Petrochemical evidence of magma mingling and mixing in the Tertiary monzogabbroic stocks around the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications of coeval mafic and felsic magma interactions

Miocene aged calc-alkaline mafic host stocks (monzogabbro) and felsic microgranular enclaves (monzosyenite) around the Bafra (Samsun) area within Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary units of the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey are described for the first time in this paper. The felsic enclaves are medium to fine grained, and occur in various shapes such as, elongated, spherical to ellipsoidal, flame and/or rounded. Most enclaves show sharp and gradational contacts with the host monzogabbro, and also show distinct chilled margins in the small enclaves, indicating rapid cooling. In the host rocks, disequilibrium textures indicating mingling or mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas are common, such as, poikilitic and antirapakivi textures in feldspar phenocrysts, sieve textured-patchy-rounded and corroded plagioclases, clinopyroxene megacrysts mantled by bladed biotites, clinopyroxene rimmed by green hornblendes, dissolution in clinopyroxene, bladed biotite, and acicular apatite. The petrographical and geochemical contrasts between the felsic enclaves and host monzogabbros may partly be due to a consequence of extended interaction between coeval felsic and mafic magmas by mixing/mingling and diffusion. Whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotopic data suggests that the mafic host rocks and felsic enclaves are products of modified mantle-derived magmas. Moreover, the felsic magma was at near liquidus conditions when injected into the mafic host magma, and that the mafic intrusion reflects a hybrid product formed due to the mingling and partial (incomplete) mixing of these two magmas.     

Mineral chemistry,crystallization conditions and magma mixing‐mingling at Orduzu volcano (Malatya), Eastern Anatolia,Turkey

The Middle Miocene Orduzu volcanic suite, which is a part of the widespread Neogene Yamadağ volcanism of Eastern Anatolia, consists of a rhyolitic lava flow, rhyolitic dykes, a trachyandesitic lava flow and basaltic trachyandesitic dykes. Existence of mafic enclaves and globules in some of the volcanic rocks, and microtextures in phenocrysts indicate that magma mingling and mixing between andesitic and basaltic melts played an important role in the evolution of the volcanic suite. Major and trace element characteristics of the volcanic rocks are similar to those formed in convergent margin settings. In particular, incompatible trace element patterns exhibit large depletions in high field strength elements (Nb and Ta) and strong enrichments in both large ion lithofile elements (Ba, Th and U) and light rare earth elements, indicating a strong subduction signature in the source of the volcanic rocks. Furthermore, petrochemical data obtained suggest that parental magmas of rhyolite lava and dykes, and trachyandesite lava and basaltic trachyandesite dykes were derived from subduction‐related enriched lithospheric mantle and metasomatized mantle (± asthenosphere), respectively. A detailed mineralogical study of the volcanic suite shows that plagioclase is the principal phenocryst phase in all of the rock units from the Orduzu volcano. The plagioclase phenocrysts are accompanied by quartz in the rhyolitic lava flows and by two pyroxenes in the trachyandesitic lava flows and basaltic trachyandesitic dykes. Oxide phases in all rocks are magnetite and ilmenite. Calculated crystallization temperatures range from 650°C to 800°C for plagioclase, 745°C–1054°C for biotite, 888°C–915°C for pyroxene and 736°C–841°C for magnetite–ilmenite pairs. Calculated crystallization pressures of pyroxenes vary between 1.24–5.81 kb, and oxygen fugacity range from −14.47 to −12.39. The estimates of magmatic intensive parameters indicate that the initial magma forming the Orduzu volcanic unit began to crystallize in a high‐level magma chamber and then was stored in a shallow reservoir where it underwent intermediate‐mafic mixing. The rhyolitic lava flow and dykes evolved in relatively shallower crustal magma chambers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The morphology and chemistry of K-feldspar megacrysts from Ikizdere Pluton: evidence for acid and basic magma interactions in granitoid rocks, NE-Turkey

Ikizdere Pluton consists of granite, granodiorite, tonalite, monzonite, quartz monzonite containing pinkish colored K-feldspar megacrysts (KFMs). The crystal sizes of the KFMs range from 1 to 4 cm. The lath-shaped megacrysts are uniformly (i.e., randomly) distributed in the host plutonic rocks and have mafic and felsic inclusions whose crystal sizes are smaller than 1 mm. The crystal inclusions are biotite, slightly annitic in composition with X_Mg[=Fe_tot/(Fe_tot+Mg)]=0.50-0.58, amphibole (magnesio-hornblende, X_Mg[=Mg/(Mg+Fe_tot)]=0.70-0.79), iron-titanium oxide (low titanium magnetit and ilmenite), plagioclase (Ab₇₅₋₂₅An₆₅₋₃₅) and as minor quartz. The compositions of the KFMs range from Or₉₅Ab₅An₀ to Or₈₂Ab₁₇An₁. BaO contents of the megacrysts increase from core to rim. The mafic and felsic inclusions are compositionally similar those of the host rocks.The chemical and textural features of K-feldspar are typical for megacrysts that grew as phenocrysts in dynamic granitoidic magma systems. The overgrowth of KFMs and mafic magma injections (magma mixing) may be related to temperature, pressure and compositional fluctuations in the magma chamber. Remnant of earlier formed K-feldspar crystals remain in the felsic magma system, while the mafic injection can decompose some earlier precipitated KFMs. The remnant of K-feldspar remaining after mafic injection are overgrown by rapid diffusion of Ba, K and Na elements in liquid phase, during the later stages of crystallization of the host magma.     

Eocene tonalite–granodiorite from the Havza (Samsun) area,northern Turkey: adakite-like melts of lithospheric mantle and crust generated in a post-collisional setting

ABSTRACT

Eocene intermediate to felsic plutons of different sizes and compositions are widespread in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt in northern Turkey. Of these, the Ta?l?k Tepe pluton in the Havza (Samsun) area is fine-to-medium-grained, with granular, porphyritic, and micrographic textures, and include mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating yielded emplacement ages of 42.9 (± 1.4) and 40.5 (± 1.3) Ma for the host granodioritic pluton and the dioritic MMEs, respectively. Petrochemically, the host pluton has I-type, high-K calc-alkaline, and metaluminous-to-slightly peraluminous features (A/CNK = 0.95–1.06). The host pluton also shows geochemical features of adakite-like rocks with high SiO₂ (67–68 wt%) and Al₂O₃ (15.5–16.0 wt%) content and Ba/La (17–23), Sr/Y (40.7–61.6), and La_N/Yb_N (14.4–23.7) ratios and low Y (8.2–9.9 ppm) and Yb_N (3.1–4.4) contents. Whole-rock major and trace element variations suggest that fractional crystallisation played a significant role in the pluton evolution. The N-MORB normalised trace element patterns of the pluton are similar to those of MMEs with enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements, Th and Ce, and negative Nb and Ti anomalies. Chondrite-normalised rare earth element plots show moderate-to-highly enriched concave patterns (La_N/Lu_N = 14.2–21.6) with insignificant negative Eu anomalies (Eu_N/Eu* = 0.86–1.14), all of which imply hornblende fractionation during magmatic evolution. The pluton samples have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.704767 to 0.704927, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios of 0.512767–0.512774, εNd values of (+2.52) – (+2.65), and δ¹⁸O values of 7.9–9.7‰. The isotopic compositions of the host pluton and MMEs are similar to I-type granitoids derived from mantle sources. The MMEs show incomplete magma mixing/mingling, representing small bodies of mafic parental magma. Combined with regional studies, these new data suggest that the parental magma of the studied adakite-like pluton was generated from the lithospheric mantle and then modified by fractional crystallisation and assimilation in a post-collisional setting.     

Diverse tectonic settings of formation of the metaigneous rocks in the Jurassic metamorphic accretionary complexes (Refahiye,NE Turkey) and their geodynamic implications

Two isolated metamorphic accretionary complexes of Jurassic age, the Refahiye and Kurtlutepe metamorphic rocks, crop out as tectonic slices within the coeval suprasubduction-zone ophiolite at the southern margin of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), close to the ?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture. The Refahiye metamorphic rocks are made up of greenschist, marble, serpentinite, phyllite and minor garnet amphibolite, garnet micaschist and metachert. The whole unit was metamorphosed under garnet-amphibolite-facies conditions and strongly retrogressed during exhumation. The Kurtlutepe metamorphic rocks consist of subgreenschist-facies metavolcanics, metavolcaniclastics, marble, calc-phyllite, and minor serpentinite and metachert. Metabasites in the Refahiye metamorphic rocks are represented by four distinct geochemical affinities: (i) cumulate “flavor,” (ii) alkaline oceanic island basalt (OIB), (iii) enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) and (iv) tholeiitic island arc basalt (IAB). On the other hand, the Kurtlutepe metavolcanic rocks display only tholeiitic to calc-alkaline island arc geochemical affinities. The metabasic rocks with OIB affinities were interpreted as parts of the accreted oceanic islands, and those with E-MORB affinities as parts of accreted ridge segments close to oceanic islands and/or plume-distal mid-ocean ridges with a mantle previously metasomatized by plume components. The metabasic rocks with IAB affinities might have been derived from the overlying suprasubduction ophiolite and/or arc domain by a number of tectonic or sedimentary processes including tectonic slicing of accretionary complex and overlying fore-arc ophiolite, juxtaposition of the magmatic arc with subduction zone by strike slip faults, submarine gravity sliding and debris flows or subduction erosion. However, totally recrystallized nature of the metabasic rocks together with field relations does not allow any inference on the processes involved. The Kurtlutepe metavolcanic rocks might represent collided and accreted oceanic island arc with the subduction zone. Attempted subduction of an intraoceanic island arc may also explain the magmatic lull during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous in the Eastern Pontides.     

Petrogenesis of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanism in the Eastern Pontides (NE,Turkey): Insights from geochemistry,whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes,zircon U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology

The debate about whether Eocene magmatism is considered to be post-collisional or subduction-related or not still continues. Here we offer new ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ad U-Pb zircon geochronology, mineral chemistry, bulk rock and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry data obtained from the southern dike (SD) suite, in comparison with the northern dike (ND) suite, from the Eastern Pontides. The geochronological data indicate that the SD suite erupted between 45.89 and 45.10 Ma corresponding to the Lutetian (Middle Eocene). The magmas of the ND suite are characterised by slightly more alkaline affinity compared to the SD suite. The trace and rare earth element (REEs) content of the SD suite is characterised by large ion lithophile element (LILEs; Sr, K₂O, Ba, Rb) enrichment and depletion of Nb, Ta, and TiO₂ elements to different degree with high Th/Yb ratios, which indicate that the magmas forming the SD and ND suites were derived from lithospheric mantle sources enriched by mostly slab-derived fluids in the spinel stability field. The Sr, Nd and Pb radiogenic isotope ratios of the dikes support the view that the magma for the hydrous group (H-SD) was derived from a relatively more enriched mantle source than the other SD and ND suites. The ND suite and the anhydrous group (A-SD) display similar geochemical features characterised by moderate light earth element (LREE)/heavy rare earth element (HREE) ratios, while the H-SD group has respectively lower LREE/HREE ratios indicating higher melting degree. Detailed considerations of the alkalinity, enrichment and partial melting degree for the source of the studied volcanic rocks indicate that the magmas of the northern dike suite are characterised by slightly more alkaline affinity, whereas the magmas throughout the southern dike suite show increments in the enrichment rate and melting degree. In light of the obtained data and comparative interpretations, the geodynamic evolution and differences in petrogenetic character of the Lutetian magmas from both the northern and southern parts of the Eastern Pontides may be explained by different degrees of melting of a net veined mantle source initially metasomatized by mostly subduction fluids during asthenospheric upwelling due to fragmented asymmetric delamination in a post-collisional extensional tectonic environment.     

A mantle- and a lower crust-derived bimodal suite in the Yusufeli (Artvin) area, NE Turkey: trace element and REE evidence for subduction-related rift origin of Early Jurassic Demirkent intrusive complex

The Yusufeli area, in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, contains a crystalline complex that intruded into the Carboniferous metamorphic basement and is composed of two intrusive bodies: a gabbro-diorite and a tonalite-trondhjemite. The mafic body (45–57 wt% SiO₂) displays a broad lithological spectrum ranging from plagioclase-cumulate to quartz diorite. Primitive varieties of the body have Mg-number, MgO and Cr contents that are close to those expected for partial melts from mantle peridotite. Data are consistent with the magma generation in an underlying mantle wedge that was depleted in Zr, Nb and Ti, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (K, Rb, Ba, Th). However, high Al₂O₃, CaO and generally low Ni (<65 ppm) contents are not in agreement with the unfractionated mantle-derived primitive magmas and require some Al₂O₃- and CaO-poor mafic phases, in particular, olivine and orthopyroxene. Absence of orthopyroxene in crystallization sequence, uralitization, and a common appearance of clinopyroxene surrounded by hornblende imply an anhydrous phase fractionated from highly hydrous (5–6%) parent. Geochemical modelling suggests derivation by 15–20% melting of a depleted-lherzolitic mantle. The tonalite-trondhjemite body (58–76 wt% SiO₂) ranges in composition from quartz diorite to granodiorite with a low-K calc-alkaline trend. Although LILE- and LREE- enriched characteristics of the primitive samples imply a metasomatic sub-arc mantle for their source region, low MgO, Ni and Cr concentrations rule out direct derivation from the mantle wedge. Also, lack of negative Eu anomalies suggests an unfractionated magma and precludes a differentiation from the diorites of mafic body, which show negative Eu anomalies. Their Na enrichments relative to Ca and K are similar to those of Archean tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites and Cenozoic adakites. However, they exhibit important geochemical differences from them, including low-Al (<15 wt%) contents, unfractionated HREE patterns and evolution towards the higher Y concentrations and lower Sr/Y ratios within the body. All these features are obtained in experimentally produced melts from mafic rocks at low pressures (≤5 kbar) and also widespread in the rocks of arc where old (Upper Cretaceous or older) oceanic crust is being subducted. Major and REE modelling supports formation of the quartz dioritic parent to the felsic intrusive rocks by 70% partial melting of a primitive gabbroic sample (G694). Therefore, once taking into account the extensional conditions prevailing in the Pontian arc crust in Early Jurassic time, former basic products (gabbros) seem to be the most appropriate source for the tonalite-trondhjemite body. Magmatic emplacement of stratigraphically similar lithologies in the Pulur Massif, just southwest of the Yusufeli, was dated to be 184 Ma by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method on amphibole, and is compatible with the initiation of Early Jurassic rifting in the region.     

Pressure and temperature conditions for crystallization of metamorphic allanite and monazite in metapelites: a case study from the Miyar Valley (high Himalayan Crystalline of Zanskar,NW India)

The textural and chemical evolution of allanite and monazite along a well‐constrained prograde metamorphic suite in the High Himalayan Crystalline of Zanskar was investigated to determine the P–T conditions for the crystallization of these two REE accessory phases. The results of this study reveals that: (i) allanite is the stable REE accessory phase in the biotite and garnet zone and (ii) allanite disappears at the staurolite‐in isograd, simultaneously with the occurrence of the first metamorphic monazite. Both monazite and allanite occur as inclusions in staurolite, indicating that the breakdown of allanite and the formation of monazite proceeded during staurolite crystallization. Staurolite growth modelling indicates that staurolite crystallized between 580 and 610 °C, thus setting the lower temperature limit for the monazite‐forming reaction at ~600 °C. Preservation of allanite and monazite inclusions in garnet (core and rim) constrains the garnet molar composition when the first monazite was overgrown and subsequently encompassed by the garnet crystallization front. Garnet growth modelling and the intersection of isopleths reveal that the monazite closest to the garnet core was overgrown by the garnet advancing crystallization front at 590 °C, which establishes an upper temperature limit for monazite crystallization. Significantly, the substitution of allanite by monazite occurs in close spatial proximity, i.e. at similar P–T conditions, in all rock types investigated, from Al‐rich metapelites to more psammitic metasedimentary rocks. This indicates that major silicate phases, such as staurolite and garnet, do not play a significant role in the monazite‐forming reaction. Our data show that the occurrence of the first metamorphic monazite in these rocks was mainly determined by the P–T conditions, not by bulk chemical composition. In Barrovian terranes, dating prograde monazite in metapelites thus means constraining the time when these rocks reached the 600 °C isotherm.     

Volcanic facies and mineral chemistry of Tertiary volcanics in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides,northeast Turkey: implications for pre-eruptive crystallization conditions and magma chamber processes

Tertiary volcanics in the northern zone of the Eastern Pontides are characterized by subaerial and shallow-subaqueous facieses, and are divided into three volcanic suites: Eocene aged (1) basalt-trachybasalt-basaltic trachyandesite (BTB) and (2) trachyte-trachyandesite (TT), and Miocene aged (3) basanite-tephrite (BT) suites. Clinopyroxene is a common phase in all three volcanic suites, and has different compositions with Mg# varying from 0.57 to 0.91 in BTB suite and 0.57–0.84 in TT suite to 0.65–0.90 in BT suite. Feldspars in all suites generally exhibit wide range of compositions from sanidine to albite or anorthite and have weak normal and reverse compositional zoning. Olivines in BTB and BT suites have Fo_60–92. Hornblendes in BTB, TT and BT suites are commonly magnesio-hastingsite and rare pargasite in composition (Mg#: 0.67–0.90). Brown mica is mainly phlogopite with Mg# ranging from 0.56 to 0.92 in the BTB suite, 0.59–0.84 in the TT suite, and 0.75–0.93 in the BT suite. Analcime is present only in the BT suite rocks. Fe–Ti oxides in all suites are mainly composed of magnetite and titanomagnetite. Textural petrographic and mineral chemical data suggest that magmas had undergone hydrous and anhydrous crystallizations in deep-, mid-, and shallow-crustal magma chambers. Clinopyroxene thermobarometric calculations show that Eocene magma chambers were characterized by temperature ranging from 1,100 to 1,244 °C and pressure ranging from 1.84 to 5.39 kbar. Similarly, the Miocene magma chambers were characterized by temperature ranging from 1,119 to 1,146 °C and pressure ranging from 4.23 to 4.93 kbar. Hornblende thermobarometry, oxygen fugacity, and hygrometer reveal that the crystallization temperature of Eocene volcanics range from 956 to 959 °C at pressure ranging from 6.49 to 6.52 kbar. Eocene volcanics were characterized by water content ranging from 7.83 to 8.57 wt.% and oxygen fugacity of 10^?9.36 to 10^?9.46 (ΔNNO+2). Miocene volcanics had crystallization temperature ranging from 970 to 978 °C at pressure ranging from 8.70 to 9.00 kbar with water content ranging from 8.04 to 8.64 wt.% and oxygen fugacity ranging from 10^?8.75 to 10^?8.87 (ΔNNO+2). Brown mica thermobarometric data show that Eocene volcanics were characterized by relatively high oxygen fugacity varying from 10^-10.32 to 10^-12.37 (HM) at temperature ranging from 858 to 953 °C and pressure ranging from 1.08 to 1.41 kbar. Miocene volcanics were crystallized at highly oxidized conditions, which are characterized by high oxygen fugacity of 10^?12.0 (HM) at temperature of 875 °C and pressure of 2.09 kbar. The wide range of obtained temperatures for clinopyroxenes of the suites denotes that the equilibration of clinopyroxene crystals initiates from depth until close to the surface before magma eruption. The compositional variations, resorbed core and reverse zoning patterns in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, as well as variable pressures of crystallization, further indicate that the magmas that formed the suites were polybaric in origins and were composite products of more than one petrogenetic stage. The observed range of phenocryst assemblage and different compositional trends possibly originated from fractionation of magmas with different initial water contents under variable pressures of crystallization. The repeated occurrence of magmas from different suites during a single period of activity suggests that the magmatic system consists of several conduit systems and that magma reservoirs are dispersed at different levels of crustal magma chambers.     

江西金鸡窝铜矿床花岗闪长斑岩黑云母矿物学特征及其对岩石成因与成矿的指示

通过对金鸡窝铜矿区花岗闪长斑岩进行详细的岩相学研究和黑云母成分的电子探针原位分析,厘定了黑云母形成的物理化学条件,并探讨了其成岩成矿意义。电子探针研究显示:花岗闪长斑岩中黑云母的Ti为0.44~0.47apfu,Mg/(Mg+Fe)比值范围为0.58~0.62,结合其化学成分在10 TiO_2-Fe O*-Mg O图解和Mg-(Fe2++Mn)-(AlⅥ+Fe3++Ti)图解中的投影,认为该岩体中黑云母具有富镁贫铁特征,属于原生黑云母。黑云母氧化系数(fO)范围为0.31~0.67,MF值范围为0.38~0.41,Mg O含量为13.27%~14.28%,K2O为3.59%~8.93%,Na2O为0.26%~3.28%,Fe O为15.74%~17.30%,TiO_2为3.93%~4.19%,Al2O3为13.52%~14.19%,单位分子中阳离子数AlⅣ为2.00~2.24 apfu,AlⅥ为0.15~0.41 apfu,指示其岩体属于高钾质钙碱性系列的同熔型(或I型)花岗岩,具有壳幔混源成因的特征。黑云母结晶温度为734~748℃,结晶压力为71~89 MPa,相当于深度2.7~3.3 km,平均深度为3.0 km。黑云母化学成分投点主要落在Fe2O3-Fe3O4缓冲线之上,表明其形成于高氧逸度环境,且有利于铜矿的形成。     

Ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from the Permian strata in the Bengbatu area (Inner Mongolia) and tectonic implications

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was built up through protracted accretion and collision of a variety of terranes/micro-continents during Neoproterozoic–Mesozoic time. To understand potential links among Paleozoic subduction and accretionary processes that were operative during the development of the southeastern CAOB, we conducted a combined U-Pb and Hf-isotope analysis of detrital zircons from previously defined Devonian, Carboniferous and Early Permian strata in the Bengbatu area, Inner Mongolia. Detrital zircons from (meta-) sandstones in these strata commonly yield major Paleozoic age populations at ca. 300–261 Ma, 351–300 Ma and 517–419 Ma, and also give several Precambrian ages that range from 2687 Ma to 544 Ma. The youngest ages redefine the deposition of all these strata to be in the Middle Permian (Wordian–Capitanian) or later, much younger than previously considered. These ages, coupled with regional magmatic records, support an interpretation of most surrounding areas as possible detritus sources, including the Mongolian arcs to the north, the Northern Accretionary Orogen to the south, and the intervening Erenhot–Hegenshan Ophiolite Belt. Zircons with magmatic ages of ca. 500–350 Ma and ca. 300–261 Ma display a large range of ε_Hf(t) values (?13.97 to +15.31), whereas ca. 350–300 Ma zircons are dominated by positive ε_Hf(t) values (+0.14 to +16.00). These results support the occurrence of two significant shifts of the zircon ε_Hf(t) values, which has tectonic implications for the understanding of the Carboniferous–Permian evolution of the southeastern CAOB. A marked shift from mixed to positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values at 350–330 Ma likely manifests the incipient opening of the Hegenshan Ocean, due to the slab rollback of the subducting Paleo-Asian Oceanic lithosphere. Another shift from positive to mixed zircon ε_Hf(t) values at ca. 300 Ma likely corresponds to a tectonic switch from syn-orogenic subduction-related to post-orogenic extensional setting, genetically related to the tectonic collapse of a formerly overthickened crust.     

Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting

The major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of the host rocks and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) gathered from the Dölek and Sariçiçek plutons, Eastern Turkey, were studied to understand the underlying petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. The plutons were emplaced at  43 Ma at shallow depths ( 5 to 9 km) as estimated from Al-in hornblende geobarometry. The host rocks consist of a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite (SiO₂ = 56.98–72.67 wt.%; Mg# = 36.8–50.0) populated by MMEs of gabbroic diorite to monzodiorite in composition (SiO₂ = 53.21–60.94 wt.%; Mg# = 44.4–53.5). All the rocks show a high-K calc-alkaline differentiation trend. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are moderately fractionated and relatively flat [(La/Yb)_N = 5.11 to 8.51]. They display small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu = 0.62 to 0.88), with enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. Initial Nd–Sr isotopic compositions for the host rocks are ε_Nd(43 Ma) = − 0.6 to 0.8 and mostly I_Sr = 0.70482–0.70548. The Nd model ages (T_DM) vary from 0.84 to 0.99 Ga. The Pb isotopic ratios are (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.60–18.65, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.61–15.66 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.69–38.85. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition, with I_Sr ranging from 0.70485 to 0.70517, ε_Nd(43 Ma) − 0.1 to 0.8 and with Pb isotopic ratios of (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.58–18.64, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.60–15.66 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.64–38.77. The MMEs have T_DM ranging from 0.86 to 1.36 Ga. The geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks indicate that the enclaves are of mixed origin and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. All the geochemical data, in conjunction with the geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, probably triggered by the upwelling of the asthenophere, and interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on the Sr–Nd isotope data indicates that  77–83% of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle involved in the genesis. Consequently, the interaction process played an important role in the genesis of the hybrid granitoid bodies, which subsequently underwent a fractional crystallization process along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation, en route to the upper crustal levels generating a wide variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite in an extensional regime.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Tertiary volcanic rocks from the İkizce (Ordu) area, NE Turkey: Implications for the evolution of the eastern Pontide paleo-magmatic arc

Tertiary volcanism in the İkizce region at the western edge of the eastern Pontides paleo-magmatic arc is represented by basaltic and andesitic rocks associated with sediments deposited in a shallow basin environment. The basaltic rocks contain plagioclase (An_58–80), olivine (Fo_82–84), clinopyroxene (Wo_44–48En_35–42Fs_7–17), hornblende (Mg# = 0.68–0.76) phenocrysts, and magnetite microcrysts, whereas the andesitic rocks include plagioclase (An_25–61), clinopyroxene (Wo_46–49En_38–43Fs_11–13), hornblende (Mg# = 0.48–0.81), biotite (Mg# = 0.48–0.60) phenocrysts, titanomagnetite, apatite, and zircon microcrysts.Geochemical data indicate magmatic evolution from tholeiitic-alkaline transitional to calc-alkaline characteristics with medium-K contents. The geochemical variation in the rocks can be explained by fractionation of common mineral phases such as clinopyroxene, olivine, hornblende, plagioclase, magnetite, and apatite. The trace elements’ distributions of the volcanic rocks show similarities to those of E-Type MORB, have a shape that is typical of rocks from subduction-related tectonic setting with enrichment in LILE and to a lesser extent in LREE, but depletion in HFSE. The rocks evolved from a parental magma derived from an enriched source formed by subduction induced metasomatism of basaltic rocks, the latter formed through clinopyroxene ± olivine controlled fractionation in a high level magma chamber. The andesitic rocks developed through hornblende ± plagioclase controlled fractionation in shallow level magma chamber(s).     

伟晶质岩浆的同化混染与分离结晶(AFC)作用及铀成矿效应:以纳米比亚湖山铀矿为例

纳米比亚湖山铀矿位于达马拉造山带的中央南部地区,工业铀矿物为晶质铀矿,属于伟晶岩型铀矿床。关于不同矿石中铀元素的富集与沉淀机制还存在一定争议。为了揭示伟晶质岩浆演化与铀矿化作用的关系,本文对矿区内不同矿物组成的伟晶岩型矿石开展了岩石和矿物地球化学研究。野外及镜下鉴定结果显示,矿化伟晶岩可以分为“简单类型”矿体和“复杂类型”矿体。前者具有正常的花岗伟晶结构,晶质铀矿均匀分布于造岩矿物之间,矿化程度低到中等;后者表现出非均匀的结构特征,且矿化程度极高,晶质铀矿在成因上与大量黑云母团块有明显的空间联系。地球化学研究表明:在“简单类型”伟晶岩中,铀元素主要通过伟晶质岩浆的分离结晶作用富集;“复杂类型”伟晶质岩浆的演化则明显受控于同化混染作用,其铀矿化为岩浆同化混染与分离结晶(assimilation-fractional crystallization,AFC)作用产物。具体而言,外来基性组分(FeO,MgO,TiO₂,MnO)的混入导致“复杂类型”熔体中矿物的结晶顺序发生改变,长石类矿物的“延后”结晶为黑云母提供了更加有利的结晶空间和条件,促使黑云母以团块状聚集的形式产出。黑云母的大量析出会引发残余岩浆中UF_m^4-m络合物的水解,导致晶质铀矿在团块黑云母内部或周围沉淀。因此,本文有关“简单类型”和“复杂类型”产铀伟晶岩的研究,有效地揭示了岩浆演化过程与铀矿化机制,丰富了伟晶岩型铀矿床理论,为后期勘查开发提供了科学依据。     

胶东半岛燕山期变质作用——来自苏鲁构造杂岩带乳山地区(石榴)斜长角闪岩锆石与榍石U-Pb测年的新证据

“燕山运动”泛指中国东部侏罗纪—白垩纪大规模构造运动,与之相关的构造作用及岩浆作用前人已有深入的研究,然而对于燕山运动相关变质作用却鲜有报道。通过对胶东半岛苏鲁构造杂岩带乳山地区（石榴）斜长角闪岩进行锆石及榍石U-Pb测年,发现念头石榴斜长角闪岩原岩时代为1708 Ma,变质时代为154 Ma;北庄斜长角闪岩早期变质时代为1840 Ma,晚期变质时代为145 Ma。综合上述年代学数据与近年有关胶东半岛燕山期构造-岩浆事件新进展,表明乳山地区（石榴）斜长角闪岩记录了燕山期变质作用,推测乳山地区燕山期变质作用发生于中国东部构造转换期（挤压到伸展）,其成因可能与中国东部燕山造山过程中区域构造增厚作用有关,但目前不能排除该期变质作用可能与同期岩浆作用热驱动有关。     

Geochemical and petrological aspects of dike intrusions in the Lycian ophiolites (SW Turkey): a case study for the dike emplacement along the Tauride Belt Ophiolites

Lycian ophiolites located in the Western Taurides, are cut at all structural levels by dolerite and gabbro dikes. The dolerite dikes from this area are both pristine and metamorphosed. The non-metamorphosed dikes are observed both in the peridotites and in the metamorphic sole rocks. Accordingly, the non-metamorphosed dikes cutting the metamorphic sole were generated after cooling of the metamorphic sole rocks. The metamorphosed dolerite dikes are only observed in the peridotites. The physical conditions and timing of the metamorphism for the metamorphosed dolerite dikes are similar to those of the metamorphic sole rocks of the Lycian ophiolites suggesting that the metamorphosed dolerite dikes were metamorphosed together with the metamorphic sole rocks. Therefore, the dike injections in the western part of the Tauride Belt Ophiolites occurred before and after the generation of the metamorphic sole rocks. All metamorphosed and non-metamorphosed dikes are considered to have the same origin and all of them are subduction-related as inferred from whole-rock geochemistry and lead isotopes. Lead isotope compositions of whole rocks of both dike groups cluster in a narrow field in conventional Pb isotope diagrams (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.40–18.64; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.56–15.58; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.23–38.56) indicating a derivation from an isotopically homogeneous source. On the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram, isotope compositions of the dikes plot slightly below the orogen curve suggesting contributions from mantle reservoir enriched by subducted oceanic lithosphere. Such a signature is typical of island arc magmatic rocks and supports the formation of the investigated rocks in a subduction-related environment.     

A statistical analysis of the distribution of cordierite and biotite in hornfels from the Bugaboo contact aureole: implications for the kinetics of porphyroblast crystallization

The three‐dimensional disposition of cordierite and biotite crystals in a hornfels from the contact aureole of the Bugaboo Batholith is quantified using high‐resolution X‐ray micro‐computed tomography and global as well as scale‐dependent pattern statistics. The results demonstrate a random distribution of cordierite and biotite crystal sizes for all scales across the entire rock volume studied indicative of interface‐controlled prograde metamorphic reaction kinetics. The reaction considered responsible for the mineral assemblage and the formation of cordierite and biotite in the hornfels is Ms + Chl + Qtz = Crd + And + Bt + . Rock‐specific phase equilibria point to metamorphic conditions of ~520 –550 °C and 3 kbar for this reaction. The common approach to approximate the shape of crystals as spherical underestimates the influence of the Strauss hard‐core process on rock texture and may be misinterpreted to reflect ordering of crystal sizes by inhibition of nucleation and growth commonly associated with diffusion‐controlled reaction kinetics. According to our findings, Strauss hard‐core ordering develops at length scales equal to and less than the average major axis of the crystal population. This is significantly larger than what is obtained if a spherical crystal geometry would be assumed, and increases with deviation from sphericity. For the cordierite and biotite populations investigated in this research, Strauss hard‐core ordering developed at length scales of up to ～2.2 and 1.25 mm, respectively, which is almost 1 mm longer than the scales that would be obtained if a spherical geometry would have been assumed. Our results highlight the importance of a critical assessment of the geometrical model assumptions commonly applied in the three‐dimensional analysis of crystal size distributions, and underline the need for a quantitative understanding of interface processes in order to appreciate their role in the kinetics of contact metamorphic reactions and rock texture formation.     

矿物成分、特征地球化学组分对水在滑带形成中作用的指示意义:以三峡库区大型滑坡为例

弄清滑坡滑带抗剪强度降低的根本原因是滑坡形成机理研究和滑坡活动趋势预测的主要内容之一。水是滑带形成过程中导致其抗剪强度衰减的最活跃因素之一。三峡库区两个大型滑坡实例分析显示,滑带及其周围岩土矿物成分、地球化学成分的变化特征指示滑带形成与水-岩(土)物理、化学作用的方式及作用程度,从而证实矿物学、地球化学研究方法和理论是揭示滑带抗剪强度降低内在机理的有效途径之一。三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江I#崩滑体和泄滩滑坡滑带土及其周围岩土矿物学、主量化学元素的含量变化特征指示:前者滑带形成过程中,滑带部位地下水因大气降水补给、地下水的氧化作用活跃,导致滑带土抗剪强度减低,其主要原因是其中泥灰岩碎屑的水解泥化作用、方解石溶解作用和伊利石向伊-蒙混层矿物的转化作用;后者滑带形成过程中,滑带部位地下水与外界水力联系较差、地下水的还原作用强烈,滑带部位长石化学风化、次生粘土矿物增多,可知由伊利石转化的伊-蒙混层矿物增多是导致滑带土抗剪强度衰减的主要原因。