山北部和南天山西南段的洋盆延续至晚二叠世,洋盆关闭的时间可能在二叠纪末或更晚.此外,针对古亚洲洋构造域上古生界地层出露及其研究现状,提出了古生物学和地层学在未来古亚洲洋演化研究中可能发挥的作用及其具体方法.      

古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的闭合时代——论二叠纪末生物灭绝事件的构造起因

通过对比分析华南地块和基墨里大陆（包括保山、缅泰和羌塘地块）间、华北和西伯利亚地块间的古纬度和纬度运移量,分别确定了古特提斯洋和古亚洲洋的闭合时代。结果表明：（1）基墨里大陆东部的保山地块与华南地块于晚二叠世碰撞,然后继续和华南地块、缅泰地块、羌塘地块一起向北漂移,直到晚三叠世,即在云南三江地区,古特提斯洋的闭合时代为晚二叠世晚期; （2）早二叠世西伯利亚地块开始快速向南漂移,并于二叠纪末期（～250 Ma）和华北地块发生碰撞,即位于两地块间古亚洲洋最终闭合时代为二叠纪末;（3）峨眉山和西伯利亚两个大火成岩省的形成时代和大洋的闭合时代吻合,而大火成岩省在时间上又与全球生物灭绝事件吻合,进而推断二叠纪末的生物灭绝事件可能与古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的闭合密切相关。     

Intra-oceanic arcs of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The paper reviews and integrates geological, geochronological, geochemical and isotope data from 21 intra-oceanic arcs (IOA) of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO), which have been identified in the Central Asian Orogenic belt, the world largest accretionary orogeny. The data We discuss structural position of intra-oceanic arc volcanic rocks in association with back-arc terranes and accretionary complexes, major periods of intra-oceanic arc magmatism and related juvenile crustal growth, lithologies of island-arc terranes, geochemical features and typical ranges of Nd isotope values of volcanic rocks. Four groups of IOAs have been recognized: Neoproterozoic – early Cambrian, early Paleozoic, Middle Paleozoic and late Paleozoic. The Neoproterozoic – early Cambrian or Siberian Group includes eleven intra-oceanic arcs of eastern and western Tuva-Sayan (southern Siberia, Russia), northern and southwestern Mongolia and Russian Altai. The Early Paleozoic or Kazakhstan Group includes Selety-Urumbai, Bozshakol-Chingiz and Baydaulet-Aqastau arc terranes of the Kazakh Orocline. The Middle Paleozoic or Southern Group includes six arc terranes in the Tienshan orogen, Chinese Altai, East-Kazakhstan-West Junggar and southern Mongoia. Only one Late Paleozoic intra-oceanic arc has been reliably identified in the CAOB: Bogda in the Chinese Tienshan, probably due to PAO shrinking and termination. The lithologies of the modern and fossil arcs are similar, although the fossil arcs contain more calc-alkaline varieties suggesting either their more evolved character or different conditions of magma generation. Of special importance is identification of back-arc basins in old accretionary orogens, because boninites may be absent in both modern and fossil IOAs. The three typical scenarios of back-arc formation - active margin rifting, intra-oceanic arc rifting and fore-arc rifting were reconstructed in fossil intra-oceanic arcs. Some arcs might be tectonically eroded and/or directly subducted into the deep mantle. Therefore, the structural and compositional records of fossil intra-oceanic arcs in intracontinental orogens allow us to make only minimal estimations of their geometric length, life span, and crust thickness.     

Geochemistry,Tectonic Settings,and Age of Metavolcanic Rocks of the Isakovskii Terrane,Yenisei Range: Indicators of the Early Evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The geodynamic nature of the Late Neoproterozoic island-arc dacites (691 ± 8.8 Ma) and rift basalts (572 ± 6.5 Ma) of the Kiselikhinskaya Formation, Kutukasskaya Group, in the Isakovskii terrane is inferred from geochemical data and U–Pb zircon (SHRIMP-II) dates. The volcanic rocks were produced during the late evolutionary history of the Yenisei Range, starting at the origin of oceanic crustal fragments and their accretion to the Siberian craton to the postaccretionary crustal extension and the onset of the Caledonian orogenesis. The reproduced sequence of geological processes marks the early evolution of the Paleo- Asian Ocean in its junction zone with the Siberian craton. The data refine the composition and age of volcanic rocks in the trans-Angara part of the Yenisei Range and specifics of the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Sayan–Yenisei accretionary belt.     

Neoproterozoic to Early Ordovician Evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean: Implications to the Break-up of Rodinia

The paper reviews and integrates the recent geological and geochronological data, which allow us to recognize three stages of the evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.The opening of the Paleo-Asian Ocean at 970-850 Ma is dated by the Nersin Complex in the Aldan shield, plagiogranites of the Sunuekit massif, enderbites of the Sludinsk Lake area, and passive margin sediments of the Patoma or Baikal series. The initial subduction (850-700 Ma) is marked by volcanic rocks, trondjemite and gabbro of the Sarkhoy island arc series. Collisions of microcontinents with Siberia at 660 to 620 Ma are evidenced by the exhumation of Muya eclogites (650 Ma), formation of migmatites and amphibolites of the Njurundukan belt (635 and 590 Ma), metamorphic units of the Near-Yenisei belt (640-600 Ma), and orogenic molasse (640-620 Ma). The Paleo-Asian Ocean maximally opened at 620-550 Ma, because at that time a long island arc composed of boninite volcanic rocks was formed. Primitive island arcs of that age have been reconstructed in Kazakhstan, Gorny Altai, West and East Sayan, and North Mongolia. HP and UHP rocks formed in two stages at 550-520 and 520-490 Ma. At 550-490 Ma oceanic islands and Gondwana-derived microcontinents (Kokchetav, Tuva-Mongolian, Central Mongolian and others) collided with the Cambrian-early Ordovician island arc of the Siberian continent. As a result, the island-arc system was extensively modified. Collision occurred twice at 550-520 and 520-490 Ma during which many HP and UHP rocks formed. At that time, the new oceans - the Junggar, Kazakhstan and Uralian - with an Ordovician island arc were formed.     

古亚洲洋与古特提斯洋关系初探

从板块构造研究中国古生代洋陆关系和构造-岩浆-成矿作用,离不开对古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的关系判断,特别是对于中国西北部的研究,两个古生代大洋形成演化和关系是理清重要地质构造和成矿事件的关键。本文认为早古生代的原特提斯洋与古亚洲洋应连为一体,合称古亚洲-原特提斯洋,简称古亚洲洋。古亚洲洋是发育于早古生代劳亚大陆与冈瓦纳大陆之间的大洋,金川超大型铜镍矿床的形成是元古宙罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木陆块作为古亚洲洋南岸的一个陆块,早古生代的昆仑洋、祁连洋和秦岭洋只是古亚洲洋的分支或次生洋盆,这些次生洋盆于志留纪末闭合,古亚洲洋主洋则直到晚古生代泥盆纪末才闭合。石炭纪天山及邻区是古亚洲洋闭合后板块构造后碰撞机制与地幔柱作用提供热动力的两种地球动力学机制并存的构造背景,为大规模壳幔混合（染）岩浆作用和成矿爆发提供了可能。古特提斯洋是古亚洲洋在晚古生代的发展和继承,东昆仑夏日哈木超大型铜镍矿床的产生是冈瓦纳大陆北侧志留纪末破裂三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木和华北等泛华夏陆块群构成了古特提斯洋北岸陆缘,石炭纪大洋形成,西昆仑玛尔坎苏大型优质锰矿可能就形成于大洋北侧被动大陆边缘的浅海或陆表海,成矿物质则很可能来自于同时代的大洋中脊。德尔尼大型铜钴矿为晚石炭世大洋中脊塞浦路斯型块状硫化物矿床。而铜峪沟大型铜矿和大场大型金矿等则分别为古特提斯洋消减俯冲岛弧岩浆作用矽卡岩-斑岩矿床和浅成低温热液矿床。中三叠世末古特提斯洋闭合。

     

Evolution of the Heihe-Nenjiang Ocean in the eastern Paleo-Asian Ocean: Constraints of sedimentological,geochronological and geochemical investigations from Early-Middle Paleozoic Heihe-Dashizhai Orogenic Belt in the northeast China

Based on sedimentological, geochronological and geochemical investigations, a Paleozoic orogenic belt, called the Heihe-Dashizhai orogenic belt (HDOB), has been recognized, which consists of three tectonic units: Duobaoshan-Dashizhai arc belt, Wolihe back-arc basin and Sankuanggou-Jinshuishan molasse basin, representing a northwesternward subduction system of the Heihe-Nenjiang Ocean (HNO) between the Xing'an-Airgin Sum Block (XAB) and the Songliao-Hunshandake Block (SHB) in Great Xing'an area of the northeast China. The Duobaoshan-Dashizhai arc belt includes arc volcanic-sedimentary sequence and pluton belt composed by granodiorites, diorites and quartz diorites, which can be divided into the early (506–469 Ma) and late periods (463–426 Ma). Geochemical research indicates that the primary magma of the early and late period arc rocks was derived from the partial melting of depleted mantle to a relatively enriched lithospheric mantle related with thickened continental crust, and a depleted mantle wedge, respectively. The Wolihe back-arc basin is composed of basalt with pillow structure, gabbro, serpentinized ultramafic rocks and thin-bedded chert in lower part and turbidity with double direction provenance from both arc belt and older continent in upper part. The Sankuanggou-Jinshuishan molasse basin contains several cycles, revealing a transformation from flysch in lower part to marine molasse with rapid proximal accumulation in upper part, indicating a change from neritic to littoral sedimentary environments. The Early-Middle Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the HDOB can be divided into three stages: the early arc stage (506–469 Ma), the late arc stage (463–426 Ma) and molasse basin development (426 Ma to Early Devonian), representing the early and late subduction of the HNO and formation of the HDOB, respectively.     

三江昌宁-孟连带原-古特提斯构造演化

昌宁-孟连特提斯洋的构造演化及其原特提斯与古特提斯的转换方式一直是青藏高原及邻区基础地质研究中最热门的科学问题之一.根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合分析数据,系统总结了三江造山系不同构造单元地质特征,讨论了昌宁-孟连特提斯洋早古生代-晚古生代的构造演化历史.通过对不同构造单元时空结构的剖析和对相关岩浆、沉积及变质作用记录的分析,认为昌宁-孟连结合带内共存原特提斯与古特提斯洋壳残余,临沧-勐海一带发育一条早古生代岩浆弧带,前人所划基底岩系"澜沧岩群"应为昌宁-孟连特提斯洋东向俯冲消减形成的早古生代构造增生杂岩,滇西地区榴辉岩带很可能代表了俯冲增生杂岩带发生了深俯冲,由于弧-陆碰撞而迅速折返就位,这一系列新资料及新认识表明昌宁-孟连结合带所代表的特提斯洋在早古生代至晚古生代很可能是一个连续演化的大洋.在此基础上,结合区域地质资料,构建了三江造山系特提斯洋演化的时空格架及演化历史,认为其经历了早古生代原特提斯大洋扩张、早古生代中晚期-晚古生代特提斯俯冲消减与岛弧带形成、晚二叠世末-早三叠世主碰撞汇聚、晚三叠世晚碰撞造山与盆山转换等阶段.      

Tectonic provinces of the Atlantic Ocean

The tectonic structure of the floor of the Atlantic Ocean beyond the continental margins is insufficiently studied. This is also true of its tectonic demarcation. The segmentation of the floor into regional-scale tectonic provinces of several orders proposed in this paper is primarily based on structural and historical geological features. It is shown that deep oceanic basins and fault tectonics are of particular importance in this respect. Tectonic provinces of two orders are distinguished by a set of attributes. The first-order provinces are the North, Central, South, and Antarctic domains of the Atlantic Ocean. They are separated by wide demarcation fracture zones into Transatlantic (transverse) second-order tectonic provinces. Ten such provinces are recognized (from the north southward): Greenland-Lofoten, Greenland-Scandinavia, Greenland-Ireland, Newfoundland-European, North American-African, Antilles-African, Angola-Brazil, Cape-Argentine, North Antarctic, and South Antarctic. This subdivision demonstrates significant differentiation in the geodynamic state of the oceanic lithosphere that determines nonuniform ocean formation and the tectonic features of the ocean floor. The latitudinal orientation of the second-order provinces inherits the past tectonic pattern, though newly formed structural units cannot be ruled out. The Earth rotation exerts a crucial effect on the crust and the mantle.     

Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of the South Atlantic Continental Margins with Respect to Opening of the Ocean

The history of the opening of the South Atlantic in Early Cretaceous time is considered. It is shown that the determining role for continental breakup preparation has been played by tectono-magmatic events within the limits of the distal margins that developed above the plume head. The formation of the Rio Grande Rise–Walvis Ridge volcanic system along the trace of the hot spot is considered. The magmatism in the South Atlantic margins, its sources, and changes in composition during the evolution are described. On the basis of petrogeochemical data, the peculiarities of rocks with a continental signature are shown. Based on Pb–Sr–Nd isotopic studies, it is found that the manifestations of magmatism in the proximal margins had features of enriched components related to the EM I and EM II sources, sometimes with certain participation of the HIMU source. Within the limits of the Walvis Ridge, as magmatism expanded to the newly formed oceanic crust, the participation of depleted asthenospheric mantle became larger in the composition of magmas. The role played by the Tristan plume in magma generation is discussed: it is the most considered as the heat source that determined the melting of the ancient enriched lithosphere. The specifics of the tectono-magmatic evolution of the South Atlantic is pointed out: the origination during spreading of a number of hot spots above the periphery of the African superplume. The diachronous character of the opening of the ocean is considered in the context of northward progradation of the breakup line and its connection with the northern branch of the Atlantic Ocean in the Mid-Cretaceous.     

东南亚及哀牢山红河构造带构造演化的讨论

通过对东南亚和哀牢山红河构造带演化已有模式的分析,在近年来本区海上研究资料的了,结合滇西地质情况,认为东南亚的构造格局是由印度洋、太平洋和欧亚三大构造体系共同作用形成的。６０￣１５ＭａＢＰ,欧亚构造体系分别与太平洋和印度洋构造体系作用在东南亚东、西部形成两个弧后盆地扩张体系。两体系扩张强度和方向的不同,形成转换调节构造带－哀牢山红河构造带。东部较强的扩张作用使扬子板块向北运动,形成哀牢山以东的逆冲     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗哈达呼舒基性岩体形成的构造背景与古亚洲洋的早期俯冲历史

内蒙古乌拉特中旗地区在大地构造上横跨华北板块边缘和兴蒙造山带,区域基性岩体多以小岩株形式产出,侵入时代缺少可靠的资料.对乌拉特中旗哈达呼舒基性岩进行锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学以及Hf同位素研究,对其岩石成因和古亚洲洋板块俯冲作用的开始时间给予制约.哈达呼舒基性岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,该岩体形成于晚寒武世(513±2 Ma).在地球化学上,它们属于钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Ba),亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti)和LREE.岩石的ε_Hf(t)值为14.15~15.03,单阶段模式年龄(T_DM1)为518~556 Ma,与岩石原岩形成时代513 Ma相近,认为其原始岩浆起源于亏损岩石圈地幔.综合区域同时代火成岩的研究成果,认为哈达呼舒基性岩体形成于古亚洲洋俯冲消减环境.      

热点作用背景下的洋中脊跃迁和扩展作用:印度洋盆地张开过程探讨

在《印度洋底大地构造图》的基础上,分析了印度洋盆构造格局和洋盆演化重大事件序列,并从印度洋盆初始裂解机制、扩张中心跃迁与热点作用、洋中脊扩展作用等方面讨论了印度洋盆的张开过程,提出以下几点认识:(1)现今印度洋洋中脊可分为两个系统:东南印度洋中脊-中印度洋中脊-卡斯伯格洋脊系统(东支)和西南印度洋中脊系统(西支),前者是太平洋洋中脊扩展作用的产物,后者是太平洋-东南印度洋中脊与大西洋中脊之间构造调节的产物;(2)印度洋盆最初裂解受地幔柱垂向挤压-水平伸展作用控制,沿前寒武造山带等地壳薄弱带发育;(3)印度洋盆经历两次扩张中心的跃迁,其趋向性跃迁方向与热点相对板块的运动方向具有一致性,显示两者存在内在联系。(4)大西洋和太平洋洋中脊在印度洋交汇,于古近纪连通,末端伴随陆块持续发生碎裂化、裂解化,可称为鱼尾构造模式,表明印度洋盆衔接和调节了三大洋盆的发育和演化过程,具有全球洋盆枢纽的关键意义。     

西南印度洋构造地貌与构造过程

本文基于海底水深数据,制定了西南印度洋超慢速扩张脊新的海底构造地貌划分原则,将西南印度洋划分为7级构造地貌单元;并以该洋中脊中段的Discovery II和Gallieni转换断层之间及其邻区的海底构造地貌特征为依据,将其与该区断裂演化、分段性、分段拓展机制、中央裂谷形成过程、脊–柱相互作用和洋中脊跃迁进行综合分析。结果表明,该区洋中脊可以划分为4个三级构造地貌单元(即洋中脊的一级分段),从西向东被Andrew Bain和Prince Edwards、Discovery II以及Gallieni转换断层依次分割,分别反映为强热点–洋中脊相互作用的扩张脊、弱热点–洋中脊相互作用的扩张脊和正常超慢速扩张脊的地貌类型。每个三级分段可进一步划分为3~4个四级分段,本文仅侧重Discovery II和Gallieni转换断层间洋中脊四到七级的4个级别分段划分(即洋中脊的四级构造地貌单元再划分为3级)。其中,第七级构造地貌单元分别为侧列式裂谷(剪切带)、雁列式裂谷、横断层带等构造分割。该段洋中脊先后受Marion、Crozet、Madagascar等热点或海台的影响,经历了3次洋中脊跃迁,时间大致分别为80 Ma,60 Ma和40 Ma,该过程与冈瓦纳大陆裂解以来的大洋演化有关。最后,本文详细分析了20 Ma以来的西南印度洋洋中脊轴部的周期性拉分式断陷、多米诺式箕状断陷、地堑式断陷和海洋核杂岩等构造过程。     

The Nature and Evolution of the Ninetyeast Ridge: A Key Tectonic and Magmatic Feature of the East Indian Ocean

Geotectonics - The Ninetyeast Ridge is the longest linear intraplate rise in the World Ocean and the main tectonic and magmatic feature in the East Indian Ocean. Ideas about the nature and...     

胶莱盆地构造演化规律

胶莱盆地是中生代走滑拉分盆地，其形成与发育受到沂沭断裂和五莲—即墨—牟平断裂的控制。从晚侏罗世—晚白垩世经历了莱阳期、青山期和王氏期的盆地发展阶段。构造活动使不同时期的盆地格局发生改变，不同阶段盆地的次级构造单元也随之变化。不同阶段次级构造单元的形成与演变反映了构造活动对盆地发育的控制作用，表现在各单元之间沉积相发生突变。扬子板块与华北板块的碰撞，控制郯庐断裂带(沂沭断裂带)和五莲—即墨—牟平断裂的运动方向和强度，进而控制胶莱盆地的形成与发育。同时盆地发育也受到太平洋板块的影响与控制。     

Detrital zircon provenance constraints on the final closure of the middle segment of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The main site and timing of the final closure of the middle segment of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) has been an issue of hot debate, which hampers us from better understanding the late-stage tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Synthesizing the available geological records for the ophiolitic mélanges in the Beishan Orogenic Belt (BOB), we regard the Liuyuan ophiolitic mélange as the main site of the final closure of the middle segment of the PAO. To determine the final closure time of the middle segment of the PAO, this study mainly applied field-based, systematic zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses for the Carboniferous and Permian sedimentary successions on the northern and southern sides of the Liuyuan ophiolitic mélange. Our results indicate that the late Carboniferous sedimentary successions north of the Liuyuan mélange consisting mainly of interbedded sandstone and siltstone with minor conglomerate show primarily affinity with a local, single source, i.e. the constituent units of the BOB north of the Liuyuan mélange. They were closely associated with the northward subduction of the middle segment of the PAO. By contrast, the unconformably overlying Permian clastic deposition on both sides of the Liuyuan ophiolitic mélange shows comparable lithology that fines from a thick sequence of conglomerate at the base to thin-bedded turbidite sequences up section. These Permian units were probably deposited in a progressively deepening basin within an extensional post-collision regime after the disappearance of the middle segment of the PAO. All the <274–261 Ma sandstones on both sides of the Liuyuan ophiolitic mélange were derived from commingling source regions on both sides of the Liuyuan mélange, as supported by comparable, diagnostic ages and ε_Hf(t) values between the studied detrital zircons and coeval magmatic zircons from the BOB and north Tarim. Such a marked transition from a single, local provenance in the late Carboniferous to commingling provenances at ca. 274–261 Ma indicates the final closure of the middle segment of the PAO prior to the end of the early Permian. In conjunction with available data for the eastern and western segments of the PAO, we establish the eastward-younging, scissor-like closure for the whole PAO during mid Carboniferous to Early Triassic time.