The precambrian of north-western Queensland,Australia

Precambrian rocks, ranging in age from probable Archaean to Upper Proterozoic, crop out over an area of 25,000 square miles in north-western Queensland. They fall into four large divisions, separated by major unconformities. Little is known of the history of the Archaean rocks, which are believed to include altered acid lavas, schists, gneisses and migmatite. The Lower Proterozoic strata form part of an orogenic belt. The Lower Proterozoic lower sequence is rich in altered acid and basic lavas. It has a maximum thickness of not less than 40,000 feet and was strongly deformed by east-west pressure and probably intruded by granite before the Lower Proterozoic upper sequence was deposited. Sediments form the bulk of the Lower Proterozoic upper sequence; these accumulated most thickly to the west and north-west of the core of lower sequence belt, but overlie lower sequence strata. The greatest thickness of sediments is at least 40,000 feet. The sequence was deformed by a renewal of east-west compressive stresses, accompanied by granite emplacement. Folding is strong to moderate, but lacks well-defined linearity in the west of the outcrop area.Upper Proterozoic sediments and lavas accumulated mainly in the west and north-west of the region. They are gently to moderately folded on west to north-west axes.The Precambrian in north-western Queensland, excluding the Camooweal Dolomite, crops out over about 25,000 square miles. Systematic field work was started by joint teams of the Commonwealth Bureau of Mineral Resources and the Geological Survey of Queensland in 1950.Reconnaissance mapping of the region was completed in 1954 but check work and more detailed mapping of areas of economic interest are still in progress. Maps are being prepared at a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles (1: 253,440) and a report on the area is being written (Carter andBrooks, in preparation). The Camooweal Dolomite, of Upper Proterozoic or Lower Cambrian age, is not included. Its stratigraphic and palaeographic position is discussed byNoakes (1956).The reconstruction of the geological history of the region presented below is an interpretation of the data obtained. The evidence is not sufficiently complete to enable a unique interpretation to be made of all aspects of the region's history. In particular the history of granite intrusion has not yet been completely unravelled.Paper published by permission of the Secretary, Department of National Development.     

基于空间数据和专家知识驱动的地质编图技术研究与应用

地质图编制专业性强、工作量大,编图环节繁琐,而人工智能、大数据等新一代信息技术的快速发展,为中国地质图的编图技术发展提供了支撑。在地质大数据环境下,提出基于地质知识驱动的地质编图技术,通过构建地质编图时空综合模型和地质代号智能识别模型,可以对多图幅的沉积岩、侵入岩、火山岩、变质岩、构造等地质要素进行人机交互式、自动化、智能化地图元综合、断层简化、线形圆滑、图幅接边等。近年来,基于该技术在青海东部地区、河南洛阳、郑州地区及京津冀多地区开展的编图实践表明,该编图技术能够显著提高地质编图工作效率,具有实际应用意义。     

Tectonic terranes, metallogeny and regional geochemical surveys: an example from northern British Columbia

This study utilizes three major data sources: distribution of geological units; density, type, age and distribution of mineral deposits; and elemental analyses from regional geochemical stream sediment surveys to define parameters that ‘characterize’ tectonic terranes in northern British Columbia. A similar approach could be applied anywhere in the Canadian Cordillera.This area, NTS map sheets 104N, 104O and 104P along the British Columbia-Yukon border, forms a transect through allochthonous terranes into North American rocks. These are: the allochthonous island-arc Stikine, oceanic Cache Creek, cataclastic Yukon/Tanana, and island-arc Quensel terranes, the pericratonic Dorsey terrane; the parautochthonous oceanic Sylvester allochthon; and the autochthonous miogeoclinal North American Cassiar terrane. Plutonic rocks of Jurassic-Cretaceous to Tertiary age intrude all terranes.Data sources used in the study are geological base maps and reports, the Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources' mineral deposit database (MINFILE) and analytical data from the National Regional Geochemical Survey stream sediment and water sampling program.Geological maps were compiled from various sources and plotted to act as bases for geochemical and mineral deposit overlays for analysis and interpretation.Geochemical samples were separated into background and anomalous populations and compared according to their source terranes. We found that mean concentrations from background sample populations for some elements are statistically distinctive for different terranes. Unfortunately, elemental correlation coefficients for the terranes are similar so cannot be used to characterize each terrane.Data on mineral deposits and occurrences were compiled from minfile and other sources. Particular attention was paid to deposits with histories of production or significant reported reserves. Deposits were sorted by type and commodity to produce synoptic metallogenic maps.The combined data from geological, geochemical and mineral deposit databases form a strong tool for interpreting and predicting patterns of mineralization.     

境外多源地质专题图数据应用方法研究

境外多源地质专题图数据源,主要是来自公开出版物购买、网站下载以及国际合作交流时收集到的地质专题图件.通过利用ArcGIS软件,按照中国地质调查局编制的《全球地质矿产数据库建设指南》要求,应用数据库技术将境外多源地质专题图数据进行有效的管理和应用.本文就利用ArcGIS软件,对境外多源地质专题图数据应用中的数据格式转换、地图投影、地理配准、空间校正等几个关键问题进行了探讨和研究.     

Engineering geological data in support of municipal land use planning—a case study in Analandia, southeast Brazil

This paper presents a method for transforming the information of an engineering geological map into useful information for non-specialists involved in land-use planning. The method consists of classifying the engineering geological units in terms of land use capability and identifying the legal and the geologic restrictions that apply in the study area. Both informations are then superimposed over the land use and a conflict areas map is created. The analysis of these data leads to the identification of existing and forthcoming land use conflicts and enables the proposal of planning measures on a regional and local scale. The map for the regional planning was compiled at a 1:50,000 scale and encompasses the whole municipal land area where uses are mainly rural. The map for the local planning was compiled at a 1:10,000 scale and encompasses the urban area. Most of the classification and operations on maps used spatial analyst tools available in the Geographical Information System. The regional studies showed that the greater part of Analandia’s territory presents appropriate land uses. The local-scale studies indicate that the majority of the densely occupied urban areas are in suitable land. Although the situation is in general positive, municipal policies should address the identified and expected land use conflicts, so that it can be further improved.     

地质建模中的二维数据模型

地质图用于记录和显示研究区的地质特征,二维地质图通常借助于地理信息系统（GIS）编制而成。随着计算机GIS技术的发展,可以对点、定点、线和区（多边形）等地质特征做抽象处理,以联系地质图与传统地质模型。然而,GIS的传统数据结构不能通过地质图来解释复杂的概念地质模型。阐述了使用信息技术表达地质图的若干关键问题,提出了面向对象的地质数据模型GeoFeature,并构建了支持存储和管理计算机数据结构的二维圆弧拓扑结构。最后,在Minesoft软件中集成了此功能。     

The philosophy,design and applications of the New South Wales geological survey's metallogenic mapping programs

The metallogenic mapping program of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines, New South Wales has two aims, to provide an inventory of information on all known mineral deposits in New South Wales, and to enable the recognition and delineation of metallogenic districts and provinces.

Each deposit is described on a standardized data sheet. Selected information is symbolized on a coloured geological or tectonic background map at a scale of 1:250 000. This scale is considered to be suitable for locating deposits in the field and at the same time gives an impression of the regional distribution of deposits. The tectonic map is constructed using a plate tectonic model.

Each map is accompanied by interpretative notes which are not of standard form but in which one of three approaches may be adopted: an interpretation according to the geological association, the delineating of groupings of deposits in structural zones, and the recognition of metallogenic units based on a plate tectonic model. In many, but not all cases, mineral districts were first delineated before the above approaches were adopted.

The New South Wales Geological Survey's metallogenic maps may be used to develop concepts in ore genesis, and prognostic concepts for exploration. They assist in understanding the relationships between tectonic process and the concentration of ore minerals. They are valuable in land use and resource management studies.     

１∶５０万地质图数据库的研建

全国150万地质图数据库以国产软件MAPGIS作为基础平台,以各省(区)区域地质志附图和香港特别行政区120万地质图为基础资料,采用现代地质学、地层学、岩石学等的新理论和新的表示方法,按岩石地层单位、花岗岩谱系单位,侵入岩按时代加岩性编制而成.该库由数字地质图库和地理底图库构成,可按任意空间范围、不同比例尺、不同投影方式和不同地质、地理内容等单项或多项任意检索;通过检索能自动形成具有图例、图外整饰的完整的地质图.     

澳大利亚昆士兰地区地形地质图的数学基础探讨

通过WGS-84坐标系、通用横轴墨卡托投影原理和实际应用的介绍,对澳大利亚昆士兰地区地形地质图的数学基础进行初步探讨,掌握利用MapGIS制作外国地形地质图的过程和方法,为拓展地质找矿空间打下基础。     

用AutoCAD二次开发系统绘制化探图

将地球化学测量的分析数据按照每条测线上的测点位置以一定的顺序依次输入Microsoft Excel、Microsoft Word或其他数据库软件编制的多元素分析数据表，并对各元素分别建立成纯文本数据文件。根据制图比例尺、测线数目和间距、测线上测点数目和点距、测区的某一角点坐标等已知参数，分别计算出各测点在图纸上的坐标值，将纯文本数据文件中各元素的分析结果标注在图纸上对应的测点位置，以绘制原始数据图并根据如上的参数以及化验数据计算编绘平面剖面图，最后再根据测线方位角使整个图形旋转，从而完成图件的制作。按照上述方法，以VisualLISP为工具，利用AutoCAD2000二次开发技术编制相应的处理程序，从而实现地球化学原始数据图和平面剖面图的微机制图。     

Land classification of part of Thrace (East Rhodope) by visual interpretation of MSS images of first and second generation landsat images

The aim of this investigation was the classification of East Rhodope mountain ridge area and the surrounding hills and plains into mapping units by visual interpretation of 1:500,000 paper print enlargements of MSS false colour composites (bands 1, 2 and 4) of LANDSAT-4 and MSS (band 7) of LANDSAT-1, supported by limited field observation and background information available from earlier surveys and maps. The basic mapping units used in the present study was the land systems (developed by CSIRO in Australia) because they are easily recognizable on LANDSAT images by their destinctive combination of physiography, soils and vegetation.The twenty various land systems occurring in the study area, such as high/low mountains with smooth/sharp summits, nearly flat/undulated plains, slightly/strongly dissected hilles etc., were defined and mapped on small scale of 1:500,000. They are of considerable interest because they provide the framework for production of the same scale geological and geo-morphological maps, erosion studies, soil, vegetation and other thematic mapping for natural resources surveys, because LANDSAT images reveal details of terrain and microrelief that can never be reproduced on a topographic map. Also this land system map may modify or add to earlier small scale thematic maps (geology, soils and vegetation/forestry maps) produced in the past by other techniques.     

编制盆地复原古构造图的若干问题的讨论

为了描述盆地三维构造的演化过程,通常需要编制不同地质时期的古构造等构造线图。编制古构造等高线图是一个复杂的研究过程,可能遇到许多概念性和技术性问题,但是所有问题都必须在地质平衡概念约束下寻求解决途径。本文讨论了按照地质平衡概念编制古构造等高线图的基本原则和可能的技术方案,包括研究构造变形模式、复原剥失厚度及其分布、复原断层位移、去压实校正等。运用地质平衡概念将较浅地层界面的构造等高线图复原到代表特定地质时期地形面的原始状态,相应地将较深地层界面的构造等高线图复原得的古构造等高线图。运用地质平衡概念编制的古构造等高线图比传统的只用地层残余厚度编制的古构造等高线图能更合理地反映地质时期的盆地古构造三维几何特征。     

1:250万月球地质图符号库的设计与实现

为解决1:250万月球数字地质图在多单位协同编图过程中缺乏统一、规范的地质图符号、制图模板造成不同图件之间信息不统一的问题,通过ArcGIS平台,和其他矢量图形软件,参照我国第一幅1:250万月球地质图（虹湾幅）的符号,设计编制了一套月球地质图符号,其包含月球撞击坑物质、盆地建造、构造和岩石特性等地质信息.并建立了分类存储、可移植的符号库和统一的编图模板.该套标准化符号、符号库、编图模板有利于多单位共同规范的开展1:250万数字化月球地质图编图项目,提高编图效率,同时也为我国开展其他类地行星地质编图的国际合作,编制统一、规范化的地质图奠定基础.      

Different ways of landslide geometry interpretation in a process of statistical landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment: Horná Súča (western Slovakia) case study

The article draws a comparison between different ways of landslide geometry interpretation in the scope of the statistical landslide hazard and risk assessment processing. The landslides are included as a major input variable, which are compared with all of the input parametric factors. Based on the above comparison the input data are classified and the final map of landslide susceptibility is constructed. Methodology of multivariate conditional analysis has been used for the construction of final maps. Unique condition units was developed by combination of geological map (lithological units) and slope angle map. Lithological units were derived from geological map and subsequently reclassified into 22 classes. Slope angle map was calculated from digital elevation model (contour map at a scale 1:10,000) and reclassified into nine classes. As a case study, a wide area of Horná Súča (western Slovakia) strongly affected by landsliding (predominantly made of Flysch) has been chosen. Spatial data in the form of parametric maps, as well as final statistical data set were processed in GIS GRASS environment. Four different approaches are used for landslides interpretation: (1) area of landslide body including accumulation zone, (2) area of depletion zone, (3) lines of elongated main scarps, (4) lines of main scarp upper edge. For each approach, a zoning map of landslide susceptibility was compiled and these were compared with each other. Depending on the interpretation approach, the final susceptibility zones are markedly different (in tens of percent).     

新元古时期中国华南和华北陆块的相对位置及构造意义

作者试图抛开Rodinia超大陆的概念,从我国现有的新元古—早古生代的古地磁数据出发,利用挪威地质调查所提供的“GMAP”程序作图,探讨新元古时期华南和华北陆块的古位置及它们之间的关系,以及与澳大利亚的相对位置。     

一幅新的第四纪地质及地貌图的编制——以宁夏与山东为例

为了更好地与生态环境及灾害地质紧密结合,第二代全国区域地质志编制项目规定第四纪地质及地貌图为必编图件之一。图件内容包括第四纪地质体的时代、成因类型、岩性和地貌成因形态组合类型、活动断裂及海侵范围等重要地质内容,同时,附第四纪地质-地貌典型剖面和重要的地貌景点。图件特点:(1)图件的地理底图是首次用数字高程模型(DEM)数据灰度图作背景;(2)第四纪地质内容与地貌成因形态类型同编为一幅图;(3)第四纪地质体的面色用成因类型色表示;(4)地貌部分划分了不同级别成因形态类型和有特色的微地貌景点。总之,图面有立体感,地形高差明显,层次分明,色彩鲜艳,是一幅崭新的图件,可供防灾治理和地质旅游参考应用。     

The use of 3-D mapping in geological research and risks analysis: evaluation of a water supply project in the Kathmandu-Melamchi Area

Using 2-D and 3-D multi satellite data (SPOT and LANDSAT TM) in a GIS allows us to produce 3-D digital elevation maps (DEM) through the techniques of remote sensing (RS) analysis and computer aided mapping. In the field of geotechnical research, since 1992, some works have been made in cooperation with ICIMOD-MENRIS, the department of Mines and Geology in Nepal, and the bilateral cooperation from both France and Germany. The use of 2-D and 3-D digital maps to geological and geotechnical research and risks analysis, concerns here the evaluation of the new water supply project Kathmandu-Melamchi proposed by WHO-UNDP and the World Bank. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Porphyry copper potential mapping using the weights of evidence model in a GIS,northern Shahr e Babak,Iran

A variety of spatial geological data were compiled, evaluated and integrated to produce a potential map for porphyry copper deposits in the northern Shahr e Babak, Iran, within a total area of approximately 408 km². Remotely sensed data including LANDSAT Thematic Mapper were used to create the hydrothermal alteration haloes around intrusive bodies. Geological data, such as exposed granitic to intermediate intrusions, and part of the lineaments were extracted from available geological maps. Aeromagnetic data were also used to extract magnetic anomalies and extra lineaments. The Conditional Independence test was carried out on five binary maps representing diagnostic deposit recognition criteria, and four of them were then integrated using a weights of evidence model. The procedure generated a posterior probability map identifying favourable areas for porphyry copper deposits. The final map highlights the most important known copper deposits in high favourability domains. Some new target areas are also located in the favourability map and warrant further investigation.     

Seismic Hazard Assessment in Armenia

An evaluation of seismic hazard assessment in the territory of Armenia is presented in this work. The catastrophic M = 7.0 Spitak earthquake in 1988 revealed the drawbacks of the acting seismic zoning map. Two seismic hazard maps have been compiled in NSSP RA during 1991–1996. The deterministic approach was applied in the first one and the probabilistic in the second one. Both maps were compiled on the basis of the same database. Comparison between the maps shows good correlation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.