Determination of soil–water characteristic curve variables

Soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) contains the fundamental information needed for describing the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soil. Some parameters such as air-entry value, slope at the inflection point, residual water content and residual suction are commonly used to describe the SWCC and other associated properties such as shear strength and permeability. Currently these parameters are determined using the graphical method which can be subjective and time consuming. Equations for determining these parameters are proposed and the relationships between SWCC parameters and fitting parameters are discussed in this paper. These equations can be used for computational analyses to replace the conventional graphical method in providing consistent results.     

Ecological benefits of Anystis baccarum in an orchard ecosystem and the need for its conservation

Integrated pest management programs are very important in the control of invertebrate pests within apple orchards. Many current integrated pest management strategies concentrate on specialist predatory species. However, generalist beneficial insects, such as several mite species, must also be fully researched for their potential in controlling pests. Previous research has shown that the generalist predatory mite Anystis baccarum (Linnaeus) can offer much potential in controlling invertebrate pests within Northern Irish apple orchards. However, apple growers have been mis-identifying this beneficial species as the economic pest European fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). As a result, unnecessary pesticide applications have been applied against what has now been confirmed as a beneficial species. To aid apple growers in the identification of A. baccarum, identification cards were produced. Positive uptake of the cards by many apple growers has resulted in correct identification of A. baccarum from P. ulmi, and therefore, a reduction in chemical pesticide applications. The benefits of A. baccarum within orchard ecosystems is discussed.     

水环境模型与水环境模型库管理

以美国公开发表的92个水环境模型为例,对地表水质模型、地下水质模型和非点源模型的主要功能和使用范围进行了分析。针对水环境模型研究和应用中的问题,提出了利用地理信息系统进行水环境模型库管理的概念,并阐述了建立水环境模型库管理系统的基本思路和方法。     

巧打老“王牌”,独辟新天地

论述了中小型地勘企业独辟新天地需要的四张“王牌”,即“建立健全信息网络,注重质量、恪守信誉,向管理要效益,大胆推广新技术、新工艺”。     

自组织竞争神经网络在江苏油田有杆抽油系统故障诊断中的应用

有杆抽油系统的故障诊断技术是国内外采油工程技术中的一个重要研究课题。通过示功图的不同形状特征可以反映抽油机的不同工作状态。将自组织竞争神经网络应用于示功图的识别与分类,建立了一个自组织竞争神经网络模型对示功图进行自动聚类,从而实现故障诊断的自动化。应用江苏油田的实测示功图数据进行实验,可以看出自组织竞争神经网络具有良好的分类能力和泛化性能,是实现油田抽油系统故障诊断的有效技术,具有很强的实用价值和广泛的应用前景。     

青藏铁路透壁通风管通风路基模型试验及初始温度场特征

通风路基作为一种积极主动保护冻土路基的冷却调控技术能有效的抬升多年冻土上限, 保护冻土路基的稳定性. 目前实体试验工程通风路基一般采用路基内预埋实体混凝土管或PVC管, 管壁不能透风, 管壁与土体间主要通过热传导进行换热. 一种管壁开孔、可以透风的新型通风管--"透壁通风管"既能以管内空气间的对流带走管内热量; 因其管壁透风, 低温的冷空气可以透过管壁的大孔眼穿透到通风管周围的介质中, 直接与其进行热交换, 从而改善传统通风管换热模式. 为探索透壁通风管在青藏铁路路基中的实际温控效果而进行了青藏铁路透壁通风管路基现场试验, 试验路基短期监测资料的分析结果显示, 透壁通风管对青藏铁路路基具有良好的冷却能力, 可在一定程度上抬升冻土上限; 透壁通风管路基经填土级配优化重组后更能充分发挥其路基冷却效果     

Physical and numerical modelling of infiltration from drainage holes for perforated storm sewer

In cities, the existence of impervious structures, such as road pavements, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs, can limit the magnitude of rainfall infiltration greatly. Stormwater run-off in storm sewer often dominates, which can cause problems of urban flooding easily during heave rainfalls. In rain and sewage diversion, perforated storm sewer is proposed to enable the occurrence of stormwater infiltration into the ground, which can change the prolonged drought-like condition. Model-scale laboratory tests are conducted to assess the infiltration process of water through drainage holes around the sewer circumference. The experimental data are also used to calibrate a numerical model, after which numerical parametric analysis is carried out. It is found that the feature of drainage holes only influences the wetting front in the initial stage of infiltration. In the end, the egg-shaped contour of wetting front with greater influencing zone below the sewer is obtained. The cumulative infiltration with time can be described by an infiltration model, which is positively correlated with the diameter and the number of drainage holes. The optimal opening ratio is recommended as 0.25%, which can provide the most effective drainage capacity.

     

A small geological data library

In a university department, small batches of geological data from different sources may be punched on cards for computer analysis. At the University of Reading efforts have been made to develop procedures for filing the cards for future reference. In a few topics, it has been possible to standardize methods of data recording. Otherwise, emphasis has been placed on documenting the data adequately. Without becoming involved in the complexities of computer storage, editing, and retrieval, a small data library has been developed in which data cards punched 5 yr ago can be found and understood today.     

表面条件对透壁通风管碎石路堤降温效果的影响

针对青藏高原冻土区高速公路拟采用的透壁通风管碎石路堤,进行了表面开放和封闭透壁通风管碎石试样降温效果的室内试验,分析比较了表面开放和封闭边界条件对透壁通风管负温通风增强碎石路堤降温效果的影响差异。分析表明,表面开放和封闭透壁通风管碎石路堤都以外界空气通过管壁透气小孔与通风管附近碎石区域孔隙空气循环产生的强迫对流传热增强降温作用,另外,表面封闭透壁通风管碎石路堤能够在上部碎石区域产生孔隙空气循环的自然对流降温效应。因此,表面封闭透壁通风管碎石路堤的降温效果更为显著。     

利用GIS的空间分析功能进行油气储层综合评价

探讨油气储层地质信息的特点及利用地理信息系统GIS(Geographical Infomation System)进行储层评价的优越性,通过储层综合评价数据库的建立,以GIS的空间数据分析为手段,利用GIS的特征提取与特征合并功能,提取隐含在地质、地球物理及测试等数据中的判别有利储层的特征信息。通过G1S的拓扑叠加功能分析各储层综合评价因素的相关性,对研究区进行储层综合评价。     

仙岭水库土坝渗流稳定分析及除险加固措施

根据湖南省仙岭水库的地质勘探资料,利用有限元进行计算分析,弄清了大坝的渗流情况,分析了大坝存在的渗漏和渗透变形问题,并提出了除险加固的措施,经过计算分析说明：所提出的措施是合理可靠的,所得出的结论可为同类土坝的安全鉴定、加固以及今后土坝设计、施工和管理提供借鉴。     

浅谈多传感器信息融合技术

多传感器信息融合广泛应用于自动目标识别、战场监视、机器人、工业过程控制、遥感、图象处理、模式识别等领域。介绍了多传感器信息融合技术的概念、原理、功能模型,其融合方法主要介绍了Dempster-Shafer证据理论(D-S证据理论),由于D-S证据理论存在处理大量不确定的系统估计问题的特性,可以将其应用于势态估计问题。     

地球物理方法探测活动断层效果和方法最佳组合分析

采用综合地球物理方法对长春市的已知断层进行探测实践,表明不同的地球物理方法解决不同问题,并具有不同的效果。例如重磁方法、联合剖面方法可以缩小活动断层的研究范围;探地雷达、浅层地震、高密度电法等方法在研究活动断层的剖面形态中具有很好的作用,而且探地雷达、高分辨率地震能够提供断层的时间等信息,为活动性探测提供依据。针对研究实例分析了综合地球物理方法在活动断层中的组合方法,为开展活动断层的研究提供借鉴。     

土壤、大气尘中晶体的组成及其物源指示意义——以长沙、株洲和湘潭地区为例

基于长沙、株洲和湘潭地区大气尘(可吸入颗粒和近地表积尘)和表层土壤的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析数据,采用微量相鉴定方法获得的结果显示,大气尘和表层土壤中包含石英、石膏、方解石、白云石、硫酸镉等自然矿物及SiS_2、NiTi、Cd_3As_2、FeOCl等非自然源晶体。比较了长沙、株洲、湘潭地区大气尘与表层土壤的晶体组成,分析了大气尘矿物及非自然源晶体的空间分布,探讨了其环境指示意义。     

光性矿物检索鉴定程序设计原理与应用

计算机技术常应用到镜下鉴定光性矿物工作中,本文以Visual Basic为工具开发出用于镜下鉴定矿物的辅助分析程序,介绍了光性矿物鉴定程序的设计原理和使用方法,包括矿物属性分析及赋值、鉴定误差减小方法及其应用。在光性矿物镜下鉴定时输入所观察矿物全部或部分光学性质,通过程序计算与比较,显示出最可能的查询矿物。矿物检索以贵橄榄石为例,在输入正确光性矿物属性的前提下,可准确地得出鉴定结果,有效地提高了镜下矿物鉴定的效率和准确度;查询结果中配有详细图片和属性描述,可以进一步查询矿物的详细光学性质、成因产状及其他鉴定特征;此外鉴定分析程序也可以用于建立矿物信息数据库。     

热-水-力作用下圆孔花岗岩的动态损伤特征及结构模型

基于深层地热能开采时储能区井筒围岩所处的工程环境,采用高温加热、不同温度水浸泡、加热-循环次数及径向冲击加载的方法模拟井筒围岩经历的高温、遇水、循环采热及热冲击等造成的动力扰动等物理力学条件。同时,以不同内孔直径的同心圆孔岩样模拟深层地热井,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统开展热-水-力作用下圆孔花岗岩的动态力学试验,并结合VIC-3D非接触应变测量及数值模拟分析技术监测冲击过程中圆孔岩样裂隙萌发、形成的历程和表面应变演化的规律,揭示热-水-力作用下圆孔岩样的动态损伤破坏机制。研究结果表明：径向冲击荷载作用下圆孔花岗岩先后经历弹性变形、塑性变形、结构失稳破坏3个典型阶段;内孔直径、加热温度、浸水温度、加热-浸水循环次数4因素都弱化了圆孔花岗岩抗外界荷载的能力,但未改变其整体的变形演化规律;圆孔花岗岩的破坏模式是动态拉伸破坏,先沿冲击方向由内孔壁向岩样外壁,再垂直冲击方向由岩样外壁向内孔壁萌发、贯通裂纹,形成近垂直的两组破裂面。最后,基于圆孔花岗岩的损伤变形特征及历程,在一定假设基础上,建立动态损伤结构模型,推演了结构方程,并结合试验结果确定了方程参数,通过对比分析发现,理论拟合曲线与试验...     

透壁通风管增强开放碎石路堤降温效果试验

通过4种不同实验条件下透壁通风管开放碎石路堤试样室内试验研究了通风情况对透壁通风管增强开放碎石路堤降温效应的影响。比较4种实验结果发现,透壁通风管开放碎石路堤存在碎石表面单纯热传导传热、外界空气通过碎石路堤开放表面与碎石层内孔隙空气直接循环产生的强迫对流传热、通风管管壁与管内空气的对流换热以及管内空气通过管壁透气小孔与附近碎石层内孔隙空气直接循环产生的强迫对流传热4种传热过程。对于仅负温通风的透壁通风管开放碎石路堤,通过开放表面及管壁透气小孔使外界冷空气与碎石层内孔隙空气形成循环,从而显著增强了路堤冬季冷空气引起的降温效应。     

A volcanic activity alert-level system for aviation: review of its development and application in Alaska

Avalanche warning services (AWS) are operated to protect communities and traffic lines in avalanche-prone regions of the Alps and other mountain ranges. In times of high avalanche danger, these services may decide to close roads or to evacuate settlements. Closing decisions are based on field observations, avalanche release statistics, and snow forecasts issued by weather services. Because of the spatial variability in the snowpack and the insufficient understanding of avalanche triggering mechanisms, closing decisions are characterized by large uncertainties and the information based on which AWS have to decide is always incomplete. In this paper, we illustrate how signal detection theory can be applied to make better use of the information at hand. The proposed framework allows the evaluation of past road closures and points to how the decision performance of AWS could be improved. To illustrate the proposed framework, we evaluate the decision performance of two AWS in Switzerland and discuss the advantages of such a formalized decision-making approach.     

重力勘探中位场增强新方法

实测异常往往因受到外界环境的影响而导致其形态特征不明显,从而无法准确地得到异常体的位置、范围、走向等信息.针对该问题,人们提出了很多方法来使异常特征明显化,如阴影图、分析信号、斜导数法等,以上方法都能很好的完成这项操作.本文提出了高低帽变换和小波分析方法来进行异常形态特征增强,通过实测数据的处理结果可以看出,这两种方法...     

Variograms with zonal anisotropies and noninvertible kriging systems

Zonal anisotropies are usually simply defined as those that are not geometric (i.e., that cannot be removed by an affine transformation). Such anisotropies have often been associated with zonations and models have been proposed to reflect that association. It is shown by example that such models can lead to noninvertible coefficient matrices in kriging systems, because the models are only (conditionally) semidefinite instead of positive definite. The relationship to the construction used in turning bands algorithm and also to spatial-temporal models is discussed.